BANCROFT  LIBRARY 

•s- 

THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


WALTER  WADSWORTH   BRADLEY 

1878-1950 

Walter  W.  Bradley  was  born  in  San  Jose  and 
received  the  degrees  of  B.S.  and  E.M.  from 
the  University  of  California.  From  1912  to 
1946  he  was  associated  with  the  California 
Division  of  Mines,  serving  as  State  Mineral- 
ogist for  the  last  eighteen  years  of  that  period. 
His  published  works  relate  to  mining,  proc- 
essing, and  geology.  This  book  is  from  his 
private  collection,  presented  to  the  Bancroft 
Library  by  Mrs.  Alice  Roberts  Bradley. 


Water-Supply  and  Irrigation  Paper  No.  93 


«   .    /  I,  Irrigation,  16 
SenesU  Water  Storage,  10 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 
UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

CHARLES  D.  WALCOTT,  DIRECTOR 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF 


FIRST  CONFERENCE  OF  ENGINEERS  OF  THE 
RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

WITH  ACCOM PAiN  \  I  N(l   PAPERS 


COMPILED   BY 

F.    IT.    NE  \VELL 

CHIEF  ENGINEER 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE 

1904: 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

The  publications  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  consist  of  (1)  Annual  Reports;  (2)  Mono- 
graphs; (3)  Professional  Papers;  (4)  Bulletins;  (5)  Mineral  Resources;  (6)  Water-Supply  and  Irrigation 
Papers;  (7)  Topographic  Atlas  of  United  States,  folios  and  separate  she.  ologic  Atlas 

of  United  States,  folios  thereof.  Th  inhered  2,  7,  and  8  are  sold  at  cost  of  publication;  the 

others  are  distributed  free.  A  circular  giving  complete  lists  may  be  had  on  application. 

The  Professional  Papers,  Bulletins,  and  Water-Supply  Papers  treat  of  a  variety  of  subjects,  and  the 
total  number  issued  is  large.  They  have  therefore  been  classified  into  the  following  series:  A,  Eco- 
nomic geology;  B,  Descriptive  geology;  C,  Systematic  geology  and  paleontology;  1),  Petrography 
and  mineralogy;  E,  Chemistry  and  physics:  F,  Geography;  G,  Miscellaneous;  PI,  Forestry;  I,  Irriga- 
tion: J,  Water  storage;  K,  Pumping  water;  L,  Quality  of  water;  M,  General  hydrographic  investiga- 
tions: N,  Water  power;  O,  Underground  waters;  P,  Hydrographic  progress  reports. 

The  following  Water-Supply  Papers  are  out  of  stock,  and  can  no  longer  be  supplied:  Nos.  1-1  fi, 
19,  20,  22,  29-34,  36,  39-40,  43,  46,  57-65,  75.  Complete  lists  of  papers  relating  to  water  supply  and  allied 
subjects  follow.  (PP= Professional  Paper;  B=Bulletin;  WS= Water-Supply  Paper.) 

SERIES  I — IRRIGATION. 

WS   2.  Irrigation  near  Phoenix,  Ariz.,  by  A.  P.  Davis.    1897.    98  pp.,  31  pis.  and  maps. 

WS   5.  Irrigation  practice  on  the  Great  Plains,  by  E.  B.  Co wgill.    1897.    39  pp.,  11  pis. 

WS   9.  Irrigation  near  Greeley,  Colo.,  by  David  Boyd.    1897.    90  pp.,  21  pis. 

WS  10.  Irrigation  in  Mesilla  Valley,  New  Mexico,  by  F.  C.  Barker.    1898.    51  pp.,  11  pis. 

WS  13.  Irrigation  systems  in  Texas,  by  W.  F.  Hutson.    1898.    68  pp.,  10  pis. 

WS  17.  Irrigation  near  Bakersfleld,  Cal.,  by  C.  E.  Grunsky.    1898.    96  pp.,  16  pis. 

WS  18.  Irrigation  near  Fresno,  Cal.,  by  C.  E.  Grunsky.    1898.    94  pp.,  14  pis. 

WS  19.  Irrigation  near  Merced,  Cal.,  by  C.  E.  Grunsky.    1899.    59  pp.,  11  pis. 

WS  23.  Water-right  problems  of  Bighorn  Mountains,  by  Elwood  Mead.    1X99.    62  pp.,  7  pis. 

WS  32.  Water  resources  of  Porto  Rico,  by  H.  M.  Wilson.    1899.    48  pp.,  17  pis.  and  maps. 

WS  43.  Conveyance  of  water  in  irrigation  canals,  flumes,  and  pipes,  by  Samuel  Fortier.    1901.    86 

pp.,  15  pis. 
WS  70.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  the  Patrick  and  Goslien  Hole  quadrangles,  Wyoming,  by 

G.  I.  Adams.    1902.    50  pp.,  11  pis. 

WS  71.  Irrigation  systems  of  Texas,  by  T.  U.  Taylor.    1902.    137  pp.,  '.»  pis. 
WS  74.  \Va,ter  resources  of  the  State  of  Colorado,  by  A.  L.  Fellows.    1902.    151  pp.,  u  pis. 
WS  87.  Irrigation  in  India  (second  edition),  by  H.  M.  Wilson.    1903.    238  pp.,  27  pis. 
WS  93.  Proceedings  of  first  conference  of  engineers  of  the  reclamation  service,  with  accompanying 

papers,  compiled  by  F.  H.  Newell,  chief  engineer.    1904.    —  pp. 

The  following  papers  also  relate  especially  to  irrigation:  Irrigation  in  India,  by  H.  M.  Wilson,  in 
Twelfth  Annual,  Pt.  II;  two  papers  on  irrigation  engineering,  by  H.  M.  Wilson,  in  Thirteenth 
Annual,  Pt.  III. 

SERIES  J— WATER  STORAGE. 

WS  33.  Storage  of  water  on  Gila  River,  Arizona,  by  J.  B.  Lippincott.    1900.    98  pp.,  :j,o  pis. 

WS  40.  The  Austin  dam,  by  Thomas  U.  Taylor.    1900.    51  pp.,  1C  pis. 

WS  45.  Water  storage  on  Cache  Creek,  California,  by  A.  E.  Chandler.    1901 .     18  pp.,  10  pis. 

WS  46.  Physical  characteristics  of  Kern  River,  California,  by  F.  H.  Olmsted,  and  Reconnaissance  of 

Yuba  River,  California,  by  Marsden  Manson.    1901.    57  pp.,  8  pis. 

WS  .r>,s.  Storage  of  water  on  Kings  River,  California,  by  J.  B.  Lippincott.    1902.    100  pp.,  32  pis. 
WS  68.  Water  storage  in  Truckee  Basin,  California-Nevada,  by  L.  H.  Taylor.    1902.    90  pp.,  8  pis. 
WS  73.  Water  storage  on  Salt  River,  Arizona,  by  A.  P.  Davis.    1902.    54  pp.,  25  pis. 
WS  86.  Storage  reservoirs  on  Stony  Creek,  California,  by  Burt  Cole.    1903.    62  pp.,  1C.  pis. 
WS  89.  Water  resources  of  Salinas  Valley,  California,  by  Homer  Hamlin.    1904.    —  pp.,  12  pis. 
WS  93.  Proceedings  of  first  conference  of  engineers  of  the  reclamation  service,  with  accompanying 

papers,  compiled  by  F  H.  Newell,  chief  engineer.    1904.    —  pp. 

The  following  paper  also  should  be  noted  under  this  heading:  Reservoirs  for  irrigation,  by  J.  D 
Schuyler,  in  Eighteenth  Annual,  Pt.  IV. 

[Continued  on  third  page  of  cover.] 
IRK  93—2 


Water-Supply  and  Irrigation  Paper  No. 


o    • .  /  I,  Irrigation,  16 
esU  Water  Storage,  10 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 
UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

CHARLES  D.  WALCOTT,  DIRECTOR 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF 


Bradley. 


FIRST  CONFERENCE  OF  ENGINEERS  OF  THE 
"^  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

WITH  ACCOMPANYING  PAPEES 


COMPILED   BY 


F. 


CHIEF  ENGINEER 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING     OFFICE 

1904 


BANCROFT 
LIBRARY 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Letter  of  transmittal 7 

Call  for  conference 9 

Attendance  at  conference 9 

Minutes  of  the  meeting 10 

Committees  appointed 14 

Hydrographic  branch  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey 14 

Organization  of  hydrographic  branch 16 

Division  of  hydrography 16 

Division  of  hydrology 16 

Division  of  hydro-economics 16 

Reclamation  service 17 

Accounts  and  property 19 

Report  of  the  conference 21 

Chief  engineer's  address 21 

Purpose  of  the  meeting 21 

Personnel  of  the  service 24 

Officers  or  regular  appointees 27 

Organization 29 

District  engineers 29 

Supervising  engineers 31 

Consulting  engineers 31 

Placing  of  responsibility 31 

Boards  and  committees 33 

Committee  on  personnel 34 

Civil-service  requirements 35 

Correspondence 43 

Requisitions 44 

Reports 45 

Bookkeeping 50 

Disbursements 52 

Disallowances  and  suspensions 57 

Express  charges .  61 

Printing 66 

Laws  governing  purchases 67 

Purchases  in  open  market 69 

Rules  governing  contracts 71 

Advertising + 74 

Specifications  and  proposals 80 

Contracts  and  bonds 81 

Eight-hour  day 82 

3 


4  CONTENTS. 

Report  of  the  conference — Continued.  Page. 
Chief  engineer's  address — Continued. 

Outfitting 83 

Field  offices 84 

Subsistence  of  men 85 

Property 88 

New  projects 89 

Estimates  of  cost _ 92 

Construction .....  r 92 

Authorizations 93 

Examination  of  land  titles 96 

Land  purchases 98 

Land  and  water  titles 100 

Right  of  way  for  canals 101 

Notice  of  appropriation  of  water 103 

Form  of  notice 103 

Land  classification 104 

Formation  of  associations 106 

Work  in  hand 107 

Printed  forms 110 

Form  of  contract „ 110 

Form  of  bond 112 

Regulations  concerning  contracts  and  bonds 114 

Papers  read  at  the  conference 117 

Western  hydrology,  by  N.  H.  Darton 117 

Forestry  and  irrigation,  by  Gifford  Pinchot 120 

Telegram  from  the  President 121 

Colonization,  by  Frederick  de  L.  Booth  Tucker 122 

Work  of  the  reclamation  service,  by  Hon.  Frank  W.  Mondell 127 

Investigations  in  Arizona,  by  A.  P.  Davis 128 

Salt  River  Valley  Water  Users  Association,  by  B.  A.  Fowler 130 

Reclamation  work  in  California,  by  Governor  George  C.  Pardee 158 

Work  in  Colorado,  by  A.  L.  Fellows 160 

Topographic  work  in  the  Grand  Canyon  of  the  Gunnison,  by  I.  W.  Mc- 

Connell 162 

The  Colorado  River,  by  J.  B.  Lippincott 168 

Conditions  in  Idaho,  by  Governor  John  L.  Morrison 172 

Investigations  in  Idaho,  by  D.  W.  Ross 174 

Limits  of  an  irrigation  project,  by  D.  W.  Ross 176 

Investigations  in  Montana,  by  C.  C.  Babb 182 

Construction  in  Nevada,  by  L.  H.  Taylor 186 

Investigations  in  Pecos  Valley,  by  W.  M.  Reed 204 

Examinations  in  North  Dakota,  by  Charles  H.  Fitch 207 

Irrigation  in  North  Dakota  by  pumping,  by  F.  A.  Wilder 208 

Conditions  in  South  Dakota,  by  Charles  H.  Fitch 210 

South  Dakota  investigations,  by  R.  F.  Walter 211 

Investigations  in  Oregon,  by  J.  T.  Whistler 213 

Investigations  in  Utah,  by  Geo.  L.  S wendsen 216 

Water  laws  of  Utah,  by  F.  S.  Richards. : 220 

Work  on  North  Platte  River  in  Wyoming,  by  John  E.  Field 225 

Investigations  in  Wyoming,  by  Jeremiah  Ahern 227 

Work  in  AVashington,  by  T.  A.  Noble 231 

Relation  of  .Federal  and  State  laws  to  irrigation,  by  Morris  Bien 232 

Electrical  transmission  of  power  for  pumping,  by  H.  A.  Storrs 237 

Correct  design  and  stability  of  high  masonry  dams,  by  Geo.  Y.  Wisner  . .  240 

Reconnaissance  and  plans,  by  Geo.  Y.  Wisner 247 


CONTENTS.  5 

Page. 
Papers  read  at  the  conference — Continued. 

Reports  and  statements,  by  H.  N.  Savage 249 

Methods  and  reports,  by  J.  B.  Lippincott 250 

Irrigation  surveys  and  the  use  of  the  plane  table,  by  J.  B.  Lippincott 252 

The  use  of  alkaline  waters  for  irrigation,  by  Thomas  A.  Means 255 

Accompanying  papers 259 

The  reclamation  law 259 

Measurement  of  flow  of  streams,  by  E.  C.  Murphy 263 

Instruments  and  camp  equipment,  by  E.  M.  Douglas 265 

Surveys  in  Oklahoma,  by  Gerard  H.  Matthes 268 

Colorado  River  reclamation  projects,  by  E.  T.  Perkins 272 

Reclamation  and  water  storage  in  Nebraska,  by  O.  V.  P.  Stout 276 

Portland-cement  manufacture,  by  E.  C.  Eckel 284 

Legal  status  of  irrigation,  by  H.  L.  Holgate 296 

Reclamation  surveys  ( report  of  committee) 300 

Power  development,  by  H.  A.  Storrs 311 

Personnel  of  the  reclamation  service 315 

Index.  353 


ILLUSTRATION. 


Page. 
FIG.  1.  Diagram  showing  method  of  survey  of  Gunnison  Canyon 166 


LETTER   OF   TRANSMITTAL. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 
UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY, 
Washington,  D.  <?.,  September  %8,  1903. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  a  manuscript  relating 
to  the  conference  of  the  engineers  of  the  reclamation  service  held  at 
Ogden,  Utah,  September  15  to  18,  1903. 

The  necessity  for  this  meeting  arose  from  the  fact  that,  while  the 
reclamation  service  had  been  in  active  operation  for  over  a  year,  its 
personnel  was  largely  made  up  of  men  who  were  new  in  Government 
service,  and  unacquainted  with  each  other  and  with  the  conventional 
methods  of  transacting  business.  As  projects  in  each  State  had 
reached  a  point  where  relative  merits  must  be  considered,  it  was 
deemed  advisable  to  bring  the  principal  engineers  together,  in  order 
to  discuss  somewhat  informally  the  methods  and  results  of  work. 

The  place  and  time  of  this  meeting  was  determined  by  the  facts  that 
Ogden  is  a  central  point  within  the  reclamation  States,  and  that  the 
Eleventh  Irrigation  Congress  was  then  held  there.  At  this  congress 
delegates  were  present  from  the  thirteen  States  and  three  Territories 
named  in  the  reclamation  law,  as  well  as  from  Texas  and  the  country 
farther  east.  This  enabled  the  engineers  of  the  reclamation  service 
to  meet  public  men  and  others  who  are  interested  in  the  work  and  to 
exchange  views  freely  concerning  it. 

About  twenty-live  of  the  principal  consulting,  supervising,  and  dis- 
trict engineers  of  the  reclamation  service  met  at  Ogden,  this  being 
about  one-tenth  of  the  number  of  engineers  and  assistants  engaged  in 
the  field  work  of  the  reclamation  service.  The  headquarters  were 
conveniently  located,  and  the  engineers  met  in  sessions  beginning 
early  each  morning  and  continuing,  with  short  interruptions,  through- 
out the  day  and  evening,  discussing  matters  of  organization,  person- 
nel, methods  of  work,  cost  of  surveys  and  construction,  details  of 
plans,  specifications,  etc.  From  time  to  time  prominent  men  or  dele- 
gations from  various  States  were  received,  and  brief  addresses  were 
made  to  the  engineers  by  governors,  senators,  and  others.  A  partial 
stenographic  report  was  made  of  the  proceedings,  arid  this  has  been 

7 


8  LETTER    OF    TRANSMITTAL. 

amplified  in  the  accompanying  manuscript.  It  is  believed  to  be  desir- 
able to  preserve  this  material  and  to  send  it  out  to  the  various  engi- 
neers and  assistants  who  were  not  present  at  the  meeting,  in  order  to 
give  them  information  concerning  some  of  the  subjects  discussed. 
The  public  also  is  interested  to  a  certain  extent  in  many  of  these 
details,  and  it  is  considered  permissible  to  present,  in  this  somewhat 
informal  discussion,  matters  that  might  not  be  pertinent  to  the  annual 
report. 

I  therefore  respectfully  recommend  that  this  matter,  together  with 
such  incidental  information  as  may  be  convenient  for  reference  in  this 
connection,  be  printed  as  one  of  the  water-supply  and  irrigation 
papers. 

Very  respectfully, 

.     F.  H.  NEWELL, 

Chief  Engineer. 
Hon.  CHARLES  D.  WALCOTT, 

Director  United  States  Geological  Survey. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  FIRST  CONFERENCE  OF  ENGI- 
NEERS OF  RECLAMATION  SERVICE,  AT  OGDEN, 
UTAH,  SEPTEMBER  15-18, 1903. 


Compiled  by  F.  H.  NEWELL,  Chief  Engineer. 


CAIX  FOB   CONFERENCE. 

The  following-  notice  was  sent  out  from  the  office  of  the  chief  engi- 
neer of  the  reclamation  service: 

UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY, 

RECLAMATION  SERVICE, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  July  15,  1903. 

NOTICE. 

The  various  engineers  and  assistants  of  the  reclamation  service  will  assemble  at 
Ogden,  Utah,  on  September  14,  to  hold  a  conference  on  important  details  during  the 
days  from  September  15  to  18,  inclusive.  It  is  expected  that,  as  far  as  possible,  the 
time  will  be  devoted  to  official  business  and  the  discussion  of  plans  and  results,  and 
adjournment  will  be  taken  to  attend  the  meetings  of  the  National  Irrigation  Congress. 

The  following-named  persons  are  expected  to  be  present:  Messrs.  Ahem,  Babb, 
Bien,  Blanchard,  Chandler,  Darton,  Davis,  Fellows,  Field,  Fitch,  Hinderlider,  Lip- 
pincott,  Matthes,  McConnell,  Newell,  Noble,  Peery,  Quinton,  Reed,  Ross,  Sanders, 
Savage,  Storrs,  Swendsen,  Taylor,  Walter,  Whistler,  and  Wisner. 

On  Friday  morning  it  is  expected  that  the  engineers  will  participate  in  the  meeting 
of  the  National  Irrigation  Congress. 

Very  respectfully,  F.  H.  NEWELL,  Chief  Engineer. 

ATTENDANCE  AT  CONFERENCE. 

In  accordance  with  the  above  notice,  a  conference  was  held  at  Ogden, 
Utah,  at  the  time  of  the  meeting  of  the  Eleventh  Irrigation  Congress, 
September  15  to  18,  1903.  The  following  persons  were  present: 

Ahern,  Jeremiah,  district  engineer,  northern  Wyoming. 
Babb,  Cyrus  C. ,  district  engineer,  Montana. 

Bien,  Morris,  engineer  in  charge  of  land  and  legal  matters,  Washington,  I).  C. 
Chandler,  A.  E.,  hydrographer  and  State  engineer  of  Nevada. 
Darton,  N.  H.,  geologist  in  charge  of  western  section  of  hydrology. 
Davis,  Arthur  P.,  supervising  engineer  for  Arizona,  etc. 
Fellows,  A.  L.,  district  engineer  for  Colorado. 

Field,  John  E.,  district  engineer  for  North  Platte,  Wyoming  and  Nebraska. 

9 


10  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

Fitch,  Chas.  H.,  supervising  engineer  for  South  Dakota,  etc. 

Lippincott,  J.  B.,  supervising  engineer  for  California. 

McConnell,  I.  W.,  engineer  on  Gunnison  Tunnel. 

Newell,  F.  H.,  chief  engineer,  Washington,  D.  0. 

Noble,  T.  A.,  district  engineer  for  Washington. 

Peery,  E.  H.,  law  clerk. 

Quinton,  John  H.,  consulting  engineer,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Reed,  W.  M.,  district  engineer  for  New  Mexico. 

Ross,  D.  W.,  district  engineer  for  Idaho. 

Sanders,  Win.  H.,  consulting  engineer. 

Savage,  H.  N.,  consulting  engineer. 

Swendsen,  Geo.  L.,  district  engineer,  Utah. 

Taylor,  L.  H.,  district  engineer  for  Nevada. 

Walter,  Raymond  F.,  constructing  engineer  for  Black  Hills  region. 

Whistler,  John  T.,  district  engineer  for  Oregon. 

Wisner,  Geo.  Y. ,  consulting  engineer. 

Storrs,  H.  A.,  electrical  expert. 

In  addition  to  these  there  were  present  at  several  of  the  meetings 
Mr.  Gifford  Pinchot,  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Forestry,  Department  of 
Agriculture,  and  four  of  his  assistants;  Mr.  B.  A.  Fowler,  president 
of  the  Salt  Kiver  Valley  Water  Users'  Association,  and  many  State 
officials,  as  well  as  other  prominent  persons,  some  of  whom  delivered 
addresses,  which  are  noted  or  printed  in  the  following  pages. 

MrNTJTES   OF  THE  MEETING. 

The  following  brief  statement  of  the  principal  events  of  conference 
gives  the  names  of  the  principal  speakers  and  the  topics  discussed: 

The  engineers  of  the  reclamation  service  met  at  the  Virginia  Hotel 
on  Tuesday,  September  15,  at  8  a.  m.,  and  began  the  formal  discussion 
of  the  organization  of  the  service  and  the  methods  and  results  of  work 
already  accomplished.  The  organization  of  committees  and  other 
details  were  considered.  In  the  matter  of  the  cost  and  the  results 
of  work  of  supervision  and  construction  a  committee  was  designated 
consisting  of  Messrs.  George  Y.  Wisner,  A.  L.  Fellows,  and  L.  H. 
Taylor. 

The  relation  of  the  reclamation  service  to  forest  preservation  was 
discussed  and  the  importance  of  close  cooperation  with  the  Bureau  of 
Forestry  was  considered.  A  committee  on  forest  preservation  and 
utilization  was  designated  consisting  of  Messrs.  Fitch,  Gifford  Pinchot 
(chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Forestry),  and  Plummer. 

As  regards  the  designation  of  men  for  specific  work  and  the  promo- 
tion of  those  who  had  shown  merit  and  fitness,  there  was  a  general 
discussion  of  ways  in  which  to  determine  the  ability  and  value  of  each 
man.  The  opinion  was  expressed  that  it  would  be  very  difficult  to 
ascertain  the  executive  ability  of  any  one  man  through  the  usual  cleri- 
cal examination,  but  that  by  a  combination  of  examination  and  reports 
it  would  be  possible  to  determine  merit. 


NEWELL.]  MINUTES    OF    MEETING.  11 

1  Mr.  N.  H.  Darton,  geologist  in  charge  of  the  western  section  of  the 
division  of  hydrology,  spoke  of  the  work  done  on  artesian  wells  and 
stated  that  maps  had  been  prepared  showing  where,  in  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  West,  there  was  a  possibility  of  obtaining  deep  or 
flowing  wells. 

At  9.30  a.  m.  the  engineers  adjourned  to  attend  the  meeting  of  the 
National-Irrigation  Congress. 

The  afternoon  session  of  the  engineers  was  devoted  to  further  dis- 
cussion of  organization  and  methods  of  work.  Mr.  Gifford  Pinchot, 
chief  forester  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  spoke  of  the  neces- 
sity of  cooperation  between  forestry  and  reclamation  work. 

The  method  of  making  reports  from  the  field  was  considered  at 
some  length,  as  well  as  the  details  of  presenting  the  results  of  investi- 
gation and  determining  the  cost  of  construction.  A  committee,  con- 
sisting of  Messrs.  Lippincott,  Davis,  and  Fitch,  was  appointed  to 
recommend  committees  on  the  various  subjects  of  interest  to  the 
engineers. 

On  Wednesday,  September  16,  the  engineers  of  the  reclamation 
service  were  addressed  on  the  subject  of  colonization  by  General  Booth 
Tucker,  who  brought  out  a  number  of  points  of  interest.  He  claimed 
that  the  Salvation  Army  could  furnish  colonists,  if  needed,  and  could 
give  assurance  that  these  colonists  would  be  competent  farmers  and 
desirable  citizens. 

Senator  Reed  Smoot,  of  Utah,  spoke  to  the  engineers  on  the  impor- 
tance of  the  work  and  the  beneficial  results  that  would  result  from  it 
in  the  near  future. 

Hon.  Frank  W.  Mondell,  of  Wyoming,  extended  his  greetings  to 
the  engineers  and  expressed  his  intention  of  supporting  their  con- 
clusions in  every  practicable  manner. 

The  committee  on  organization,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Lippincott, 
Davis,  and  Fitch,  submitted  a  list  of  proposed  committees  to  act  as 
advisers  in  the  technical  work  and  operations  of  the  service. 

Mr.  Arthur  P.  Davis  described  at  some  length  the  proposed  Salt 
River  reservoir  in  Arizona.  He  was  followed  by  Mr.  A.  L.  Fellows, 
who  stated  the  present  condition  of  operations  on  the  Gunnison  tunnel 
in  Colorado.  A  general  discussion  of  these  projects  followed. 

The  engineers  then  adjourned  to  attend  the  meeting  of  the  Irrigation 
Congress. 

At  the  afternoon  session  Senator  Burton,  of  Kansas,  addressed  the 
engineers  on  the  importance  of  floods  and  the  interrelation  of  storage 
for  irrigation  with  the  control  of  floods. 

Mr.  J.  B.  Lippincott  described  the  work  in  progress  in  California, 
particularly  that  on  King  and  Colorado  rivers. 

Mr.  L.  H.  Taylor  announced  that  construction  work  had  begun  on 


12  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

the  Truckee  project,  and  that  surveys,  showing  the  irrigable  lands, 
were  rapidly  being  pushed  forward. 

Mr.  D.  W.  Ross  described  three  large  projects  under  examination 
in  Idaho,  and  called  attention  to  the  vast  extent  of  irrigable  land  near 
Jackson  Lake,  and  the  possibility  of  obtaining  an  ample  water  supply 
for  its  utilization  by  storage  in  that  lake. 

Mr.  Cyrus  C.  Babb  spoke  of  the  work  on  Milk  River,  in  Montana, 
and  the  opportunities  of  diverting  water  upon  the  adjacent  lands. 

Mr.  W.  M.  Reed  described  the  Hondo  reservoir,  and  also  the  prog- 
ress of -field  work  on  the  Urton  Lake  project. 

At  tire  evening  session  on  Wednesday,  September  16,  the  Hon. 
Francis  G.  Newlands,  Senator  from  Nevada,  addressed  the  engineers 
on  the  recent  Nevada  irrigation  law,  passed  largely  at  his  instigation 
and  by  means  of  his  active  support.  This  law  is  unique,  in  that  it 
compels  the  most  intimate  cooperation  between  the  United  States 
reclamation  service  and  the  State  engineer. 

Governor  Morrison,  of  Idaho,  commented  upon"  the  work  of  the 
engineers  and  the  importance  of  reclamation  to  the  State  of  Idaho.  A 
number  of  other  public  men  spoke  approvingly,  and  showed  by  their 
words  and  action  the  deep  interest  that  is  felt  by  Senators  and  Represen- 
tatives and  State  officers  in  the  progress  of  the  work  of  the  reclama- 
tion service. 

Mr.  B.  A.  Fowler,  president  of  the  Salt  River  Valley  Water  Users' 
Association,  described  the  organization  of  that  body  and  entered  into 
the  various  details  and  the  necessary  forms  of  such  organization  of 
water  users.  A  general  discussion  was  participated  in  by  the  engi- 
neers and  public  men  present. 

At  the  morning  session,  Thursday,  September  17,  Hon.  W.  A. 
Reeder  addressed  the  engineers  on  the  importance  of  the  work  and 
the  general  interest  felt  in  it. 

Mr.  John  T.  Whistler  described  the  surveys  in  progress  in  Oregon 
on  Malheur,  Umatilla  and  other  rivers.  The  importance  of  enacting 
water  laws  for  the  State  was  discussed,  and  various  features  relating 
to  water  filings  were  considered. 

Mr.  Morris  Bien  read  a  decision  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  in 
regard  to  water  rights,  which  was  generally  discussed. 

The  Kansas  delegation,  headed  by  Senator  Burton  and  Congressman 
Reeder,  called  to  pay  their  respects  and  inquired  concerning  the  serv- 
ice in  Kansas. 

The  surveys  in  South  Dakota  were  described  by  Mr.  Charles  H. 
Fitch  and  Raymond  F.  Walter,  particular  reference  being  made  to  the 
Belle  Fourche  projects. 

Mr.  George  L.  Swendsen  spoke  of  the  surveys  of  Utah  and  Bear 
lakes  now  in  progress.  The  chief  difficulty  in  regard  to  Utah  Lake  is 


NEWELL.]  MINUTES    OF    MEETING.  13 

the  enormous  evaporation  from  it  during  the  irrigating  season, 
amounting  to  fully  1,000  cubic  feet  per  second. 

At  the  afternoon  session  on  Thursda}%  September  17,  Hon.  Malcolm 
A.  Moody,  of  Oregon,  introduced  Judge  T.  G.  Hailey,  of  Pendleton, 
Oreg. ,  who  addressed  the  engineers  on  the  importance  of  the  reclama- 
tion work  to  Oregon. 

Capt.  HframM.  Chittenden,  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army, 
spoke  briefly  regarding  the  work  of  surveying  and  examining  the 
reservoir  sites  of  the  arid  region. 

Mr.  John  E.  Field  described  the  conditions  existing  on  North  Platte 
River,  and  particularly  the  reservoir  sites  on  Sweetwater  River  and 
below  the  mouth  of  this  stream. 

Hon.  Frank  W.  Mondell,  member  of  Congress  from  Wyoming, 
pointed  out  some  of  the  opportunities  for  reclamation,  and  dwelt  upon 
various  features  of  the  desert-land  law  relative  to  reclamation.  A 
general  discussion  followed,  which  was  participated  in  by  Messrs. 
Morris  Bien,  Arthur  P.  Davis,  and  others. 

Mr.  Jeremiah  Ahern  described  the  work  on  Shoshone  River  in 
northern  Wyoming,  and  the  topographic  methods  employed. 

Judge  F.  S.  Richards,  of  Salt  Lake  City,  described  briefly  the  Utah 
Arid  Land  Reclamation  Commission  Fund,  which  was  created  by  the 
last  legislature,  and  of  which  he  is  the  legal  adviser. 

Mr.  Clarence  T.  Johnston,  State  engineer  of  Wyoming,  spoke  of  the 
facilities  offered  to  the  reclamation  service  by  the  records  of  the  State 
engineer's  office,  and  proffered  his  assistance  in  making  the  work 
successful. 

Mr.  T.  A.  Noble,  dwelt  upon  the  opportunities  for  reclamation  in 
central  Washington,  and  described  in  particular  the  Big  Bend  Project 
and  the  surveys  near  Okanogan  River. 

At  the  evening  session  Governor  George  C.  Pardee,  of  California, 
spoke  on  the  condition  of  irrigation  in  his  State,^and  of  the  importance 
of  cooperation  in  bringing  about  a  higher  development  of  the  country. 

On  Friday,  September  18,  the  engineers  attended  the  meeting  of  the 
Irrigation  Congress,  addresses  being  made  by  Mr.  F.  H.  Newell, 
chief  engineer,  Mr.  Gifford  Pinchot,  and  others,  on  the  work  in 
reclamation  and  in  forestry. 

On  Friday  afternoon  the  conference,  after  completing  various  details, 
adjourned. 


14 


FIKST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE. 


[NO.  93. 


COMMITTEES    APPOINTED. 


The  following  committees  were  appointed  at  the  conference: 


Personnel  and  Assignments: 

Cement  and  Concrete: 

Davis. 

Duryee. 

Fitch. 

Wisner. 

Savage. 

Sanders. 

Water  Laws: 

Electric  Power  Development  and  Pump- 

Bien. 

ing: 

Ross. 

Storrs. 

Savage. 

Sanders. 

Lippincott. 

McPherson. 

Duty  of  Water: 

Alkali  and  Drainage: 

Ross. 

Means. 

Chandler. 

Sanders. 

Code. 

Reed. 

Methods  of  Reconnaissance  and  Survey: 

Forms  of  Water  Users'  Associations: 

Ahern. 

Bien. 

Babb. 

Savage. 

Quinton. 

Davis. 

Standard  Plans  and  Specifications: 

Diamond  Drilling: 

Quinton. 

Davis. 

Wisner. 

Hammond. 

Savage. 

Hamlin. 

Costs  and  Results: 

Forestry: 

Wisner. 

Fitch. 

Fellows. 

Pinchot. 

Taylor. 

Plummer. 

HYDROGRAPHIC  BRANCH  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

The  United  States  Geological  Survey  was  created  by  an  act  of  Con- 
gress approved  March  3, 1879.  (Stat.  L. ,  vol.  20,  p.  394.)  From  time 
to  time  additional  duties  have  been  assigned  to  the  Survey  by  law  or 
by  Executive  action.  A  brief  summary  of  the  laws  is  given  in  the 
Regulations  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  taking  effect 
January  1,  1903. 

For  administrative  purposes  the  Survey  is  divided  into  branches 
and  divisions,  as  shown  on  page  8  of  its  book  of  Instructions,  issued 
May  1, 1903.  The  branches  are:  administrative,  publication,  geologic, 
topographic,  and  hydrographic. 

The  Geological  Survey  is  one  of  the  bureaus  of  the  Department  of 
the  Interior,  of  which  Hon.  Ethan  Allen  Hitchcock  is  Secretary. a  The 

a  Hitchcock,  Ethan  Allen,  Secretary  of  the  Interior  since  February  20,  1899;  born  at  Mobile,  Ala., 
September  19,  1835;  attended  private  schools  at  Nashville,  Tenn.;  completed  his  course  at  a  military 
academy  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  1855;  settled  in  St.  Louis  and  engaged  in  mercantile  business  until 
1860,  when  he  went  to  China  to  enter  commission  house  of  Olyphant  &  Co.,  of  which  firm  he  became 
a  partner  in  1866;  retired  from  business  in  1872,  and  spent  two  years  in  Europe.  Returned  to  United 
States  in  1874,  and  was  engaged  as  president  of  several  manufacturing,  mining,  and  railway  companies 
until  1897.  United  States  minister,  1897-98,  and  ambassador,  1898,  to  Russia.  Home,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


NEWELL.]          ORGANIZATION    OF    THE    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  15 

Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  charged  with  the  supervision  of  public 
business  relating  to  patents  for  inventions;  pensions  and  bounty  lands; 
public  lands  and  surveys;  Indians;  education;  railroads;  the  Geolog- 
ical Survey;  the  Hot  Springs  Reservation,  Arkansas;  Yellowstone 
National  Park,  Wyoming;  the  Yosemite,  Sequoia,  and  General  Grant 
parks,  California;  forest  reservations;  distribution  of  appropriations 
for  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges  in  the  States  and  Territories; 
custody  and  distribution  of  certain  public  documents;  and  supervision 
of  certain  hospitals  and  eleemosynary  institutions  in  the  District  of 
Columbia.  He  also  exercises  certain  powers  and  duties  in  relation  to 
the  Territories  of  the  United  States. 

The  director  of  the  Geological  Survey,  Hon.  Chas.  D.  Walcott,a  has 
charge  of  the  classification  of  the  public  lands  and  examination  of  the 
geological  structure,  mineral  resources,  and  products  of  the  national 
domain,  and  the  survey  of  forest  reserves,  including  the  preparation 
of  topographic  and  geologic  maps;  also  the  measurement  of  streams 
and  determination  of  the  water  supply  of  the  United  States,  including 
the  investigation  of  underground  waters  and  artesian  wells;  and  also 
the  reclamation  of  arid  lands,  including  the  engineering  operations  to 
be  carried  on  by  the  use  of  the  reclamation  fund  created  by  act  of 
June  17,  1902,  from  proceeds  of  sales  of  public  lands. 

The  hydrographic  branch  has  charge  of  all  investigations  relating  to 
the  occurrence  of  water  as  a  mineral  and  a  source  of  wealth  to  the 
country.  It  also,  through  the  reclamation  service,  prepares  plans 
for  the  construction  of  reservoirs,  canals,  and  other  works  for  the 
irrigation  of  arid  lands.  The  functions  of  this  branch  are  more  full}7 
described  in  Instructions  Relating  to  the  Work  of  the  Geological  Sur- 
vey, May  1,  1903,  pages  81-103.  The  principal  divisions,  as  above 
stated,  are  those  of  hydrography,  hydrology,  hydro-economics,  and 
the  reclamation  service. 

The  division  of  hydrography  measures  the  surface  streams,  studies 
their  fluctuations,  and  determines  the  quantity  of  the  water  supply  of 
the  United  States.  It  is  divided  into  two  sections,  eastern  and  western, 
the  latter  including  the  thirteen  States  and  three  Territories  within 
which  work  is  being  done  under  the  reclamation  law. 

The  division  of  hydrology  has  charge  of  investigations  relating  to 
the  geologic  conditions  governing  water  supplies.  This  division  also 
consists  of  two  sections,  eastern  and  western. 

«  Walcott,  Charles  Doolittle,  Director  U.  S.  Geological  Survey;  born  at  NewYork  Mills,  N.  Y.,  March 
31,  1850;  educated  in  public  schools  of  Utica,  N.  Y.;  assistant  New  York  State  survey,  1876-1879; 
assistant  geologist  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  1879-1888;  paleontologist  in  charge  invertebrate  paleon- 
tology, 1888-1891;  chief  paleontologist,  1891-1893;  geologist  in  charge  geology  and  paleontology,  1893- 
94,  and  since  1894  director  U.  S.  Geological  Survey;  also  secretary  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington 
since  its  organization  in  1902;  member  National  Academy  of  Sciences;  Fellow  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  etc.;  degrees  from  Hamilton  College,  University  of  Chicago,  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  and  University  of  Pennsylvania;  author  of  many  reports  and  papers  on  geology 
and  paleontology. 


16  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE. 

The  hydro-economic  division  studies  the  quality  of  water  as  related 
to  its  uses  for  industrial  or  domestic  purposes.  Attempts  are  being 
made  to  devise  rapid  methods  of  field  examinations  of  waters  to 
supplant  as  far  as  possible  the  more  expensive  and  cumbersome 
analysis. 

The  hydrographer  in  charge  of  the  hydrographic  branch,  Mr.  F.  H. 
Newell,  is  also  chief  engineer  of  the  reclamation  service,  and  reports 
to  the  Director  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  who  in  turn 
reports  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  The  hydrographers  and 
engineers  of  the  hj^drographic  branch  report  to  the  chief  engineer, 
directly  or  through  the  district  engineers. 

The  following  brief  outline  gives  the  form  of  organization  of  the 
hydrographic  branch. 

ORGANIZATION   OF  HYDROGRAPHIC  BRANCH. 

DIVISION    OF   HYDROGRAPHY. 

EASTERN    SECTION. 

New  England. — N.  C.  Grover,  engineer,  Orono,  Me.,  hydrographer  in  charge, 
assisted  by  H.  K.  Barrows,  assistant  engineer,  and  F.  E.  Pressey,  engineering  aid. 

New  York. — Robert  E.  Horton,  hydrographer,  75  Arcade,  Utica,  N.  Y.,  hydrog- 
rapher in  charge,  assisted  by  Clermont  C.  Covert,  assistant  engineer,  F.  H.  Tilling- 
hast,  engineering  aid,  and  others. 

Pennsylvania,  etc. — Edwin  G.  Paul,  engineer,  Washington,  D.  C.,  hydrographer  in 
charge,  assisted  by  Wilbur  C.  Sawyer,  engineering  aid. 

Southeastern  States. — B.  M.  Hall,  resident  hydrographer,  and  M.  R.  Hall,  hydrog- 
rapher, Temple  Court,  Atlanta,  Ga. ;  assisted  by  James  M.  Giles,  engineering  aid, 
and  Warren  E.  Hall,  hydrographic  aid. 

Central  States. — Edward  Johnson,  jr.,  assistant  engineer,  263  Dearborn  street,  Chi- 
cago, 111.,  assisted  by  Frank  W.  Hanna  and  L.  R.  Stockman,  assistant  engineers. 

Texas. — Thomas  U.  Taylor,  resident  hydrographer,  Austin,  Tex. 

DIVISION    OF   HYDROLOGY. 

EASTERN    SECTION. 

M.  L.  Fuller,  geologist  in  charge;  assisted  by  A.  C.  Veatch,  assistant  geologist. 

WESTERN    SECTION. 

N.  H.  Darton,  geologist  in  charge;  assisted  by  W.  C.  Mendenhall,  geologist,  aiul 
George  B.  Richardson,  assistant  geologist. 

DIVISION   OF   HYDRO-ECONOMICS. 

Marshall  O.  Leighton,  hydrographer,  Washington,  D.  C.,  hydrographer  in  charge; 
assisted  by  R.  B.  Dole,  engineering  aid. 


NEWELL.]  THE    HYDKOGRAPHIC    BRANCH.  17 

RECLAMATION    SERVICE. 

Created  by  law  of  June  17,  1902,  authorizing  the  survey  and  construction  of  irriga- 
tion works  for  reclaiming  arid  lands  in  Arizona,  California,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Kansas, 
Montana,  Nebraska,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  North  Dakota,  Oklahoma,  Oregon,  South 
Dakota,  Utah,  Washington,  and  Wyoming  from  the  proceeds  arising  from  the  sale 
and  disposal  of  public  lands. 

CHIEF   ENGINEER. 

F.  H.  Newell,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

EXECUTIVE    AND   CONSULTING    STAFF    REPORTING   TO    THE   CHIEF    ENGINEER. 

Arthur  P.  Davis,  supervising  engineer  and  principal  assistant,  Livingstone,  Ariz.,  or 
Chamber  of  Commerce  Building,  Denver,  Colo. 

George  Y.  Wisner,  consulting  engineer,  34  West  Congress  street,  Detroit,  Mich. 

J.  B.  Lippincott,  supervising  engineer,  408  Byrne  Block,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

J.  H.  Quinton,  consulting  engineer,  1016  West  Eighth  street,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Wm.  H.  Sanders,  consulting  engineer,  915  Grand  View  street,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

H.  N.  Savage,  consulting  engineer,  San  Diego,  Cal. 

Charles  H.  Fitch,  supervising  engineer,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building,  Denver, 
Colo. 

H.  A.  Storrs,  electrical  expert,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building,  Denver,  Colo. 

Morris  Bien,  engineer  (on  land  and  legal  matters),  Washington,  D.  C. 

E.  Duryee,  cement  expert,  Phoenix,  Ariz. 

A.  L.  Fellows,  district  engineer,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building,  Denver,  Colo. 

D.  W.  Ross,  district  engineer,  Boise,  Idaho. 
L.  H.  Taylor,  district  engineer,  Reno,  Nev. 
N.  H.  Darton,  geologist,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Charles  S.  Slichter,  consulting  engineer,  Madison,  Wis. 
Cyrus  C.  Babb,  district  engineer,  Malta,  Mont. 
George  B.  Hollister,  executive  officer,  Washington,  D.  C. 
T.  A.  Noble,  district  engineer,  Seattle,  Wash. 
George  L.  Swendsen,  district  engineer,  Logan,  Utah. 
John  T.  Whistler,  district  engineer,  Pendleton,  Oreg. 
Gerard  H.  Matthes,  district  engineer,  Lawton,  Okla. 
Jeremiah  Ahern,  engineer  for  Shoshone  district,  Cody,  Wyo. 
John  E.  Field,  engineer  for  North  Platte  (Wyo.)  district,  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Building,  Denver,  Colo. 

W.  M.  Reed,  engineer  in  charge  of  Pecos  surveys,  Roswell,  N.  Mex. 
Edwin  H.  Peery,  law  clerk,  Washington,  D.  C. 

E.  C.  Murphy,  inspector  of  hydrographic  methods,  Washington,  D.  C. 

DISTRICT   ENGINEERING    FORCE. 

Arizona. — Arthur  P.  Davis,  supervising  engineer  in  charge,  Livingstone  or  Phoenix, 
Ariz.,  and  Louis  C.  Hill,  engineer,  Livingstone,  Ariz.;  assisted  by  W.  A.  Farish, 
C.  R.  Olberg,  Archie  L.  Harris,  Willard  G.  Steward,  and  R.  W.  Hawley,  assistant 
engineers;  O.  T.  Reedy,  Beauford  E.  Hayden,  Harry  T.  Holmes,  Oliver  T.  Reedy, 
Hugh  Redmond,  and  Isaac  Voorhees,  engineering  aids,  and  others. 

California. — J.  B.  Lippincott,  supervising  engineer  in  charge,  Room  408,  Byrne 
Block,  Los  Angeles,  and  Room  431,  Rialto  Building,  San  Francisco,  Cal.;  Homer 
Hamlin,  engineer  on  Salinas  Valley,  etc.,  408  Byrne  Block,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.;  E.  T. 
Perkins,  engineer  on  Colorado  River,  Yuma,  Ariz. ;  H.  E.  Green,  engineer  on  Sacra- 

IRR  93—04 2 


18  FIKST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

mento  River,  Room  431,  Rialto  Building,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  and  S.  G.  Bennett, 
engineer  on  river  measurements,  431  Rialto  Building,  San  Francisco,  Cal. ;  assisted  by 
W.  B.  Clapp,  Jacob  C.  Clausen,  and  Ralph  P.  Dillon,  assistant  engineers,  and  Linus 
B.  Brainard,  Andrew  C.  Hansen,  0.  W.  Peterson,  and  Ralph  S.  Hawley,  engineer- 
ing aids. 

Colorado. — A.  L.  Fellows,  engineer  in  charge,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building, 
Denver,  Colo.;  Ira  W.  McConnell,  engineer,  Montrose,  Colo.;  Robert  S.  Stockton, 
engineer,  Meeker,  Colo.;  M.  C.  Hinderlider,  engineer,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Build- 
ing, Denver,  Colo. ;  assisted  by  W.  P.  Edwards,  Edward  E.  Sands,  Andrew  Weiss, 
Fillmore  Cogswell,  Joseph  A.  Sargent,  and  Charles  R.  Steiner,  assistant  engineers; 
E.  C.  Bebb,  topographer;  Lavern  J.  Charles,  Oro  McDermith,  E.  R.  Childs,  Ralph 
I.  Meeker,  and  Roy  H.  Bolster,  engineering  aids,  and  others. 

Idaho. — D.  W.  Ross,  engineer  in  charge,  Boise,  Idaho;  assisted  by  John  T.  Burke, 
Charles  B.  Smith,  and  James  G.  Camp,  assistant  engineers;  G.  II.  Hogue,  Leon  L. 
Gay,  H.  S.  Williams,  William  G.  Davies,  Chester  C.  Fisher,  Robert  J.  Newell,  John 
L.  Savage,  Fred  Stockton,  and  N.  S.  Dils,  engineering  aids. 

Kansas. — Charles  H.  Fitch,  supervising  engineer,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building, 
Denver,  Colo.;  W.  G.  Russell,  hydrographer,  Russell,  Kans. 

Montana. — Cyrus  C.  Babb,  engineer,  Malta,  Mont.;  assisted  by  S.  B.  Robbins, 
engineer,  C.  M.  Pritchett,  E.  W.  Myers,  Alden  M.  Sprigg,  Harry  T.  Paterson,  L.  E. 
Granke,  Carlos  T.  Prall,  Josiah  L.  Rhead,  and  Goyne  Drummond,  assistant  engineers; 
Adolph  E.  Place,  Arch.  M.  Gilbert,  and  William  P.  Flynn,  engineering  aids,  and 
Charles  E.  Slonaker,  observer. 

Nebraska. — John  E.  Field,  engineer  for  North  Platte  district,  assisted  by  A.  J. 
Parshall,  hydrographer;  J.  D.  Stannard,  L.  V.  Branch,  Charles  G.  Carpenter,  and 
L.  M.  Lawson,  assistant  engineers;  Hugh  G.  Stokes,  Frank  C.  Magruder,  Francis  M. 
Madden,  Ray  Owen,  and  W.  R.  Saxton,  engineering  aids;  J.  M.  Heizer,  field 
assistant. 

Nevada. — L.  H.  Taylor,  engineer  in  charge,  Reno,  Nev.;  assisted  by  William  E. 
Swift,  consulting  engineer;  Albert  E.  Chandler,  engineer;  Augustus  V.  Saph,  hydrog- 
rapher; Fred  A.  Temple,  Alfred  C.  Lootz,  William  Sargeant,  D.  W.  Hays,  W.  A. 
Keddie,  Burt  E.  Forbes,  and  C.  V.  Taylor,  assistant  engineers;  L.  L.  Richard,  C.  H. 
Southworth,  Edwin  P.  Arnot,  John  D.  Cameron,  Bertram  E.  Corlett,  I.  W.  Huffaker, 
and  Aug.  H.  Schadler,  engineering  aids,  and  others. 

New  Mexico. — Arthur  P.  Davis,  supervising  engineer,  Phoenix,  Ariz.;  W.  M.  Reed, 
engineer  in  charge  of  Pecos  surveys,  Roswell,  N.  Mex. ;  assisted  by  Kurd  C.  Kurd, 
assistant  engineer;  Ernest  L.  Robinson,  Otis  L.  Mclntyre,  Earl  G.  Marsh,  Sam  G. 
Porter,  Frank  S.  Dobson,  engineering  aids,  and  others. 

Also  J.  A.  French,  engineer  in  charge  of  surveys  on  the  Rio  Grande;  assisted  by 
George  E.  Stratton,  assistant  engineer;  Clarence  K.  Hosford,  Williard  R.  Ewing  and 
Ernest  D.  Hendricks,  engineering  aids,  and  others. 

North  Dakota. — Charles  H.  Fitch,  supervising  engineer,  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Building,  Denver,  Colo.;  Frank  E.  Weymouth,  assistant  engineer  in  charge;  assisted 
by  John  N.  Kerr  and  Elwyn  F.  Chandler,  assistant  engineers;  Frank  A.  Wilder  and 
others. 

Oklahoma. — Gerard  H.  Matthes,  engineer,  Lawton,  Okla.;  assisted  by  Ferdinand 
Bonstedt,  assistant  engineer,  on  reconaissance  of  reservoir  sites;  also  Charles  E. 
Gordon,  L.  M.  Holt,  Joseph  J.  Reamer,  and  Arville  C.  Redman,  assistant  engineers; 
George  L.  Warner,  engineering  aid;  John  E.  Fennerty,  field  assistant,  and  others. 

Oregon. — John  T.  Whistler,  engineer  in  charge,  Pendleton,  Oreg. ;  assisted  by 
W.  T.  Turner,  topographer;  Herbert  D.  Newell,  M.  D.  Williams,  and  T.  B.  White, 
assistant  engineers;  Edmund  I.  Davis,  Fred  W.  Huber,  John  H.  Lewis,  engineering 
aids;  F.  K.  Lowry,  field  assistant,  and  others. 


NEWELL.]  THE    RECLAMATION    SERVICE.  19 

South  Dakota. — Charles  H.  Fitch,  supervising  engineer,  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Building,  Denver,  Colo. ;  Raymond  F.  Walter,  engineer,  Belle  Fourche,  S.  Dak. 

Utah. — George  L.  Swendsen,  engineer,  P.  O.  box  S,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  (D.  W. 
Ross,  consulting  engineer,  Boise,  Idaho),  assisted  by  William  P.  Hardesty,  William 
E.  Young,  and  Caleb  Tanner,  assistant  engineers;  and  Milo  H.  Brinkley,  Thomas  H. 
Humphreys,  Henry  S.  Kleinschmidt,  and  W.  W.  McLaughlin,  engineering  aids. 
Howard  S.  Reed,  assistant  engineer,  in  charge  of  stream  measurements  on  Uinta 
Indian  Reservation. 

Washington. — T.  A.  Noble,  engineer,  427  Peyton  Block,  Spokane,  Wash.,  assisted 
by  Christian  Anderson,  assistant  engineer;  W.  W.  Schlecht,  assistant  topographer; 
George  H.  Bliss,  assistant  engineer;  Charles  E.  Hewitt,  Ernest  A.  Bailey,  Calvin 
Casteel,  Charles  B.  Cox,  George  F.  Harley,  and  Olaf  Laurgaard,  engineering  aids. 

Wyoming. — Jeremiah  Ahern,  engineer  for  Shoshone  district,  Cody,  Wyo.,  assisted 
by  A.  H.  Horton,  assistant  engineer;  P.  M.  Churchill,  assistant  hydrographer;  E.  S. 
Ela,  assistant  topographer;  H.  R.  Evans,  Austin  C.  Downey,  Thomas  J.  Strickler, 
and  C.  P.  Bowie,  engineering  aids. 

ACCOUNTS   AND   PROPERTY. 

The  hydrographers  and  engineers  named  in  the  following  list  are  authorized  to 
certify  accounts  for  approval  by  the  chief  engineer,  and  are  responsible  to  the  chief 
engineer  for  property  purchased  in  the  field. 

DIVISION    OF   HYDROGRAPHY. 

Eastern  section. — N.  C.  Grover,  R.  E.  Horton,  E.  G.  Paul,  M.  R.  Hall,  E.  Johnson,  jr. 

DIVISION   OF    HYDROLOGY. 

Eastern  section. — M.  L.  Fuller. 
Western  section. — N.  H.  Darton. 

DIVISION    OF   HYDRO-ECONOMICS. 

M.  O.  Leightoii. 

RECLAMATION   SERVICE   AND   WESTERN   SECTION   OF    HYDROGRAPHY. 

Arizona. — Arthur  P.  Davis. 

California. — J.  B.  Lippincott. 

Colorado. — A.  L.  Fellows. 

Idaho.—  D.  W.  Ross. 

Kansas. — Charles  H.  Fitch. 

Montana. — Cyrus  C.  Babb. 

Nebraska.— J.  E.  Field. 

Nevada.— L.  H.  Taylor. 

New  Mexico,  Rio  Grande  district. — A.  P.  Davis. 

New  Mexico,  Pecos  district. — W.  M.  Reed. 

North  Dakota.— Charles  H.  Fitch. 

Oklahoma.—  Gerard  H.  Matthes. 

Oregon.— John  T.  Whistler. 

South  Dakota.— Charles  H.  Fitch.  ^ 

Utah. — George  L.  Swendsen. 

Washington.—  T.  A.  Noble. 

Wyoming. — Jeremiah  Ahern. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CONFERENCE. 


ADDRESS   BY  THE   CHIEF 

[At  8  a.  111.  on  Tuesday,  September  15,  the  meeting  was  called  to 
order,  and  the  chief  engineer  made  an  informal  address  upon  the 
organization  of  work  of  the  reclamation  service,  questions  being 
invited  and  discussion  ensuing  on  various  topics  thus  brought  up. 
The  principal  points  covered  are  given  in  the  following  pages,  various 
details  being  amplified,  as  a  result  of  the  discussion.] 

PURPOSE  OF  THE  MEETING. 

The  principal  engineers  of  the  reclamation  service  have  been  here 
brought  together  in  this  first  general  meeting  for  the  purpose  of 
becoming  better  acquainted  with  each  other  and  with  the  work  of  the 
service,  and  of  exchanging  views  and  information  concerning  the 
work  in  hand  and  that  which  is  planned  for  the  future.  The  opera- 
tions which  have  been  authorized  by  the  reclamation  law  of  June  IT, 
1902,  have  expanded  rapidly,  and  in  the  haste  of  pushing  forward 
the  organization  and  field  work  in  order  to  attain  important  results 
diverse  methods  have  arisen  and  important  questions  have  been  asked, 
the  answers  to  which  can  be  given  only  after  more  complete  knowl- 
edge is  gained  in  regard  to  the  work  in  progress  and  the  men  who  are 
executing  it. 

In  a  general  meeting  of  the  principal  members  of  the  reclamation 
service  it  is  possible  to  state  facts  and  discuss  matters  with  a  thor- 
oughness and  understanding  which  is  impossible  through  formal 
reports  or  correspondence.  Many  details  may  be  talked  over  here 
which  can  not  with  propriety  be  brought  up  elsewhere,  and  it  is  desired 
to  have  a  full  and  clear  understanding  of  points  that  may  be  a  source 
of  inquiry  or  doubt  to  the  men  in  the  field. 

The  reclamation  law  requires  surveys  and  examination  in  thirteen 
States  and  three  Territories.  To  carry  into  effect  the  objects  of  th  • 
law,  an  engineering  corps  known  as  the  reclamation  service  has  been 
organized  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  as  a  portion  of  the  hydro - 
graphic  branch  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  in  order  to  get 
the  benefit  of  the  regulations  and  methods  of  that  Bureau. 

21 


22  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  LNo.93. 

The  engineers  of  the  reclamation  service  are,  in  effect,  the  advisers 
of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  in  the  great  work  of  reclaiming  the 
arid  lands  of  the  West.  They  are  to  obtain  facts  as  to  the  cost  and 
advisability  of  various  projects  and  to  submit  these  with  recommenda- 
tions for  the  construction  of  certain  selected  works.  The  attempt  has 
been  made  to  secure  the  best  engineering  experience  available  and  to 
bring  into  the  subordinate  positions  in  the  corps  }7oung,  well-trained 
men,  competent  to  carry  on  field  work  economical^  and  rapidly.  The 
positions  are  filled  by  competitive  civil-service  examinations.  Each 
district  engineer  prepares  plans  and  estimates  for  reclamation  work 
along  the  rivers  under  his  charge,  these  being  submitted  to  the  con- 
sulting engineers  for  examination  and  criticism.  If  approved,  the 
reports  are  forwarded  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  with  recom- 
mendations for  immediate  construction. 

In  making  these  recommendations  to  the  Secretaiy,  the  relative 
importance  of  the  work  is  considered,  as  well  as  the  economy  of  con- 
struction, the  cost  of  reclamation,  the  character  of  the  land,  and  all 
other  facts  which  bear  upon  the  feasibility  and  probability  of  bringing 
about  the  settlement  and  thorough  cultivation  of  the  reclaimed  area. 
The  prime  requisite  is  that  prosperous  homes  may  be  made  upon  the 
irrigated  lands.  At  present  the  projects  are  all  large  and  expensive, 
as  most  of  the  smaller  reclamation  schemes  have  either  been  con- 
structed by  private  enterprise  or  can  be  so  constructed  if  left  for  this 
purpose. 

Actual  settlement  and  cultivation  of  the  reclaimed  lands  is  required 
by  the  terms  of  the  law,  and  there  is  little,  if  any,  possibility  of  spec- 
ulation, since  the  individual  who  takes  up  the  land  must  live  on  it  five 
years  and  can  acquire  complete  title  only  after  all  payments  for  water 
are  made.  The  cost  of  the  works  is  ultimately  refunded,  and  the 
money  thus  returned  to  the  Treasury  can  be  used  over  again  for 
building  other  works. 

Of  the  various  projects  now  under  consideration,  one,  in  Nevada,  is 
actually  under  construction.  Others  are  at  a  point  where  the  specifica- 
tions and  form  of  contract  are  nearly  ready  for  submittal  to  the  Secre- 
tary. Many  projects  have  been  examined  and  condemned  or  laid  aside 
for  future  action.  The  careful  survey  and  examination  necessary  to 
determine  the  feasibility  of  these  projects  necessarily  consume  time,  but 
all  friends  of  the  work  are  willing  and  desirous  that  ample  time  should 
be  taken  to  ascertain  all  the  facts  and  to  avoid  mistakes.  With  a  well- 
organized  engineering  corps  actively  in  the  field  at  work  and  con- 
struction closely  following  the  determination  of  the  essential  facts, 
it  will  be  possible  to  bring  under  irrigation,  before  many  years, 
considerable  areas  of  lands  now  vacant  and  useless.  The  creation 
from  these  desert  tracts  of  homes  for  hundreds  of  families  will  make  a 


NEWELL.]  GENERAL    DUTIES    OF    ENGINEEKS.  23 

wonderful  change  in  the  western  part  of  our  country,  and  will  create 
in  it  a  higher  standard  of  living  and  of  citizenship. 

The  object  of  this  meeting,  and,  in  fact,  of  all  such  conferences  and 
all  inspections,  is  to  learn  how  to  do  things.  The  duty  of  an  engineer 
has  been  stated  to  be  that  of  accomplishing  for  one  dollar  what  the 
ordinary  man  does  for  two  or  more  or  does  not  do  at  all.  In  private 
affairs  th'is  doing  of  things  rapidly  and  accurately  is  difficult  in  itself, 
but  under  governmental  regulations  the  accomplishing*  of  results 
economically  and  efficiently  requires  more  skill  and  forethought,  owing 
to  the  many  necessary  checks  and  requirements  of  law.  The  resources 
of  the  Government  offer  wonderful  opportunities,  but  these  magnificent 
facilities  for  work  on  a  large  scale  are  in  part  offset  by  exacting  and 
intricate  requirements.  In  our  work  we  must  have  not  merely  good 
engineers,  but  men  who  can  and  will  study  the  reasons  and  underlying 
principles  of  national  law,  and  who  can  skillfully  guide  and  direct 
affairs,  meeting  all  requirements  directly  and  accurately. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  success  of  the  reclamation  service 
depends  not  only  on  good  engineering  work,  but  also  on  the  constant 
exercise  of  sound  judgment  and  of  tact  in  dealing  with  what  may  be 
called  the  human  or  social  problems.  The  phj^sical  side  offers  great 
difficulties  to  the  engineer,  but  these  frequently  become  less  detri- 
mental to  ultimate  success  than  the  conditions  arising  from  human 
agencies. 

Everything  depends  on  unity  and  continuity  of  purpose  and  of  action 
and  the  creation  of  an  esprit  de  corps,  or  what  may  be  expressed  as 
the  holding  of  a  unity  of  ideals  by  the  entire  body  of  men  engaged  in 
the  work. 

The  supervising  and  district  engineers  and  chiefs  of  parties  should 
inculcate  in  the  younger  men  the  comprehension  that  success  is  depend- 
ent largely  upon  ability  to  carry  out  the  purpose  of  the  work  without 
minute  instructions.  Every  man  must  have  clearly  in  mind  the  object 
of  the  work,  and  be  prepared  to  exercise  good  judgment  in  producing 
the  desired  end.  The  ability  to  accept  responsibility  and  accomplish 
results  is  the  principal  factor  to  be  considered  in  advancing  each  man. 
At  the  same  time  there  must  be  a  proper  observance  of  rules  and 
regulations  in  order  to  conform  to  essential  requirements,  but  it  must 
be  remembered  that  the  strict  observance  of  rules  is  never  an  adequate 
substitute  for  good  judgment. 

In  this  general  discussion  it  is  desired  to  take  up^first  matters  relat- 
ing to  the  personnel  and  the  relation  of  the  men  to  one  another;  next 
the  organization,  its  strength  and  limitations;  then  the  appointment 
of  committees  and  other  matters;  next  the  work  by  committees;  then 
the  consideration  of  the  reclamation  law,  the  polic}T  which  has  been 
outlined,  and  the  relation  to  the  public  in  general. 


24  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO. 93. 

PERSONNEL  OF  THE  SERVICE. 

In  the  work  authorized  by  the  reclamation  law,  opportunities  are 
offered  for  achieving  some  of  the  grandest  results  conceivable  by  the 
human  mind,  viz,  the  utilization  of  the  resources  of  nature  and  the 
creation  thereby  of  thousands  of  prosperous  homes  throughout  an 
arid  region.  It  is  not  necessary  to  dwell  upon  this  matter,  but  at  this 
time  it  is  sufficient  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  accomplish- 
ment of  this  great  work  necessitates  the  creation  and  organization  of 
a  thoroughly  well-equipped  body  of  men.  The  Secretary  has  thought 
fit  to  intrust  this  work  to  the  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey,  and 
he  in  turn  has  authorized  the  formation  of  a  corps  of  engineers  and 
experts  as  one  of  the  parts  of  the  hydrographic  branch  of  that 
Survey. 

The  rules  and  precedents  governing  the  Geological  Surve}T  are,  it  is 
believed,  among  the  best  of  those  of  anv-  Government  bureau.  There 
is  an  elasticity  about  the  organization  which  enables  individual  devel- 
opment, and  there  is  a  constant  attempt  made  to  conduct  affairs  on 
purely  business  principles,  and  yet  with  scientific  care  and  accuracy. 
It  is  without  doubt  an  honor  to  be  a  member  of  the  Geological  Survey, 
and  it  is  hoped  that  the  high  standard  that  has  prevailed  in  that  corps 
of  scientific  workers  will  be  maintained  and  advanced  in  the  reclama- 
tion service. 

Every  effort  should  be  made  to  attain  the  highest  possible  efficiency 
in  every  branch  of  the  work.  The  men  who  come  into  the  regular 
force  of  the  reclamation  service  do  so  through  competitive  civil-serv- 
ice examination.  It  must  not  be  supposed,  however,  that  a  man  who 
passes  the  examination  and  is  appointed  has  met  the  onl}r  requirement. 
This  is  but  the  beginning;  and  no  man  should  be  retained  in  the  serv- 
ice who  does  not  keep  up  to  the  standard  set.  It  has  been  found 
desirable,  from  time  to  time,  to  intimate  to  various  men  who  have 
civil-service  appointments  that  they  are  not  performing  their  duties 
in  the  best  manner  possible  and  that  unless  marked  improvement  is 
seen  in  their  work  their  resignations  will  be  accepted.  This  hint  has 
general^  been  sufficient. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  at  all  times  that  we  can  not  be  satisfied 
with  men  who  are  simply  "  good  enough."  If  a  man  is  mediocre  or 
takes  only  a  perfunctory  interest  in  his  work,  this  fact  should  be 
clearly  stated  and  he  should  be  induced  to  seek  employment  elsewhere. 
This  applies  particularly  to  the  younger  men  who  are  just  entering  the 
service.  It  is  sometimes  the  very  best  kindness  to  them,  as  well  as  a 
duty  to  the  organization,  to  show  them  that  employment  in  this  service 
means  efficiency  and  devotion  to  work. 

During  the  past  year  or  two  the  papers  of  several  hundred  men 
have  passed  through  my  hands,  and  I  have  talked  with  many  of  these 


NEWELL.]  APPOINTMENTS    TO    THE    SERVICE.  25 

or  have  had  correspondence  with  them.  A  great  many  people  endeavor 
to  enter  the  Government  service,  and  some  of  them  have  extremely 
curious  notions  regarding-  the  work  and  what  is  required  of  them.  It 
is  difficult  to  convince  some  of  these  people  that  the  Government  serv- 
ice demands  that  the  best  business  principles  must  be  followed,  and 
that  eveiy  effort  is  being  made  to  find  out  the  ability  of  each  man  and 
give  him  recognition  accordingly.  Indorsements  or  importunities  from 
any  source  other  than  those  of  a  strictly  business  character  are  not 
needed,  and  may  be  detrimental,  especialty  if  employment  is  sought 
on  political  grounds.  No  considerations  of  sentiment,  religion,  or 
politics  should  have  any  weight,  but  each  man  should  be  judged  solely 
by  his  character,  ability,  and  physique. 

There  is  a  special  provision  in  section  10  of  the  civil-service  law 
(approved  January  16,  1883),  regarding  recommendations  by  mem- 
bers of  Congress.  This  is  frequently  overlooked  by  persons  who 
have  the  mistaken  idea  that  they  may  be  appointed  or  advanced  by 
the  use  of  influence  from  this  direction.  It  reads  as  follows: 

That  no  recommendation  of  any  person  who  shall  apply  for  office  or  place  under 
the  provisions  of  this  act  which  may  be  given  by  any  Senator  or  Member  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  except  as  to  the  character  or  residence  of  the  applicant, 
shall  be  received  or  considered  by  any  person  concerned  in  making  any  examination 
or  appointment  under  this  act. 

There  are  also  men  who  desire  a  position  on  the  reclamation  service 
for  the  advertising  it  may  bring  them  and  with  the  hope  of  obtaining 
through  it  occasional  outside  employment  as  specialists.  It  has  been 
found  wise  to  require  that  each  man  connected  with  the  Geological 
Survey  or  its  branches  shall  devote  all  of  his  energies  to  the  work  for 
which  he  is  engaged  and  to  abstain  from  any  other  occupation  for 
which  he  will  receive  remuneration.  In  short,  his  entire  time  and 
energies  should  be  devoted  to  advancing  the  work  on  which  he  is 
engaged. 

Great  care  must  be  taken  in  the  case  of  new  men  to  see  that  they  are 
physically  able  to  endure  the  work.  A  number  of  well-educated  and 
experienced  men  have  fallen  out  on  account  of  lack  of  physical  strength. 
In  one  or  two  instances  men  have  been  transferred  without  specific 
inquiry  into  this  matter,  and  considerable  expense  and  annoyance  to 
the  service  and  to  the  friends  of  these  men  have  resulted,  as  they  have 
developed  sickness  when  far  away  from  medical  treatment  or  means  of 
transportation. 

The  opinion  seems  to  be  prevalent  that  if  a  sick  man  or  one  partly 
well  can  only  get  employment  in  a  Government  party  he  will  have 
opportunity  for  rest  and  recovery.  This  is  true  particularly  as  to 
persons  afflicted  with  consumption,  many  of  whom  have  sought  in 
every  possible  way  to  get  employment  in  the  arid  West.  In  a  few 
instances  such  men,  apparently  in  good  health,  have  become  attached 


26  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO  93. 

to  field  parties,  but  the  hardships  have  been  too  severe,  and  they  have 
succumbed.  While  we  have  pity  for  such  unfortunate  cases,  we  can 
not  encumber  the  field  work  by  employing-  these  men,  nor  can  we  afford 
to  run  risks  of  injuiy  to  them  or  to  others. 

Great  care  must  also  be  exercised  concerning  men  of  another  class, 
who  are  trying  to  get  into  the  reclamation  service.  These  are  young 
college  students  or  graduates,  who  merely  desire  summer  occupation  or 
an  outing.  A  number  of  such  men  have  been  obtained  through  civil- 
service  certification,  and  after  they  had  been  transported  to  different 
points  they  have  stated  that  they  did  not  intend  to  continue  in  the 
work  and  have  gone  elsewhere.  Attempt  is  made  to  ascertain  in 
advance  whether  each  new  man  intends  to  remain  indefinitely  with  the 
service;  but  if  men  who  are  restless  or  who  change  their  minds  are 
employed,  it  is  desirable  to  get  rid  of  them  as  soon  as  possible  in  order 
not  to  waste  money  on  their  education.  Much  of  the  investigation 
being  carried  on  has  high  educational  value,  and  the  men  who  are  thus 
trained  should  be  retained  as  far  as  possible  for  the  future  work  of  the 
service. 

Occasionally  a  man  has  been  found  to  be  good,  but  not  worth  the 
salary  paid.  In  such  a  case  recommendation  should  be  made  for  its 
reduction  to  the  amount  which  he  is  actually  worth,  and  opportunity 
should  be  given  for  him  to  work  up  if  he  shows  capacity  and  energy. 
On  the  other  hand,  if  a  man  receiving  a  low  salary  shows  unmistakable 
evidence  of  skill  and  administrative  abilit}^  his  promotion  should  be 
recommended. 

Attempts  should  be  made  to  impress  upon  all  of  the  men  in  the  serv- 
ice not  only  the  necessity  of  good  work,  economically  conducted,  but 
also  the  importance  of  keeping  up  appearances,  both  personally  and 
as  to  the  camp.  A  field  suit  of  khaki  can  be  obtained  at  a  small  price, 
and  the  men  should  be  encouraged  to  wear  these  suits  whenever  prac- 
ticable and  to  avoid  a  slouchy,  ragged,  or  untidy  appearance.  Simi- 
larly, the  camps  should  be  arranged  in  an  orderly  manner,  the  tents 
placed  symmetrically,  and  the  spaces  between  the  tents  kept  in  a  neat 
condition.  It  requires  no  particular  outlay  of  time  and  money  to  pre- 
serve good  appearances,  and  these  have  a  reflex  action  upon  the  work. 
Accuracy,  economy,  and  neatness  are  usually  coordinate. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  the  general  public  judge  largely  from 
outward  appearances,  and  that  each  man  is,  to  a  certain  extent, 
responsible  for  the  others  and  carries  the  reputation  of  the  entire 
service  in  his  hands.  Many  things  which  he  might  properly  do  were 
he  working  for  himself  he  can  not  do  as  a  member  of  an  engineering 
corps;  he  must  at  all  times  remember  that  he  is  a  part  of  an  organi- 
zation of  which  the  whole  may  be  judged  by  that  part. 

A  phrase  has  been  suggested  here  which  is  peculiarly  applicable — 
that  is,  the  necessity  of  good  "team  play."  Each  man  is  one  of  the 


NEWELL.]  GOOD    TEAM    WORK    ESSENTIAL.  27 

team,  and  the  successful  play  can  be  made  only  by  every  man  perform- 
ing- quickly  and  accurately  his  especial  part  as  the  emergency  arises. 
No  one  is  sufficiently  independent  of  the  others  to  cany  on  the  play 
alone.  We  must  have  not  only  the  very  best  men,  but  these  must  be 
capable  of  working  together  coordinately  as  parts  of  the  whole.  Many 
men  have  been  found  who  are  good  in  themselves,  but  who  can  not 
safely  form  an  integral  part  of  a  great  organization,  since  they  dot  not 
have  the  fundamental  ideas  of  good  "  team  play."  Each  of  these  must 
be  the  captain  or  nothing,  and  their  talents  are  wasted,  as  far  as  the 
reclamation  service  is  concerned,  by  their  failure  to  cooperate  and 
assist  others. 

All  of  the  work  in  hand,  especially  that  of  reconnaissance  and  pre- 
liminary surveys,  is,  to  a  certain  extent,  full  of  emergencies.  Coun- 
tries partly  explored  or  almost  unknown  are  examined  and  unexpected 
contingencies  are  constantly  arising.  Weather  conditions  play  a  large 
part,  and  the  seasons  are  frequently  such  that  certain  classes  of  work 
are  impossible.  Opportunities  must  be  seized  and  personal  conven- 
ience must  not  be  regarded.  When  floods  occur  they  must  be  measured, 
and  when  the  sky  is  clear  signals  must  be  observed  even  at  personal 
sacrifice.  For  this  reason  heat  or  cold  and  times  or  hours  of  work 
can  not  be  considered,  and  if  any  man  in  the  regular  service  begins  to 
complain  of  irregularities  of  hours  of  employment  do  not  hesitate  to 
recommend  him  for  private  occupation. 

When  there  is  a  particular^  good  man  in  any  part  of  the  country, 
it  is,  of  course,  the  desire  of  the  party  or  district  chief  to  keep  him 
there,  and  it  is  of  ten  more  convenient  to  retain  in  one  field  the  services 
of  such  a  man;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  some  consideration  must  be 
given  the  man  himself  in  order  to  develop  and  build  him  up.  For 
this  reason  it  is  desirable  to  recommend  the  occasional  shifting  of  men 
from  one  district  to  another  in  order  to  afford  them  opportunities  for 
wider  observation  and  for  the  development  of  judgment  in  engineering 
work.  Do  not  recommend  for  transfer  only  the  men  whom  you  may 
wish  to  get  rid  of,  but  also  bear  in  mind  the  desirability  of  giving  each 
man  broad  experience,  as  far  as  the  work  will  permit. 

OFFICERS  OR  REGULAR  APPOINTEES. 

/ 

There  are  two  classes  of  men  employed  on  the  reclamation  work— 
those  who  are  regularly  in  the  service  and  those,  who  are  employed 
temporarily,  from  time  to  time,  as  occasion  may  require.  Those  who 
are  regularly  employed  hold  an  appointment  from  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  and  have  been  selected,  after  competitive  examination,  from 
lists  furnished  by  the  Civil  Service  Commission.  All  of  the  men  who 
have  been  thus  regularly  appointed  are  officially  designated  on  the 
Government  register  as  "  temporary,"  this  being  the  designation  of 


28  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

those  persons  whose  office  is  not  specifically  created  by  act  of  Congress. 
No  positions  in  the  reclamation  service  were  thus  specifically  created, 
and  hence  all  of  the  men  are  officially  in  the  category  of  temporary, 
though  regular,  employees.  This  designation  need  not  alarm  any 
one,  as  the  greater  portion  of  the  force  of  the  Geological  Survey  con- 
sists of  "  temporal*}7"  appointees,  some  of  whom  have  been  twenty 
years  or  more  in  the  service  of  the  Government  and  intend  to  devote 
the  remainder  of  their  lives  to  the  work.  A  few  persons  in  the 
Geological  Survey  are  not  ""temporary,"  such,  for  example,  as  the 
director,  chief  clerk,  chief  disbursing  clerk,  a  few  messengers,  etc., 
but  most  of  the  geologists,  topographers,  hydrographers,  etc. ,  are 
designated  as  "  temporary,"  even  though  their  terms  of  service  may 
extend  over  the  greater  part  of  a  generation. 

It  is,  in  one  way,  an  advantage  to  be  a  temporary  appointee,  since 
the  compensation  of  such  an  employee  is  not  fixed  rigidty  by  law,  and 
in  his  case  it  is  possible  to  pursue  the  methods  of  ordinary  commercial 
life — that  is,  his  compensation  may  be  increased  or  reduced  at  the  will 
of  the  Secretary  and  arranged  in  accordance  with  the  ability  of  the 
employee  and  the  character  of  the  duties  performed  by  him. 

The  regular  employees  of  the  reclamation  service  are  classified,  in 
accordance  with  duties  and  compensation,  into  various  grades,  ranging 
from  the  aids,  at  $60  per  month  or  even  less,  up  to  the  consulting 
engineers  and  chief.  The  aids,  as  a  rule,  are  young  men,  fresh  from 
college  or  technical  school,  who  are  supposed  to  have  had  a  thorough 
education  in  civil,  hydraulic,  electrical,  or  mechanical  engineering. 
Their  compensation  is  usually  $60  or  $75  a  month  for  the  first  six 
months,  or  until  ability  has  been  shown  in  the  field.  As  a  rule,  attempt 
is  made  to  procure  young  men  at  a  nominal  compensation,  in  order 
to  give  them  a  trial  and  determine  what  they  are  worth. 

After  service  in  the  field  the  aids  are  promoted  from  $720  to  $900 
or  $1,000  per  annum,  and  after  one  or  two  years  of  service  promo- 
tion to  the  position  of  assistant  engineer  may  be  considered. 

When  this  grade  is  attained  the  appointees  are  considered  as  regular 
officers  of  the  reclamation  service,  while  all  below  the  class  of  assistant 
engineer — that  is,  below  class  1  of  the  civil  service — are  habitually 
spoken  of  as  occasional  employees.  The  regular  officers  are  furnished 
with  an  identification  card  for  convenience  in  transacting  business. 

The  assistant  engineers  are  men  who  have  had  a  certain  amount  of 
experience  in  the  field,  and  who  have  been  found  competent  to  handle 
small  field  parties  and  suggest  or  initiate  minor  branches  of  the  work. 
As  the  organization  now  stands,  a  considerable  number  of  the  assistant 
engineers  are  men  who  have  come  in  from  private  practice  and  who 
have  had  considerable  experience  in  surveying  and  constructing  irri- 
gating ditches.  Not  all  of  the  men  are  graduates  of  colleges  or  tech- 


NEWELL.]  BATES    OF    PAY.  29 

nical  schools,  for  the  various  grades  of  assistant  engineer  have  been 
sometimes  filled  by  the  promotion  of  young  men  who  have  been 
educated  in  the  service  as  engineering  aids.  Assistant  engineers  are 
paid  $1,200,  $1,400,  and  $1,600  per  annum. 

Officers  designated  as  engineers  receive '$1,800  or  more  per  annum. 
They  are  required  to  have  sufficient  experience  and  ability  to  carry  on 
independent  work  and  to  direct  the  movements  of  several  field  parties. 
Advancement  is  made,  as  ability  is  demonstrated,  to  $2,000,  $2,200,  or 
$2,400,  and  ultimately,  as  the  value  of  the  judgment  of  the  men  is 
demonstrated,  they  may  become  consulting  engineers  at  $3,000  or  more. 

Entrance  into  the  regular  service  is  gained  as  above  stated,  through 
competitive  civil-service  examination,  and  by  selection,  under  cus- 
tomary rules,  from  the  lists  submitted  by  the  Civil  Service  Commis- 
sion. It  is  proposed  each  year  to  have  two  examinations — one  of 
these  will  be  held  in  the  spring  (probably  in  April)  to  secure  young 
men  who  are  about  to  graduate  from  college,  and  the  other  will  be 
held  in  the  fall  (probably  in  October)  to  give  an  opportunity  to  more 
experienced  men.  In  the  latter  examination  experience  counts  largely 
and  book  learning  plays  a  less  essential  part. 

ORGANIZATION. 

Next  in  importance  to  the  character  of  the  men  themselves  is  the 
general  plan  of  organization,  and  to  this  much  time  and  thought  has 
been  devoted  during  the  past  year.  With  the  rapid  growth  there  has 
been  and  will  continue  to  be  a  gradual  shifting,  but  in  a  general  way 
it  may  be  said  that  the  organization  of  the  reclamation  service  is  now 
fairly  well  outlined. 

DISTRICT    ENGINEERS. 

'  The  grouping  together  of  the  various  grades  of  aids,-  assistants, 
engineers,  and  consulting  engineers,  is  based  largely  on  geographic 
divisions.  In  each  of  the  thirteen  States  and  three  Territories  named 
in  the  reclamation  law,  there  are  one  or  more  district  engineers,  the 
district  being  the  basis  of  the  organization  and  embracing  an  important 
river  basin.  The  district,  for  convenience,  is  designated  by  the  name 
of  the  State  rather  than  by  that  of  the  river,  provided  there  is  only 
one  district  recognized  in  a  State. 

The  district  engineer  has  charge  of  all  of  the  work  in  his  district, 
and  matters  are  referred  to  him  for  report.  He  corresponds  directly 
with  the  chief  engineer,  prepares  quarterly  estimates  of  expenditures, 
approves  all  accounts,  and  is  responsible  for  all  Government  property. 
Each  district  may  be  regarded  as  the  unit  in  the  field  organization. 

There  are  assigned  to  the  district  engineer  other  engineers  to  take 
charge  of  various  parts  of  the  work,  and  under  these,  in  turn,  are 
assistant  engineers  and  aids  to  execute  the  details.  The  assistant 


30  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

engineer,  as  a  rule,  has  charge  of  a  small  part}^,  and  acts  as  principal 
instrument  man.  The  aids  act  as  recorders,  rodmen,  or  occasionally 
use  level  and  transit,  acquiring  experience  which  will  enable  recom- 
mendations to  be  made  for  their  future  promotion. 

The  district  engineer  receives  the  reports  of  the  assistant  engineers, 
arranges  and  digests  the  information,  and  elaborates  the  results  into  a 
definite  statement,  with  recommendations  concerning  the  feasibility  of 
some  one  reclamation  project  or  another.  At  the  same  time  he  directs 
the  preliminary  surveys  and  examinations  that  are  conducted  in  various 
parts  of  his  districts,  and  keeps  all  matters  moving  forward  along  the 
lines  approved  by  the  chief  engineer. 

When  a  district  engineer  has  prepared  for  presentation  his  detailed 
report,  with  plans  and  estimates,  on  any  particular  reclamation  project, 
it  is  transmitted  to  the  chief  engineer  and  by  him  referred  to  a  board 
of  consulting  engineers  convened  for  the  purpose  and  instructed  to 
ascertain  all  the  facts,  to  verify  the  conclusions,  and  to  approve  or 
disapprove  the  recommendations. 

There  may  be  distinguished  three  stages  in  the  development  of  any 
great  project  of  reclamation:  First,  the  exploratory  and  location  sur- 
veys; second,  the  designing;  and  third,  the  execution. 

The  first  stage,  that  of  exploration  and  location,  is  carried  on  by 
the  district  engineer  and  his  assistants,  with  aid  from  a  supervising- 
engineer.  His  conclusions  are  then  passed  upon  by  a  board  of  engi- 
neers, of  whom  the  supervising  engineer  is  one  of  the  members. 

The  second  stage,  that  of  designing,  is  next  taken  up  by  the  district 
engineer  with  the  assistance  of  specialists  in  the  particular  line  of  con- 
struction. The  results  are  again  passed  upon  by  the  same  or  another 
board  of  engineers,  and  if  the  results  are  approved  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  the  project  passes  to  the  third  stage,  that  of 
construction. 

When  a  project  reaches  the  construction  stage,  experienced  con- 
structing engineers  are  detailed  to  the  work,  these  men  being  taken 
as  needed  and  assigned  to  the  particular  work  in  hand  to  stay  with  it 
continuously  and  supervise  and  inspect  every  detail  of  construction. 
In  short,  in  all  stages  of  progress  the  attempt  is  made  to  provide  men 
specially  fitted  by  education  and  experience  to  carry  on  the  work  in 
hand.  At  the  same  time  the  number  of  men  is  kept  at  the  minimum 
and  the  force  increased  only  where  needed. 

With  this  form  of  organization,  it  is  expected  that  the  experienced 
men  in  the  field  will  initiate  ideas  and  make  suggestions  and  recommen- 
dations, to  be  passed  upon  by  the  chief  engineer  and  boards  of  consult- 
ing engineers.  These  ideas  may  be  modified  or  expanded,  but  the 
success  of  any  man  rests  largely  upon  his  intelligence  in  grasping  the 
general  situation,  and  his  ability  to  execute  readily  and  economically 


NEWELL.]  PLACING    RESPONSIBILITY.  31 

the  conceptions  which,  originating  largely  with  himself  or  his  assistants, 
are  approved  before  being  put  into  effect. 

SUPERVISING    ENGINEERS. 

The  supervising  engineers  are  in  effect  deputies  of  the  chief  engi- 
neer and  possess  all  requisite  authority  to  execute  the  work  which  may 
be  delegated  to  them.  As  it  is  impracticable  for  any  one  man  to 
supervise  all  of  the  operations  of  planning  and  construction,  the  terri- 
tory of  the  supervising  engineers  is  designated  in  general  terms  and 
is  being  in  each  case  gradually  narrowed,  additional  supervising  engi- 
neers being  designated  from  time  to  time  as  the  work  progresses. 
The  supervising  engineers  are  men  of  experience  in  engineering  affairs 
and  in  executive  work,  and  they  may  serve  as  consulting  engineers, 
but  it  is  assumed  that  the  greater  part  of  their  time  will  be  used  in 
the  executive  work  pertaining  to  the  conduct  of  affairs  in  the  various 
districts  under  their  charge. 

CONSULTING    ENGINEERS. 

The  consulting  engineers  are  men  employed  continuously  to  give 
advice  and  suggestions  concerning  various  details  of  the  engineering 
work.  They  have  few,  if  any,  executive  functions,  but  upon  them  is 
placed  the  responsibility  of  determining  engineering  details  and  poli- 
cies. They  are  not  limited  geographically  in  their  operations,  but 
their  sphere  of  activity  is  rather  in  specialization  of  operations.  That 
is  to  say,  the  consulting  engineer  of  most  experience  in  cement  work 
is  called  into  consultation  in  any  part  of  the  country  where  important 
questions  are  raised  concerning  the  use  of  cement  in  large  quantities. 

The  consulting  engineers  are  generally  organized  into  boards,  as  the 
problems  presented  in  any  one  locality  may  fall  into  various  depart- 
ments of  engineering.  They  travel  widely,  and  meet  according  to 
prearranged  programme,  bringing  together  such  of  the  men  as  are 
believed  to  be  best  qualified  to  pass  upon  the  broad  problems  met  in 
each  project.  The  supervising  and  district  engineers  are  usually 
called  in  consultation  wherever  practicable,  but  the  main  features  are 
left  to  the  decision  of  the  engineers  employed  in  a  consulting  capacity. 

PLACING    OF    RESPONSIBILITY. 

In  the  organization  of  the  reclamation  service  great  care  has  been 
taken  to  preserve  and  place  direct  responsibility  upfcn  each  individual, 
so  that  he  appreciates  his  relation  to  the  work  and  is  stimulated  by 
the  fact  that  he  will  receive  recognition  or  disapproval  according  to 
his  actions  or  judgment. 

In  widely  diverse  and  broadly  scattered  work  of  this  kind  a  carefully 
graded  organization  is  needed  to  insure  the  complete  responsibility  of 


32  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

individuals  arid  to  have  the  burden  bear  upon  each  individual  precisely 
in  proportion  to  his  experience  and  opportunities. 

Primarily,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  as  required  by  law,  is  the 
responsible  officer.  He  in  turn  holds  responsible  the  Director  of  the 
Geological  Survey,  and  he  in  turn  the  chief- engineer  of  the  reclamation 
service.  Under  the  direction  of  the  latter  are  the  supervising  and 
consulting  engineers,  each  of  whom,  acting  individually  or  in  boards, 
submits  carefully  prepared  written  statements  and  recommendations 
covering  each  important  point.  Next  come  the  district  engineers, 
who  have  the  direct  and  immediate  responsibility  for  all  work  in  their 
districts,  and  under  these  are  the  designing  and  constructing  engineers, 
the  inspectors,  instrument  men,  etc.,  each  with  his  specified  line  of 
work. 

The  two  principal  ends  aimed  at  by  the  organization  of  the  reclamation 
engineers  as  outlined  arc,  first,  the  fixing  of  responsibility  definite^ 
upon  those  engineers  to  whom  the  execution  of  a  project  is  assigned; 
and,  second,  the  securing  of  such  elasticity  in  the  organization  that 
the  best  talent  possessed  by  the  corps  of  engineers  ma}^  easily  be  applied 
to  the  special  needs  of  the  service. 

In  order  to  attain  these  ends  the  execution  of  each  project  is  placed 
in  the  hands  of  a  limited  number  of  engineers,  preferably  three — viz,  a 
resident  engineer,  a  district  engineer,  and  a  supervising,  directing,  or 
consulting  engineer,  whose  duties  are  as  follows: 

(a)  The  resident  engineer  is  directly  in  charge  of  the  construction 
work,  and  reports  to  the  district  engineer. 

(5)  The  district  engineer  has  general  supervision  of  the  execution  of 
the  project,  and  reports  to  the  chief  engineer. 

(c)  The  supervising,  directing,  or  consulting  engineer  is  definitely 
attached  to  the  given  project,  being  selected  and  assigned  to  that  duty 
by  the  chief  engineer,  and  he  reports  to  the  chief  engineer  only  in 
conjunction  with  the  district  and  resident  engineers. 

These  three  engineers  constitute  what  may  be  termed  the  "project 
board"  for  a  particular  project.  The}^  are  individuall}T  and  jointly 
responsible  for  the  successful  carrying  out  of  the  approved  plans  cov- 
ering a  project,  and  for  all  expenditures  incurred  in  connection  with 
the  execution  of  the  project. 

The  resident  engineer  devotes  himself  exclusively  to  a  particular 
project;  the  district  engineer  divides  his  attention  among  all  the  proj- 
ects, whether  contemplated  or  approved,  lying  within  his  district;  the 
supervising  engineer  divides  his  attention  among  all  the  projects, 
regardless  of  districts  to  which  he  is  assigned. 

The  district  engineer  keeps  in  close  touch  with  the  details  of  the 
work  being  done  by  the  resident  engineer,  so  that  practically  nothing 
will  be  done  without  the  joint  knowledge  and  approval  of  these  two 
members  of  the  project  board. 


NEWELL.]  ADVISORY    COMMITTEES.  33 

All  reports,  estimates,  and  general  statements  covering  expendi- 
tures are  made  out  or  approved  in  the  office  of  the  district  engineer 
for  transmittal  to  headquarters. 

The  supervising  engineer  gives  sufficient  study  to  the  project  to 
keep  himself  adequately  posted  regarding  the  progress  of  the  work, 
so  that  he  considers  himself  equally  responsible  with  the  other  mem- 
bers of  th'e  project  board  for  all  work  and  expenditures  involved  in 
the  execution  of  the  project.  To  this  end  he  visits  the  project  as 
often  as  he  or  the  district  engineer  deems  necessary,  and  receives  from 
the  district  engineer  such  reports  of  the  work  being  done  or  contem- 
plated as  will  enable  him  to  prevent  the  carrying  out  of  any  plans  or 
the  making  of  any  expenditures  of  which  he  does  not  approve  and  for 
which  he  is  not  willing  to  be  held  responsible. 

The  supervising  engineer,  at  the  request  of  the  chief  engineer  or 
the  district  engineer,  considers  and  definitely  reports  any  feature  of 
the  project  upon  which  a  final  decision  is  required. 

The  second  object  aimed  at — viz,  elasticity  and  adaptability  as  regards 
the  character  and  qualifications  of  the  engineers  of  the  service  in 
relation  to  the  varying  demands  of  the  work — is  secured  by  means  of 
the  following  arrangement: 

All  the  supervising  engineers  are  members  of  and  constitute  the 
board  of  supervising  engineers.  At  least  one  supervising  engineer  is 
usually  present  in  the  Washington  office,  and  at  the  direction  of  the 
chief  engineer  fills  the  position  of  acting  or  deputy  chief  engineer. 
Whether  the  chief  engineer  is  present  or  absent,  the  supervising  engi- 
neer, who  is  designated  as  acting  chief  engineer  for  the  time  being, 
dispatches  all  the  business  of  that  office  within  the  limits  of  his  author- 
ity and  ability. 

BOARDS  AND  COMMITTEES. 

While  the  reclamation  service,  for  effective  administration,  is  and 
must  be  a  one-man  organization,  in  the  sense  that  one  man  is  respon- 
sible at  each  stage  of  the  proceedings,  yet  at  the  same  time,  for 
consulting  and  advisory  purposes,  it  is  organized  into  a  number  of 
committees — that  is  to  say,  in  the  execution  of  the  work,  the 
chief  engineer,  or  the  district  engineer,  or  the  engineer  in  the  field, 
or  the  assistant,  etc.,  is  directly  responsible  for  certain  details,  and 
the  responsibility  is  rigidly  enforced — yet  in  matters  of  opinion  the 
advice  of  a  number  of  men  is  sought.  For  this  purpose  committees  are 
constituted  to  advise  the  chief  engineer.  These  committees  consist  of 
men  who -are  familiar  with  certain  details,  and  whose  knowledge  is 
needed  in  making  plans  for  the  future.  There  are  many  of  these  com- 
mittees; some  of  them  constituted  for  temporary  purposes  and  then 
discharged;  others  practically  continuous,  the  personnel  changing 
IER  93—04 3 


34  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

gradually.  The  chief  engineer  is  ex  officio  a  member  of  all  commit- 
tees, even  though  not  mentioned  among  the  names.  A  list  of  commit- 
tees appointed  at  the  Ogden  meeting  is  given  on  page  14. 

An  arbitrary  distinction  is  made  between  boards  and  committees  in 
that  the  term  "board "is  used  to  include  occasional  organization  of 
engineers  in  the  field  for  consideration  of  specific  projects  for  con- 
struction and  to  take  up  special  points  of  engineering  practice.  Under 
the  term  "committee"  is  included  the  office  organizations  or  groups 
of  men  appointed  at  engineering  conferences  to  consider  methods  of 
transaction  of  business,  coordination  of  the  various  parts  of  the 
reclamation  service,  legal  or  physical  questions  which  pertain  to  the 
operations  of  the  service,  and  various  matters  of  this  kind  which  relate 
more  directly  to  administrative  operations. 

All  actions  of  boards  or  committees  should  be  unanimous,  if  possible, 
and  a  carefully  prepared  report  should  be  signed  by  all  members,  each 
becoming  individually  responsible  for  the  accuracy  of  the  statements 
or  for  the  correctness  of  the  judgment.  These  reports  should  be 
addressed  to  the  chief  engineer,  and  should  be  as  explicit  and  concise 
as  possible. 

COMMITTEE    ON   PERSONNEL. 

One  of  the  most  important  committees  is  that  on  personnel.  This 
is  constituted  of  persons  who  are  best  acquainted  with  the  men  and 
their  work,  and  who  visit  the  various  field  parties  and  form  an  opinion 
of  the  operations.  This  committee  makes  recommendations,  from 
time  to  time,  regarding  the  advancement  or  dropping  of  certain  men 
or  their  assignment  to  various  classes  of  work.  It  is  expected  that 
this  committee  will  make  such  recommendations  to  the  chief  engineer 
in  May  and  November,  and  that  these  recommendations  will  apply  to 
the  entire  list  of  regular  employees.  Each  district  engineer,  and  in 
some  cases  a  chief  of  field  party,  will  be  expected  to  state  to  the  com- 
mittee confidentially  his  opinion  as  to  the  relative  ability  of  the  men 
working  under  his  direction.  Action  by  the  committee  is  to  be  based 
wholly  upon  the  ability  of  each  man  and  the  results  accomplished  by 
him  in  his  line  of  work. 

Any  importunities  or  attempts  to  influence  the  judgment  of  the 
committee  or  of  the  chief  will  count  against  the  men  making  them. 
There  is,  unfortunately,  an  opinion  prevalent  in  certain  quarters  that 
in  Government  work  it  is  necessary  to  secure  the  endorsement  and 
continued  support  of  some  politician  who  will  act  as  a  sort  of  patron 
and  continually  urge  the  officers  of  the  Department  to  advance  his 
protege.  This,  as  far  as  the  Geological  Survey  and  its  branches  are 
concerned,  is  wholly  untrue,  and  there  is  nothing  that  an  employee  can 
do  that  will  lower  him  more  in  the  estimation  of  his  fellow  members 
and  of  the  responsible  officers  of  the  Bureau  than  to  try  to  bring  such 


NEWELL.]  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  85 

influence  to  bear  in  his  behalf.  An  attempt  made  by  any  man  in  the 
employ  of  this  Bureau  of  the  Government  to  procure  advancement  in 
other  ways  than  by  demonstrating  his  ability  to  accomplish  his  desig- 
nated work  is  regarded  as  a  sign  of  weakness  and  incapacity.  Such  a 
man  is  at  least  under  justifiable  suspicion. 

The  committee  on  personnel  should  consider,  'as  part  of  a  man's 
qualifications  for  advancement,  not  merely  the  results  which  he  has 
accomplished,  but  his  fitness  for  larger  duties.  This  should  include 
his  tact  and  ability  to  get  along  well  with  men  and  to  manage  efficiently 
the  party  or  parties  that  may  be  placed  in  his  charge.  An  effort  is 
made  to  keep  careful  account  of  expenses  incurred  in  various  lines  of 
work,  and  a  man's  record  for  economy  is  an  essential  matter  for 
consideration. 

As  regards  those  younger  members  of  the  service  who  have  not  }Tet 
had  opportunity  to  show  their  ability  in  large  matters,  consideration 
should  be  had  of  the  neatness  and  accuracy  of  their  work  and  of  the 
impression  which  they  make.  It  is  not  desirable  to  advance  a  man 
who  is  habitually  careless  in  his  personal  appearance  and  address,  as 
it  is  presumable  that  he  is  weak  in  other  matters. 

There  are  also  suitable  committees  to  take  up  various  other  matters, 
such  as  the  consideration  of  the  water  laws  of  the  various  States,  the 
duty  of  water,  methods  of  reconnaissance  and  survey,  standard  plans 
and  specifications,  costs  and  results  of  survey  and  construction,  tests 
for  cement  and  use  of  concrete,  electrical  power  and  its  development 
and  use  in  pumping,  alkaline  drainage,  the  forms  of  association  of 
water  users?  methods  and  equipment  of  diamond  drilling,  the  protec- 
tion of  drainage  areas  by  forestry,"  etc.  All  of  these  and  other 
important  points  should  be  considered  by  qualified  men,  and  the 
results  should  be  discussed  by  all  of  the  engineers  of  the  service. 

CIVIL-SERVICE  REQUIREMENTS. 

The  operations  of  the  reclamation  service,  as  well  as  of  the  Geolog- 
ical Survey  in  general,  must  be  carried  on  in  conformity  with  laws 
governing  the  civil  service  and  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Civil 
Service  Commission.  These  laws  and  rules  have  been  drawn  mainly 
with  reference  to  the  systematic,  methodical  conduct  of  Government 
business  at  Washington  and  in  the  larger  offices  throughout  the 
country.  They  designate  how  persons  shall  be  employed,  and  cover 
in  a  broad  w&y  the  usual  requirements  of  departmental  duties.  In 
the  Geological  Surve}^,  however,  and  particularly  in  the  reclamation 
service,  where  work  is  being  initiated  and  carried  on  in  unsettled  or 
almost  unexplored  regions,  the  regulations  that  cover  ordinary  office 
routine  are  not  always  applicable.  The  civil-service  laws  do  not 
distinctly  recognize  such  unusual  conditions,  but  provide  for  exigen- 


6b  FIEST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

cies  and  give  to  the  Civil  Service  Commission  a  certain  amount  of 
discretion  in  enforcing1  the  letter  of  the  law.  The  Commission,  recog- 
nizing the  unusual  nature  of  the  duties  of  the  Geological  Survey  and 
its  branches,  has  been  liberal  in  its  requirements  and  has  done  every- 
thing possible  to  facilitate  the  work  of  the  Bureau.  This  liberality  on 
the  part  of  the  Commission  must  be  respected,  and  every  attempt 
should  be  made  by  men  in  the  field  to  live  up  to  the  letter  and  spirit 
of  the  law  and  preserve  the  confidence  of  the  Commission  that  the  law 
will  be  observed  in  all  particulars. 

All  persons  regularly  cmplo}Ted  in  the  service  of  the  Government 
are  grouped  into  grades  and  classes.  In  any  given  grade  are  included 
all  persons  performing  certain  kinds  of  duty,  irrespective  of  their 
compensation;  that  is  to  say,  the  engineer  grade  includes  all  men  who 
are  doing  engineering  work,  whether  the}T  are  paid  $1,000  or  $2,000 -a 
year  or  more.  Promotion  within  a  grade  can  take  place  without 
special  requirements  of  examination,  but  men  can  not  be  transferred 
from  one  grade  to  another  without  some  form  of  examination  or 
certification  as  to  ability  to  perform  the  duties  of  the  new  grade. 

Within  each  grade  persons  are  divided  into  classes,  according  to  the 
amount  of  compensation  received.  The  term  "grade,"  in  connection 
with  employees  or  positions,  refers  to  a  group  of  employees  or 
positions  in  the  classified  service  arranged  upon  the  basis  of  duties 
performed,  without  regard  to  salaries  received,  as  messenger  grade, 
clerk  grade,  engineer  grade;  while  the  term  "class"  refers  to  a  group 
of  employees  or  positions  in  any  grade  arranged  upon  the  basis  of 
salaries  received,  in  pursuance  of  section  163  of  the  Revised  Statutes 
and  of  section  6  of  the  civil-service  act.  A  person  regularly  serving 
in  any  class  in  a  given  grade  is  not  required  to  undergo  examination 
for  promotion  to  any  other  class  in  the  same  grade. 

Classes  1,  2,  3,  and  4  were  created  in  1853,  and  since  then  from  time 
to  time  other  classes  have  been  added  above  and  below  these,  until  at 
present  the  arrangement  is  as  follows: 

Class  A.  All  persons  receiving  an  annual  salary  of  less  than  $720,  or  a  compensation 
at  the  rate  of  less  than  $720  per  annum. 

Class  B.  All  persons  receiving  an  annual  salary  of  $720  or  more,  or  a  compensation 
at  the  rate  of  $720  or  more,  but  less  than  $840  per  annum. 

Class  C.  All  persons  receiving  an  annual  salary  of  $840  or  more,  or  a  compensation 
at  the  rate  of  $840  or  more,  but  less  than  $900  per  annum. 

Class  D.  All  persons  receiving  an  annual  salary  of  $900  or  more,  or  a  compensation 
at  the  rate  of  $900  or  more,  hut  less  than  $1,000  per  annum. 

Class  E.  All  persons  receiving  an  annual  salary  of  $1,000  or  more,  or  a  compensa- 
tion at  the  rate  of  $1,000  or  more,  but  less  than  $1,200  per  annum. 

Class  1.  All  persons  receiving  an  annual  salary  of  $1,200  or  more,  or  a  compensa- 
tion at  the  rate  of  $1,200  or  more,  but  less  than  $1,400  per  annum. 

Class  2.  All  persons  receiving  an  annual  salary  of  $1,400  or  more,  or  a  compensa- 
tion at  the  rate  of  $1,400  or  more,  but  less  than  $1,600  per  annum. 


NEWELL.]  CIVIL-SERVICE    REQUIREMENTS.  37 

Class  3.  All  persons  receiving  an  annual  salary  of  $1,600  or  more,  or  a  compensa- 
tion at  the  rate  of  $1,600  or  more,  but  less  than  $1,800  per  annum. 

Class  4.  All  persons  receiving  an  annual  salary  of  $1,800  or  more,  or  a  compensa- 
tion at  the  rate  of  $1,800  or  more,  but  less  than  $2,000  per  annum. 

Class  5.  All  persons  receiving  an  annual  salary  of  $2,000  or  more,  or  a  compensa- 
tion at  the  rate  of  $2,000  or  more,  but  less  than  $2,500  per  annum. 

Class  6.  All  persons  receiving  an  annual  salary  of  $2,500  or  more,  or  a  compensa- 
tion at  the  rate  of  $2,500  or  more  per  annum. 

This  classification  is  recognized  by  the  Department,  and  classes  1,  2,  3,  and  4  are 
recognized  by  the  Revised  Statutes. 

The  new  code  of  rules  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission,  brought 
up  to  September  1,  1903,  should  be  carefully  read  and  frequently 
consulted  by  members  of  the  reclamation  service  in  order  that  its 
provisions  may  be  observed.  Each  member  should  also  obtain  the 
annual  reports  of  the  Commission  by  application  to  the  Civil  Service 
Commission,  Washington,  D.  C.,  in  order  to  keep  in  touch  with  the 
changes  in  the  rules  or  the  application  of  rules  to  specific  cases. 

In  attempting  to  apply  these  rules  to  the  work  of  the  reclamation 
service  it  is  seen  at  once  that  a  certain  amount  of  interpretation  of 
general  statements  and  a  certain  degree  of  executive  discretion  is 
necessary.  As  a  rule  the  work  of  the  reclamation  service  is  primarily 
that  of  exploring  or  ascertaining  facts  in  advance  of  a  knowledge  of 
the  limiting  conditions.  Field  parties  must  be  equipped  and  organized 
in  new  regions  and  care  must  be  taken  so  to  arrange  and  proportion 
these  parties  that  work  will  be  carried  on  efficiently  and  economically. 
It  is  obviously  not  practicable  to  assemble  a  considerable  number  of 
men,  instruments,  animals,  and  supplies  at  remote  points,  sufficient  to 
cover  all  contingencies,  since  the  cost  will  be  practically  prohibitive. 
On  the  contrary  a  few  well-equipped  men  must  be  employed  at  first 
and  additional  assistants  and  supplies  sent  to  these  men  quickly  and 
economically,  wherever  they  happen  to  be,  and  the  chief  of  party 
must  be  in  a  position  to  procure  necessary  assistants  without  delay. 
In  short,  a  chief  of  field  party  operating  50  or  100  miles  from  the 
nearest  telegraph  station  can  not  be  expected  to  send  to  Washington 
for  men  or  material  to  supply  each  want  as  it  arises.  To  a  field  party 
costing  $40  to  $60  or  more  a  day,  any  delay,  even  of  an  hour,  means 
considerable  loss,  and  the  exigencies  are  such  that  even  with  all  possi- 
ble foresight  and  oversight,  freedom  must  be  left  to  the  chief  of  party 
to  obtain  and  procure  needed  assistants. 

For  this  reason  departmental  practice  and  the  ^ivil  Service  Com- 
mission have  permitted  and  encouraged  the  exercise  of  judgment  in 
equipping  and  maintaining  field  parties.  It  is  usually  very  difficult  to 
procure  competent  men,  and  it  is  not  possible  to  wait  for  certification 
in  the  midst  of  a  short  field  season.  For  example,  in  the  case  of  cooks, 
while  for  an  Indian  school  or  Government  hospital  a  civil-service 


38  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SER^7ICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

examination  or  registration  might  be  desirable  since  it  is  extremely 
difficult  to  get  and  retain  any  competent  man  in  this  position,  yet  for 
a  field  party  examination  would  obviously  be  absurd. 

Progressing  from  such  extreme  cases  upward,  there  comes  a  grade, 
however,  where  it  is  possible  to  foresee  arid  expect  continuous  employ- 
ment, and  these  men,  who  are  responsible  assistants,  should  be  selected 
through  the  civil  service  and  provided  in  advance  of  work.  Each  chief 
of  a  field  party  is  expected  to  ask  in  advance  for  men  or  to  take  such 
men  as  may  be  assigned  to  him  b}^  the  district  engineer  or  chief 
engineer,  and  in  organizing  the  work  to  employ  such  other  men  in  the 
field  as  may  be  needed  from  time  to  time.  Men  regularly  employed 
season  after  season  are,  as  required  by  law,  in  the  classified  civil  serv- 
ice. The  other  men,  taken  for  occasional  or  job  work  or  needed  as 
exigencies  occur,  are  employed  as  field  assistants  and  must  be  so  desig- 
nated on  the  vouchers,  the  word  u field"  being  used  to  distinguish  the 
men  from  others  of  similar  grade  in  the  classified  service.  For  example, 
if  an  assistant  engineer  becomes  sick,  or  his  place  must  be  temporarily 
filled,  or  if  an  additional  assistant  engineer  is  required  immediately, 
the  person  thus  employed  should  be  designated  as  "field  assistant"  or 
"field  engineer,"  not  as  assistant  engineer,  as  this  position  is  in  the 
classified  service.  The  employment  of  such  men  in  the  field  is  in  the 
nature  of  job  work,  for  a  specific  purpose,  and  is  not  regular  employ- 
ment in  positions  existing  or  created.  The  men  are  employed  not  to 
fill  a  definite  position,  but  to  perform  certain  acts  that  are  necessary 
to  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  law  concerning  work  authorized 
by  Congress. 

When,  however,  it  becomes  apparent  that  such  employment  may  be 
permanent  in  character,  then  application  should  be  made  for  certifica- 
tion of  suitable  eligibles,  and  the  requirements  of  the  case  should  be 
stated  plainly  and  explicitly.  The  report  should  contain  the  following- 
facts:  The  name,  age,  occupation,  and  experience  of  the  person  tem- 
porarily employed;  the  character  of  work  for  which  he  is  employed; 
the  probable  term  of  service;  and  if  the  work  will  probably  be  of  a 
continuous  nature  a  request  should  be  made  for  the  appointment  of  a 
qualified  person  to  fill  this  place,  all  of  the  facts  in  the  case  and  the 
needs  of  the  work  being  plainly  stated.  This  report  should  also  state 
the  rate  of  compensation,  the  fact  whether  subsistence  is  furnished  in 
camp,  and  whether  transportation  to  or  from  the  place  of  employment 
is  to  be  included,  as  well  as  all  other  matters  that  may  serve  to  aid  in 
the  selection  of  a  proper  man  to  be  sent  to  the  designated  point. 

Allowance  must  be  made  for  the  length  of  time  required  to  request 
such  appointment  through  the  ordinary  channels;  that  is  to  say,  a 
chief  of  party  in  the  field,  away  from  ordinary  lines  of  travel,  should, 
when  necessity  arises,  employ  the  nearest  available  man  suitable  for 
the  purpose,  and  then  promptly  make  statement  of  the  fact,  and,  if 


NEWELL.]  EMPLOYMENT    OF    FIELD    ASSISTANTS.  39 

necessary,  request  the  designation  of  a  person  to  fill  the  place.  This 
request  should  come  to  the  office  of  the  chief  engineer  for  indorse- 
ment; it  is  then  sent  to  the  executive  division  of  the  Geological 
Survey,  from  there  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  and  to  the  appoint- 
ment division  of  his  office,  and  finally  to  the  Civil  Service  Commission. 
Here  the  records  will  be  searched,  names  certified,  and  papers  sent 
through  t'he  same  channel  and  forwarded,  if  necessary,  to  men  in  the 
field.  This  will  require,  from  the  time  inquiry  is  started,  a  minimum 
of  at  least  two  weeks,  and  may  require  a  month  or  six  weeks.  When 
the  names  are  before  the  chief  engineer,  or  the  engineer  in  the  field, 
he  must  take  up  correspondence  with  the  persons  certified  to  ascertain 
whether  they  are  then  available  and  whether  they  will  accept  work  at 
the  designated  point  and  position.  If,  for  example,  a  man  employed 
on  engineering  work  in  Massachusetts  is  certified  for  work  at  some 
remote  point  in  Arizona  he  will  generally  desire  to  correspond  about 
the  matter,  and  may  require  to  give  his  employer  a  month's  notice — 
thus  a  month  may  be  consumed  in  correspondence  and  in  getting  ready 
to  start. 

Experience  has  shown  that  the  greater  part  of  the  field  season  is 
frequently  consumed  in  getting  the  right  men 'through  the  ordinary 
routine,  and  great  patience  is  required,  as  well  as  strict  attention  to  all 
of  the  details  and  correspondence.  This  condition  must  be  borne  in 
mind  in  judging  of  the  exigency  of  any  particular  case,  and  good 
judgment  must  be  used  at  all  stages  in  endeavoring  to  comply  with 
the  law  and  at  the  same  time  in  pushing  forward  the  work  econom- 
ically and  rapidly. 

Difficulty  or  delay  in  procuring  the  certification  of  proper  persons 
will  not  be  accepted  as  an  excuse  for  delays  in  the  field,  as  everywhere 
the  field  party  and  district  engineer  must  bear  in  mind  the  fact  that 
the  duty  is  first  to  perform  the  work,  and,  secondarily  to  this,  to  cany 
it  on  in  compliance  with  official  rules  and  regulations.  Results  must 
be  had  economically  and  effectively,  and  no  excuse  of  so-called  "  red 
tape"  can  be  considered. 

Taking  up  in  detail  the  grades  of  men  employed  in  the  field,  and 
beginning  with  river  observers,  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  these  are 
not  included  within  the  rules  of  the  civil  service,  even  though  employed 
year  after  year  indefinitely.  These  men  are  paid  usually  from  $3  to 
$5  a  month  and  in  some  cases  a  higher  rate,  as  where  they  are  located 
at  remote,  inaccessible  points.  It  would,  for  exaniple,  be  obviously 
impossible  to  obtain  a  certification  for  an  observer  to  live  at  a  certain 
designated  point  or  ranch,  many  miles  from  other  habitations,  at  such 
a  salary.  In  such  cases  there  is  probably  only  one  man — the  occupant 
of  the  ranch — who  could  be  induced  to  make  river  observations. 

Cooks,  drivers,  packers,  and  laborers  in  general  do  not  come  under 
the  cognizance  of  the  civil-service  rules,  since  these  men  are  employed 


40  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.       .        [NO.  93. 

only  for  certain  specified  work  for  a  few  days  or  a  few  months,  and 
are  hired  and  dropped  as  the  exigency  requires,  or,  more  frequently, 
as  they  can  be  obtained,  as  this  class  of  labor  in  the  West  is  very 
uncertain  and  difficult  to  obtain. 

Various  technical  experts,  mechanics  or  mechanical  engineers,  elec- 
tricians, cement  experts,  etc.,  must  be  employed  from  time  to  time  to 
assist  in  planning  or  construction.  When  there  is  reason  to  believe 
that  the  services  of  such  men  will  be  required,  they  should  be  employed 
under  the  operations  of  the  rules.  When,  however,  an  exigency 
exists,  the  district  engineer  will  at  once  make  use  of  the  service  of  the 
best  available  man  and  report  the  fact  as  above  indicated. 

Young  men  to  act  as  rodmen,  station  assistants,  and  to  perform 
functions  more  or  less  technical  in  character,  fall  about  the  border  line 
of  the  civil-service  rules.  To  properly  organize  a  field  party  several 
of  these  may  be  required,  and  as  far  as  possible  a  register  should  be 
established  of  these  men,  or  they  should  be  obtained  in  advance  from 
among  those  regularly  emploj^ed.  If,  however,  it  is  found  that  addi- 
tional help  is  required,  young  men  may,  under  existing  custom,  be 
emphtyed  at  the  point  of  outfitting  and  retained  throughout  the  field 
season,  or  until  registered  or  classified  men  properly  qualified  may 
be  had. 

Coming  to  the  higher  grades  of  assistant  engineer,  engineer,  etc., 
these  men  should  all  be  within  the  classified  civil  service.  In  case, 
however,  of  need  of  an  expert  man,  or  failure  of  an  assistant  regularly 
employed,  the  chief  of  the  party  or  division  engineer  must  substitute 
at  once  a  qualified  person  without  loss  of  time.  The  facts  of  the  case 
should  be  reported  as  above  designated  to  the  chief  engineer,  and  the 
place,  if  permanent,  filled  through  transfer  or  certification  from  the 
Civil  Service  Commission. 

Summing  up  the  condition  as  regards  laws  and  regulations  relating 
to  the  civil  service,  the  employees  of  the  reclamation  service  may  be 
considered  in  four  schedules,  as  follows: 

1.  Laborers  not  in  the  classified  civil  service  and  not  appointed. 

2.  Occasional  or  job  employees  not  in  the  classified  civil  service  and 
to  whom  appointments  are  not  given. 

3.  Surveyors  and  mechanics  who  may  be  taken  from  a  registered 
list  prepared,  without  educational  tests,  by  a  civil-service  board. 

4.  Engineers,  assistants,  and  aids,  appointed  after  competitive  edu- 
cational examination  and  duly  certified  by  the  Civil  Service  Commission. 

It  is  not  practicable  to  classify  these  men  by  compensation,  for,  in 
the  parts  of  the  country  where  the  work  of  the  reclamation  service  is 
being  carried  on,  the  compensation  paid  must  vary  with  the  conditions 
and  needs  of  men;  that  is  to  say,  men  who  under  ordinary  circum- 
stances in  or  near  a  city  should  be  paid  $2  a  day  may  receive  $4  per 
day  in  remote  districts. 


NEWELL.]  GRADES    OF    EMPLOYEES.  41 

Laborers. — Under  this  heading  are  included  all  unskilled  laborers 
and  those  employed  as  axrnen,  chainmen,  boatmen,  cooks,  derrick  or 
drill  hands,  drivers,  packers,  and  general  assistants  about  a  camp  or 
construction  outfit. 

Occasional  employees. — Under  this  classification  are  included  all  per- 
sons above  unskilled  laborers  in  rank,  who  are  not  appointed,  but  who 
are  occasionally  employed,  and  whose  occupation  is  such  that  it  is  not 
possible  to  establish  a  register  for  them,  either  because  of  .the  charac- 
ter of  the  work  or  because  it  is  only  temporary  and  of  the  nature  of  a 
job.  Under  this  head  there  are  also  included  temporary  assistants, 
men  taken  in  an  emergency  to  fill  a  need  when  it  is  impracticable  to 
procure  competent  assistants  from  the  register  or  by  certification 
from  the  Civil  Service  Commission.  Various  technical  experts  are 
also  included,  their  work  being  of  the  nature  of  a  job  to  be  per- 
formed. 

Surveyors  or  mechanics.— Under  this  designation  are  included  all 
skilled  assistants  whose  work  is  of  such  character  that  an  educational 
test  is  not  desirable  or  necessary,  and  who  may  be  employed  in  cases 
where  skill  is  a  prime  essential.  In  each  district  a  register  of  capable 
men  should  be  established  at  the  earliest  practicable  date,  and  selections 
made  from  this  register  in  accordance  with  civil-service  rules.  The 
register  is  to  be  established  by  a  local  board,  acting  as  the  agent  of  the 
Civil  Service  Commission  and  reporting  directly  to  that  Commission. 
In  this  schedule  are  included  inspectors,  overseers  or  foremen,  master 
laborers,  master  carpenters,  recorders,  transitmen,  levelmen,  rodmen, 
timekeepers,  cement  testers,  gage  readers  or  observers  receiving  over 
$50  a  month,  telephone  linemen,  and  similar  employees. 

Engineers.—  In  this  schedule  are  included  all  engineers,  assistant 
engineers,  engineering  aids,  and  all  employees  filling  similar  technical 
positions,  constituting  what  is  known  as  the  regular  force  of  the  rec- 
lamation service.  All  of  these  positions  are  filled  by  competitive 
educational  examination,  and,  as  far  as  practicable,  assignments  to 
responsible  positions  are  made  from  the  various  classes  of  engineering 
aids  and  assistants.  The  civil  service  rules  are  particularly  applicable 
to  all  persons  included  in  this  schedule,  and  great  care  must  be  taken 
to  observe  all  of  the  requirements  of  law  or  of  regulations  pertaining 
to  this  regular  force  of  employees. 

Local  boards. — Under  authority  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission  a 
local  board  of  examiners  may  be  designated  in  each^f  the  reclamation 
districts.  This  board  consists  of  a  secretary,  vice-secretary,  and  one 
or  more  additional  members.  It  is  the  duty  of  each  of  these  boards 
of -examiners,  through  the  secretaries,  to  supply  the  Commission  with 
information  in  reference  to  the  needs  of  the  service,  to  give  out  appli- 
cation blanks  and  circulars  of  information  to  applicants,  to  receive 
applications  for  positions  for  which  no  educational  examination  is 


42  FIEST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

required,  to  grade  the  papers,  to  establish  registers  of  eligibles,  and 
to  do  such  other  work  as  the  Commission  may  direct. 

Applications  for  positions  requiring  an  educational  test  should  be 
made  to  the  Civil  Service  Commission  at  Washington,  but  applications 
for  positions  not  requiring  an  educational  test  may  be  made  to  a  local 
board  of  examiners,  by  whom  the  applicants  will  be  graded  according 
to  age,  intelligence  and  experience,  character  as  workmen,  and  phys- 
ical  qualifications,  in  accordance  with  the  usual  regulations.  All  marks 
are  given  on  a  ratio  of  100,  but  different  weights  are  attached  to  the 
classifications,  greater  weight  usually  being  given  to  experience  than 
to  other  elements.  The  principal  facts  to  be  considered  are  age, 
quality  of  work,  rapidity  of  work,  industry,  experience,  physical 
condition,  and  general  intelligence  or  disposition. 

Applications  for  field  employment. — The  applications  for  employ- 
ment in  the  reclamation  service  have  become  so  numerous  that  a 
printed  circular  has  been  issued  governing  the  matter,  dated  May  7,' 
1903.  This  is  quoted  as  follows: 

ALL   POSITIONS   UNDER   CLASSIFIED    SERVICE. 

Positions  requiring  skilled  or  technical  service,  such  as  engineers,  assistant  engi- 
neers, transitmen,  levelmen,  plane-table  men,  and  their  principal  assistants,  are  under 
the  classified  civil  service,  and  appointments  to  them  are  made  after  certification  by 
the  Civil  Service  Commission.  Examinations  have  been  held  and  several  large 
eligible  lists  established  from  which  selection  must  be  made.  Similar  examinations 
will  be  held  from  time  to  time;  inquiries  regarding  examinations  should  be  addressed 
to  the  Civil  Service  Commission,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Appeals  to  prominent  men  for  assistance  in  securing  appointment  are  useless,  as 
selections  from  the  civil  service  list  must  be  made  without  reference  to  sentiment, 
charity,  politics,  or  religion,  and  attempts  to  influence  the  action  of  appointing  officers 
in  any  such  way  must  necessarily  pro've  unavailing. 

FEW   ADDITIONAL    MEN   DESIRED. 

When  the  reclamation  law  went  into  effect  experienced  engineers  in  the  employ 
of  the  Geological  Survey  were  detailed  to  this  work.  From  time  to  time  the  force 
has  been  increased  by  adding  experienced  and  qualified  men  obtained  through  civil- 
service  examination.  The  surveying  and  engineering  parties  are  practically  complete, 
and  only  a  few  additional  engineers  and  assistants  will  be  needed,  from  time  to  time, 
to  fill  vacancies  caused  by  resignations  or  by  gradual  expansion  of  the  operations. 

NO   TEMPORARY    EMPLOYMENT. 

No  college  students  or  other  young  men  are  needed  for  temporary  or  summer 
employment.  There  is  a  large  eligible  list  of  young  college  men  who  have  been 
graduated  or  are  about  to  be  graduated,  and  all  young  engineers  needed  as  aids  or 
assistants  are  being  selected  from  this  list,  prepared  by  the  Civil  Service  Commission. 

UNSKILLED    LABORERS. 

Teamsters,  cooks,  and  unskilled  laborers  are  employed  by  the  chiefs  of  field  par- 
ties, and  applications  for  such  positions  should  be  addressed  to  them  and  not  to 
officials  at  Washington.  The  chief  of  each  field  party  is  held  responsible  for  his 
men.  As  a  rule  each  chief  of  party  has  a  large  list  of  names  from  which  to  select. 


NEWELL.]  OFFICIAL    CORRESPONDENCE.  43 

All  the  employees  last  mentioned  will,  when  practicable,  be  engaged  in  or  near 
the  areas  under  survey,  and  they  must  present  themselves  at  the  field  outfitting 
point  of  the  party  to  which  they  are  attached  and  will  be  discharged  at  the  end  of 
the  field  season.  No  traveling  expenses  to  and  from  the  field  will  be  allowed.  Pref- 
erence will  be  given  to  applicants  from  States  in  which  the  work  is  to  be  done. 

CORRESPONDENCE. 

^.11  official  correspondence  of  the  reclamation  service  should  be  con- 
ducted according  to  the  ordinary  rules  of  business,  but  it  is  in  addition 
important  to  observe  certain  proprieties  or  courtesies  that  tend  to 
facilitate  the  accomplishment  of  results.  In  any  large  organization 
there  are  certain  requirements  that  are  due  to  the  necessity  of  keeping 
various  persons  informed  of  the  details  of  operations. 

The  chief  engineer  is  the  responsible  head  of  the  reclamation  service, 
under  the  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey  and  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Interior.  As  far  as  possible  all  communications  should  pass 
through  his  office,  in  order  that  he  may  keep  himself  informed  con- 
cerning details  of  the  work.  All  letters  from  men  in  the  field  should 
pass  through  the  chief  of  party^  or  district  engineer  to  the  chief  engi- 
neer, in  order  that  the  various  men  responsible  for  details  may  be  kept 
fully  informed  on  all  points. 

All  letters  from  the  chief  engineer  are  addressed  to  the  consulting, 
supervising,  or  district  engineer,  or  through  chiefs  to  the  individ- 
uals, if  necessary  to  communicate  directly  with  them.  As  a  rule,  direct 
correspondence  with  the  chief  engineer  is  limited  to  a  relatively  few 
responsible  men  in  the  field. 

Persons  connected  with  the  reclamation  service  should  not  corre- 
spond directly  with  other  offices  or  branches  of  the  Government  nor 
with  the  higher  officials  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior.  Official 
rules  provide  regular  channels  for  the  transaction  of  business,  and  con- 
fusion results  if  these  channels  are  not  followed.  No  correspondence 
should  be  had  concerning  official  plans  or  duties  with  public  men  or 
members  of  Congress.  All  letters  received  that  relate  to  the  general 
policy  or  the  larger  features  of  the  reclamation  service  will  be  referred 
to  the  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey,  and  through  him  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

Each  official  letter  should  relate  to  one  subject  only,  and  that  subject 
should  be  stated  briefly  at  the  top  of  the  letter. 

For  convenience  of  filing  and  reference,  all  letters  and  ordinary 
memoranda  should  be  written  upon  letter  paper  of  the  size  furnished 
by  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  this  being  8  inches  wide  and  IGJ 
inches  long. 

Letters  originating  from  the  Washington  office  are  initialed  accord- 
ing to  prescribed  rules,  the  initials  of  the  person  dictating  the  letter 
and  of  the  stenographer  being  placed  in  the  upper  right-hand  corner. 


44  FIRST  'RECLAMATION   SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

Other  initials  m&y  be  placed  on  the  letter  indicating  that  the  matter 
has  been  considered  by  other  persons. 

Every  letter  covering  inclosures  should  distinctly  specify  each  paper 
inclosed  and  note  such  as  are  duplicates,  and  every  inclosure  should  be 
so  marked  as  clearly  to  indicate  its  nature  and  substance  and  its  rela- 
tion to  the  letter  of  transmittal.  The  number  of  inclosures  should  be 
plainly  stated  at  the  foot  of  the  letter. 

Frequently  brief  letters  of  inquiry  are  sent  out  from  the  office  of 
the  chief  engineer  to  which  a  few  words  of  answer  only  are  necessar}^. 
In  such  cases  the  reply  should  be  written  (with  signature  and  date) 
upon  the  blank  apace  below  the  letter,  which  should  be  returned  at  once 
to  the  chief  engineer's  office.  If  the  reply  can  not  be  given  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  letter  sheet,  as  many  additional  sheets  should  be 
attached  as  may  be  necessary.  In  this  way  the  original  inquiry  and 
reply  will  be  kept  together. 

Telegrams  should  be  sent  on  the  official  blank  provided  bj^  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  for  this  purpose,  and  plainly  marked  "  Official  business, 
Government  rates."  Those  addressed  to  Washington  should  not  be 
prepaid,  and  those  going  from  Washington  should.be  received  without 
payment,  as  all  charges  are  settled  at  the  Washington  office. 

Telegrams  addressed  to  the  chief  engineer  should  be  addressed,  not 
by  name  nor  to  Chief  Engineer,  but  "  Hydrographer,  Geological  Sur- 
vey." If  addressed  to  him  by  name,  they  may  be  delivered  at  his 
residence  and  not  at  the  office. 

Telegrams  between  officers  in  the  field,  if  sent  from  the  larger  tele- 
graph offices,  can  be  charged  to  the  Government  and  the  account  set- 
tled at  Washington.  To  guard  and  facilitate  such  charges,  both  the 
Western  Union  and  Postal  Telegraph  companies  have  issued  cards  to 
the  principal  engineers  to  the  effect  that  telegrams  signed  by  the  per- 
sons to  whom  these  cards  are  issued,  and  answers  thereto,  when 
indorsed  "Government  business,"  will  be  transmitted  on  the  lines  of 
the  companies  at  Government  rates  on  account  of  the  United  States. 
Payment  for  telegrams  handled  in  accordance  with  the  cards  will  not 
be  required  of  the  sender. 

It  is  sometimes  difficult  to  convince  the  operators  at  smaller  stations 
of  the  propriety  of  this  course  of  procedure,  and  if  the  telegrams  will 
not  be  received  in  this  way  it  is  preferable  to  prepay  them  at  Govern- 
ment rates  rather  than  subject  the  recipient  to  the  trouble  of  making 
payment  or  running  the  risk  of  delay. 

REQUISITIONS. 

Requisitions  for  instruments  and  supplies  should  be  made  upon  sepa- 
rate sheets  from  other  communications,  and  should  not  be  included 
with  correspondence  relating  to  other  subjects. 


NEWELL.]  REQUISITIONS.  45 

Requisitions  should  be  classified  according  to  material;  instruments, 
for  example,  should  be  grouped  together  in  one  request,  and  blanks, 
notebooks,  and  similar  supplies  in  another,  so  that  the  separate 
requisitions  may  be  forwarded  to  the  separate  divisions  that  will  sup- 
ply the  material. 

Each  person  filling  a  requisition  is  required  to  indicate  by  initials 
or  otherwise  the  fact  that  the  requisition  is  filled,  and  to  mark  the 
package  with  his  initials,  so  that  if  it  is  received  in  bad  order  the 
responsibility  can  be  placed.  Persons  in  the  field  receiving  material 
not  in  good  condition  should  immediately  report  the  fact  to  the  chief 
engineer. 

Requisitions  for  instruments  should  state  the  nature  of  the  work  to 
be  performed  and  the  character  and  quality  of  the  instruments  desired, 
in  order  that  the  person  in  charge  of  supplies  and  equipment  may 
ascertain  whether  instruments  suitable  for  the  purpose  can  be  fur- 
nished from  the  supplies  on  hand  or  available. 

If  requisitions  are  not  promptly  filled  or  acknowledged,  the  atten- 
tion of  the  chief  engineer  should  be  called  to  the  matter  by  a  statement 
that  a  requisition  for  certain  material  was  sent  on  a  certain  date. 
Care  should  be  taken  to  prevent  duplication  and  to  indicate  that  the 
second  request  refers  to  a  requisition  previously  sent. 

REPORTS. 

Frequent  and  definite  reports  concerning  the  field  work  must  be 
made  to  the  chief  engineer  by  district  engineers  and  by  men  in  the 
field,  especially  by  chiefs  of  parties  and  men  acting  independently. 
Intelligent  control  and  direction  of  work  is  possible  only  through  the 
definite  information  obtained  by  means  of  such  reports,  and  men  in 
the  field  must  show  from  time  to  time  what  has  been  accomplished  for 
the  expenditures  made.  But  it  must  be  remembered  that  while  on  the 
one  hand  the  field  work  can  be  better  understood  and  greatly  facili- 
tated if  concise,  definite  statements  are  periodically  made,  yet  it  is,  on 
the  other  hand,  desirable  to  avoid  delaying  field  work  by  the  prepara- 
tion of  reports  more  elaborate  than  absolutely  necessary. 

Information  to  the  public  should  be  given  out  only  through  official 
channels.  On  this  point  the  following  circular  has  been  issued,  dated 
July  1,  1903: 

The  attention  of  engineers  and  assistants  in  the  reclamation  service,  and  of  all 
other  persons  concerned,  is  called  to  the  provisions  of  section  2  of  the  law  of  June  17, 
1902  (Stat.  L.,  vol.  32,  p.  388),  which  reads  as  follows: 

That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  make  examinations  and 
surveys  for,  and  to  locate  and  construct  as  herein  provided,  irrigation  works  for  the  storage,  diver- 
sion, and  development  of  waters,  including  artesian  wells,  and  to  report  to  Congress  at  the  beginning 
of  each  regular  session  as  to  the  results  of  such  examinations  and  surveys,  giving  estimates  of  cost  of 
all  contemplated  works,  the  quantity  and  location  of  the  lands  which  can  be  irrigated  therefrom, 
and  all  facts  relative  to  the  practicability  of  each  irrigation  project;  also  the  cost  of  works  in  process 
of  construction  as  well  as  of  those  which  have  been  completed. 


46  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

This  section  indicates  clearly  the  manner  in  which  information  concerning  these 
surveys  and  examinations  is  to  be  given  to  the  public.  All  persons  desiring  infor- 
mation on  the  subject  should  be  referred  to  the  annual  report  printed  by  authority 
of  Congress  or  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  The  necessity  for  exercising  prudence 
in  this  matter  arises  from  the  fact  that  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  in  carrying  out  the 
purpose  of  the  law,  must  from  time  to  time  secure  certain  lands  or  privileges  essential 
to  the  construction  of  the  reclamation  works.  In  order  to  obtain  these  lands  and 
rights  at  reasonable  market  rates  it  is  necessary  to  mature  plans  quietly  and  to  make 
arrangements  with  the  owners  upon  a  fair  and  equitable  basis.  If  a  report  is  spread 
that  enormous  sums  are  to  be  expended  in  a  given  locality,  prices  are  advanced  to  a 
point  where  it  is  impossible  to  deal  with  the  owners  without  condemnation  proceed- 
ings. It  is  intended  that  facts  shall  be  obtained  for  the  information  of  the  Secretary 
only.  These  will  be  passed  upon  by  experts,  who  will  consider  them  from  various 
standpoints  and  without  personal  prejudice  or  sentiment.  The  results,  together  with 
recommendations,  will  be  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  Secretary,  and  individuals 
should  not  discuss  the  policy  nor  anticipate  the  action  of  the  Secretary  by  announcing 
plans  or  stating  what  may  be  done  in  the  future. 

If  the  Secretary  believes  that  he  can  properly  give  to  the  public  the  results  of 
examinations  and  surveys  he  will  do  so  upon  request. 

Reports  are  required  at  different  periods  for  different  purposes;  as 
weekly,  monthly,  quarterly,  and  annually. 

Weekly  reports. — A  weekly  report,  covering  the  operations  for  each 
day,  should  be  submitted  to  the  district  engineer  by  the  chief  of  each 
field  party,  and  by  each  man  working  alone.  This  report  should  be 
concise,  and  should  state  for  each  day  the  essential  facts  as  to  the 
character  and  progress  of  the  work.  Such  statements  as  "engaged  in 
computation,"  or  "measuring  streams,"  or  "running  level  lines,"  are 
not  sufficient;  a  few  additional  words  must  be  added,  specifying  where 
and  for  what  purpose  the  particular  work  is  being  done,  so  that  the 
district  or  supervising  officer  may  obtain  at  a  glance  a  comprehensive 
idea  of  the  work  in  hand  without  the  necessity  of  referring  to  letters  or 
correspondence.  The  report  should  conclude  with  a  few  words  as  to 
the  probable  operations  of  the  next  week,  and  should  be  mailed  as 
promptly  as  may  be  practicable,  consistent  with  the  demands  of 
the  work. 

Monthly  reports. — The  monthly  report  should  give  a  resume  of  the 
work  accomplished  during  the  month  by  each  party,  or  in  each  dis- 
trict, the  facts  being  assembled  in  concise  order  for  quick  reference, 
so  that  it  may  be  perfectly  plain  what  work  is  being  carried  on  and 
where.  This  report  should  show  the  rate  of  progress,  the  present 
conditions,  and  the  plans  for  the  coming  month.  The  monthty  report 
should  be  forwarded  with  vouchers,  or  a  statement  of  classified  expend- 
itures, to  the  office  of  the  chief  engineer  for  his  information.  It 
should  be  accompanied  by  the  weekly  reports  of  field  parties,  if  these 
have  not  been  abstracted  in  the  report. 

A  duplicate  or  carbon  copy  of  the  monthly  report  should  be  for- 
warded to  the  supervising  engineer  for  his  information.  The  original 
report  sent  to  the  office  of  the  chief  engineer  may  be  accompanied  by 


NEWELL.]  PERIODIC    REPORTS.  47 

reports  of  the  various  chiefs  of  parties,  construction  engineers,  etc., 
and  these  can  be  marked  for  return  to  the  district  office  if  it  is  not 
considered  desirable  to  retain  a  copy.  Care  should  be  taken  to  avoid 
unnecessary  copying  and  to  forward  papers  for  examination  and  return 
where  such  duplication  may  lead  to  unnecessar}7  delay  or  expense. 

Equal  care  must  be  exercised  to  forward  full  information  of  value 
for  preservation.  It  has  been  found  that  valuable  data  collected  by 
various  hydrographers  and  engineers  have  been  lost  or  overlooked  or 
have  not  been  made  sufficiently  prominent  in  general  correspondence. 
Each  man  should  be  held  responsible  for  transmitting  facts  which 
may  come  under  his  observation  even  though  these  are  negative  in 
character,  namely,  that  certain  streams  were  found  to  be  dry  or  that 
surveys  have  not  been  completed  in  certain  areas. 

All  vouchers  for  the  pay  of  occasional  employees  and  men  not 
attached  to  field  parties  should  be  accompanied  by  the  daily  statement, 
on  Form  9-245,  showing  the  fact  that  work  has  actually  been  per- 
formed on  these  days  and  indicating  the  character  of  the  work.  This 
statement  must  be  brief  yet  explicit;  for  example,  it  should  state  not 
simply  "computing,"  but  should  indicate  the  character  and  purpose  of 
the  computations. 

Quarterly  reports. — The  quarterly  reports  are  largely  administrative 
in  character,  the  quarter  having  been  selected  as  the  most  convenient 
unit  for  accounting  for  property  and  discussing  finances.  They  should 
comprise  a  resume  of  expenditures  incurred,  a  statement  of  the  charac- 
ter of  these,  and  a  report  of  the  results  accomplished,  in  units  of  miles 
of  level  or  transit  line,  square  miles  of  topography,  yards  of  construc- 
tion, or  other  definite,  intelligible  units. 

The  quarterly  statements  and  accounts  are  of  first  importance  from 
the  administrative  standpoint.  They  consist  primarily  of  two  parts, 
the  first  for  transmittal  by  the  chief  engineer,  through  the  Director  to 
the  Department,  and  the  second  the  portion  for  the  information  of 
the  chief  engineer  and  for  the  records  «of  his  office.  The  first  part  of 
this  quarterly  statement  and  estimate  consists  of  descriptive  matter  in 
somewhat  stereotyped  form,  giving  under  each  project  or  principal 
heading  one  or  more  paragraphs  devoted  to  each  of  the  following  sub- 
headings: 

Location. 

Past  operations. 

Present  conditions.  v 

Future  work. 

Expenditures. 

Under  the  head  of  "Location"  should  be  given  a  brief  description 
of  the  location  of  the  work,  such  that  a  stranger  taking  the  material 
can  gain  some  idea  of  how  the  work  is  being  carried  on. 


48  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

44 Past  operations"  should  include  the  work  performed,  its  extent, 
scale,  and  the  results  accomplished. 

"Present  conditions"  should  recite  the  character  of  the  work  in 
hand  during  the  current  quarter  in  which  the  report  is  prepared. 

"Future  work"  should  cover  the  operations  proposed  for  the  next 
quarter,  or  those  for  which  authority  to  continue  the  work  is  desired. 

' '  Expenditures  "  should  recite  briefly  the  total  expense  incurred  up 
to  the  end  of  the  preceding  quarter;  also  the  probable  expenditures  for 
the  current  quarter  and  the  amount  which  should  be  set  aside  to  cover 
the  future  work  for  the  ensuing  quarter. 

This  first  part  should  be  sent  in  promptly,  so  as  to  reach  the  chief 
engineer  on  or  before  the  15th  day  of  March,  June,  September,  and 
December.  It  should  be  prepared  in  the  form  in  which  it  is  to.  go  to 
the  Department,  so  that  it  can  be  assembled  quickly  and  copied  without 
the  necessity  of  editing  or  extensive  revision. 

There  should  also  be  prepared,  if  possible  before  the  above  descrip- 
tive material,  an  estimate  showing  the  cost  of  the  work  done  during 
the  quarter,  the  units  of  miles  surveyed  or  yards  of  construction  com- 
pleted, the  rations  issued,  and  the  cost  of  other  important  items.  The 
information  thus  set  forth  is  to  be  forwarded  to  the  chief  engineer  for 
the  records  of  his  office,  and  the  results  should  be  briefly  summed  up 
in  the  material  which  is  to  go  forward  to  the  Department. 

Another  important  quarterly  operation  is  in  connection  with  the 
property  returns.  Every  reasonable  effort  should  be  made  to  dis- 
pose of  material  not  in  use,  and  to  keep  the  property  returns  explicit. 
All  property  should  be  inventoried  and  accounted  for,  all  worn-out 
and  useless  articles  being  condemned  or  sold  .after  the  necessary 
authority  has  been  obtained.  At  the  end  of  the  calendar  year 
especial  attention  should  be  given  to  cleaning  up  the  property  returns, 
no  unnecessaiy  articles  being  kept;  at  the  same  time  an  account  should 
be  rendered  for  all  material  obtained  or  on  hand. 

Annual  reports. — Four  printed  annual  reports  are  required  by  law 
and  by  custom,  and  the  material  for  these  must  be  prepared  promptly 
and  transmitted  to  the  chief  engineer  on  the  days  specified  below. 

1.  The  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey  reports  to  the  Secretaiy 
of  the  Interior  at  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year  all  of  the  operations  of  the 
Survey  from  July  1  to  June  30.     The  portion  of  his  report  relating  to 
the  reclamation  service  contains  from  5,000  to  10,000  words,  and  the 
work  done  during  the  fiscal  year  on  each  project  or  survey  should  be 
described  in  from  200  to  500  words.     These  descriptions  should  be 
sent  to  the  chief  engineer  on  or  before  June  1,  so  that  the}^  m&y  be 
available  for  use  before  June  15. 

2.  The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  also  makes  an  annual  report  at  the 
close  of  the  fiscal  year,  and  in  this  report  reference  to  the  reclamation 
service  is  restricted  to  less  than  1,000  words.     Reference  to  work  in 


NEWELL.]  ANNUAL    REPORTS.  49 

each  State  or  Territory  should  therefore  be  confined  to  100  words  or 
less.  The  material  for  this  report  should  be  sent  to  the  chief  engineer 
on  or  before  July  15. 

3.  Under  the  terms  of  the  reclamation  law,  the  Secretary  must  also 
in,ake  a  specific  report  to  Congress  at  the  beginning  of  each  regular 
session,  on  the  first  Monday  in  December.  This  report  must  be  full 
and  complete,  as  required  by  law,  and  must  state  every  detail  of  cost 
and  results.  It  must  be  prepared  during  the  latter  part  of  the  field 
season  and  must  state  concisely  what  has  been  accomplished  during 
that  season.  The  material  for  this  report — the  annual  report  of  the 
reclamation  service — must  be  derived  from  full  reports  made  by  the 
district  and  other  engineers,  and  these  reports  should  be  sent  to  the 
chief  engineer  on  or  before  October  15. 

The  manuscripts  of  these  reports  should  be  accompanied  by  illustra- 
tions sufficient  to  make  clear  all  important  points.  A  table  of  con- 
tents should  accompany  each  manuscript  or  portion  of  report,  as  well 
as  a  list  of  illustrations,  giving  the  title  of  each  illustration  and  num- 
ber of  the  manuscript  page  at  which  it  should  appear.  The  illustra- 
tions may  consist  of  photographs  or  drawings.  Upon  each  photograph 
or  drawing  should  be  written  a  descriptive  title  and  the  number  of 
page  of  the  manuscript  where  it  is  to  be  used.  All  drawings  to  be 
used  for  illustrations  should  be  clearly  made  with  a  good  quality  of 
India  ink  on  white  paper;  tracings  should  be  avoided  if  possible.  No 
lettering  should  be  made  in  ink;  words  and  figures  should  be  plainly 
written  in  pencil  at  the  proper  places.  Titles  should  be  written  on  the 
margin  in  pencil  or  ink.  These  should  be  explicit  and  should  give  the 
number  of  page  of  the  manuscript  where  the  drawing  is  to  be  placed. 
Drawings  for  illustrative  purposes  should  be  simple;  all  detail  or 
elaboration  which  is  not  absolutely  necessary  should  be  avoided. 
Elaborate  lettering  is  worse  than  useless,  for  many  drawings  are 
reproduced  by  processes  that  require  the  removal  of  the  original  let- 
tering and  the  substitution  of  another  form.  Tracings  can  be  utilized, 
but  are  not  so  desirable  as  good,  clear  drawings  on  white  paper. 
Tinted  papers  should  be  avoided,  especially  those  having  a  yellowish 
tinge.  In  this  connection,  attention  is  called  to  the  book  of  Instruc- 
tions, page  100. 

Each  manuscript  for  the  annual  report  of  the  reclamation  service 
should  be  accompanied  by  a  short  abstract,  to  be  used  by  the  chief 
engineer  in  his  introduction.  This  abstract  should  be  concise  and 
should  cover  in  a  few  pages  the  essential  features  and  conclusions  of 
the  more  detailed  report.  In  this  report  it  is  essential  to  give  especial 
attention  to  the  financial  statement — to  show  the  amounts  expended  or 
liabilities  incurred,  the  results  accomplished,  and  the  amount  of  funds 
probably  necessary  for  the  work  of  the  ensuing  year;  also  all  other 
facts  essential  to  a  clear  comprehension  of  the  costs  and  benefits. 
IRR  93—04— — 4 


50  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE."  [NO.  93. 

4..  In  addition  to  the  reclamation  report  it  is  customary  to  publish 
at  the  end  of  each  year  all  matter  pertaining  to  the  operations  of  the 
hydrographers,  hydrologists,  and  others,  in  separate  volumes  that  pre- 
sent all  of  the  data  accumulated  during  the  calendar  year.  District 
engineers  are  expected  to  see  that  all  data  of  this  kind  are  assembled 
and  presented  promptly  to  the  chief  engineer  as  soon  as  possible  after 
January  1  of  each  year,  so  as  to  reach  him  by  January  15. 

BOOKKEEPING. 

The  system  of  bookkeeping  for  the  reclamation  fund  has  been  given 
considerable  thought,  and  an  attempt  is  made  to  devise  methods  of 
allotment  of  expenditures  in  the  most  rapid  and  economical  manner 
possible.  Each  voucher,  before  transmittal  in  duplicate  for  pa3Tment, 
must  be  certified  by  a  responsible  officer  having  full  knowledge  of  the 
expenditure.  He  should  require  his  assistants  to  previously  check 
the  items  and  initial  the  papers,  thus  attesting  their  accuracy. 

The  voucher,  if  payable  at  the  Washington  office,  should  be  for- 
warded to  the  chief  engineer,  with  a  charge  sheet  or  letter  of  trans- 
mittal (form  9-272).  If  payable  by  a  local  disbursing  officer,  the 
charge  sheet  should  be  sent  at  once  to  the  office  of  the  chief  engineer 
at  Washington.  These  sheets  form  the  basis  for  bookkeeping  and 
should  be  filled  out  to  give  the  essential  facts  on  which  the  allotment 
of  the  various  items  may  be  based,  thus  serving  as  pages  of  a  day  book. 

The  original  voucher  goes  to  the  Treasury  and  the  duplicate  is 
retained  by  the  disbursing  clerk;  the  charge  sheet  alone  remains  in  the 
office  of  the  chief  engineer,  and,  although  the  original  or  duplicate 
voucher  may  be  consulted,  this  is  attended  with  some  difficulty  and 
loss  of  time.  The  charge  sheet  should  therefore  contain  all  the  infor- 
mation essential  for  proper  bookkeeping  entries. 

The  object  of  bookkeeping  is  to  enable  a  statement  to  be  made  at 
any  time  of  exactly  how  much  money  has  been  expended,  for  various 
objects  and  in  different  kinds  of  work.  There  are  at  least  three  distinct 
degrees  to  which  the  bookkeeping  may  be  carried,  and  these,  for  con- 
venience, may  be  designated  as  primary,  secondary,  and  tertiary. 

The  primary  classification  of  accounts  covers  the  larger  allotments, 
such  as  to  States,  to  distinct  projects,  or  to  reconnaissance  surveys. 
It  is  of  first  importance  to  know  the  total  amount  expended  under 
these  primary  headings. 

The  secondary  distribution  of  accounts  is  for  the  purpose  of  ascer- 
taining how  much  has  been  expended  in  each  State  or  in  each  locality 
for  different  classes  of  work.  The  principal  items  are  the  cost  of  pre- 
liminary surveys,  topographic  surveys,  testing  for  foundations,  location 
surveys,  subdivision  of  land,  designing,  construction,  etc. 


NEWELL.] 


CLASSIFICATION    OF    EXPENDITUEES. 


51 


The  tertiary  classification  again  subdivides  these  features  into  the 
various  ways  of  expenditure.  These  consist  of  services,  traveling 
expenses,  subsistence,  equipment,  etc.  A  wide  latitude  of  judgment 
may  be  exercised  in  this  tertiary  classification,  and  the  engineer 
approving  the  accounts  must  be  guided  by  general  principles  rather 
than  by  specific  instructions. 

The  following  lists  give  the  principal  headings  provisionally  deter- 
mined upon  for  the  primary,  secondary,  and  tertiary  classifications. 
Suitable  blanks  are  being  provided  for  convenience  in  stating  these 
items,  and  it  is  believed  that,  with  reasonable  care,  the  engineer,  in 
certifying  accounts,  can  apportion  the  items  without  notable  delay  or 
difficulty. 

Primary  classification. — The  following  are  the  principal  headings 
in  the  ledger  of  the  Washington  office.  The  charge  sheet  for  each 
voucher  should  have  one  of  these  headings  prominently  given,  and  as 
far  as  practicable,  no  voucher  should  be  assigned  to  more  than  one  of 
th^se  principal  items: 

Washington  office: 

Supervision. 

Correspondence. 

Bookkeeping. 

Disbursing. 

Legal  expenses. 

Computing. 

Drafting  and  photography. 

Lithographing. 

Stationery. 

Instruments  and  supplies. 

Express  and  telegraph. 

Furniture. 

Messenger. 
Arizona: 

Salt  River. 

San  Carlos. 

Yuma.     (See  California. ) 

Reconnaissance,  etc. 
California: 

Sacramento  Valley. 

Owens  Valley. 

Yuma. 

Reconnaissance,  etc. 

General. 

Cement  pipe. 
Colorado: 

Uncompahgre. 

White  River. 

Grand. 

Reconnaissance,  etc. 

General. 


Idaho : 

Minidoka. 

Dubois. 

Payette-Boise. 

Reconnaissance,  etc. 
Kansas: 

Reconnaissance,  etc. 
Montana: 

Milk  River. 

St.  Mary. 

Marias. 

Sun  River. 

Reconnaissance,  etc. 
Nebraska: 

Pathfinder. 

Goshen  Hole. 

Gering. 

Reconnaissance,  etc. 
Nevada: 

Truckee-Carson. 

Reconnaissance,  etc. 
New  Mexico: 

Hondo. 

Urton. 

Rio  Grande. 

Reconnaissance,  etc. 
North  Dakota: 

Fort  Buford. 

Reconnaissance,  etc. 
Oregon: 

Umatilla. 

Malheur. 


52  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    COHERENCE.  [NO.  93. 


Oregon — Continued. 

Harney. 

Reconnaissance. 

General. 
Oklahoma: 

Reconnaissance,  etc. 
South  Dakota: 

Belle  Fourche. 

Reconnaissance,  etc. 


Utah: 


Utah  Lake. 


Reconnaissance,  etc. 
Washington: 

Big  Bend. 

Okanogan. 

Reconnaissance,  etc. 
Wyoming: 

Cody. 

De  Smet. 

North  Platte. 

Reconnaissance,  etc. 


Bear  Lake. 

Secondary  classification. — In  the  lower  part  of  the  charge  sheet  are 
to  be  inserted  the  amounts  of  the  secondary  allotment  or  distribution 
of  vouchers,  this  consisting  of  the  items  given  below.  A  separate  page 
of  the  ledger  should  be  assigned  to  each  secondary  item,  the  tertiary 
classification  being  extended  in  columns  across  the  page. 

Preliminary  survey. 

Topographic  survey. 

Testing  or  boring. 

Location  survey. 

Subdivision  of  land. 

Designing. 

Construction. 

Executive. 

Tertiary  classification. — The  tertiary  subdivision  or  character  of 
expenditures  is  shown  under  each  of  the  secondary  headings.  These 
subdivisions  are  recognized  as  being  approximate  in  character,  and  it 
is  not  desirable  to  make  the  subdivision  too  minutely. 

The  principal  items  of  the  tertiary  division  are  services,  traveling 
expenses,  subsistence,  equipment,  office  expenses,  supplies,  storage, 
etc.  It  is  desirable  not  to  have  any  items  of  miscellaneous  expendi- 
ture if  these  can  be  avoided,  as  it  is  assumed  that  all  items  can  be 
assigned  to  one  or  another  of  these  headings. 

DISBURSEMENTS. 

The,  next  important  matter  to  be  considered  is  the  relation  of  the 
men  to  the  Government  in  the  matter  of  accounts.  Good  financiering 
is  the  foundation  of  success,  and  although  no  profit  is  here  to  be  con- 
sidered, yet  it  is  important  that  all  work  done  should  be  worth  what 
it  costs,  and  that  the  interests  of  the  Government  should  be  protected 
in  every  way.  On  the  other  hand,  the  men  who  are  doing  the  work 
must  be  promptly  and  fully  provided  with  funds,  as  all  delays  or 
difficulties  in  this  matter  are  sources  of  expense  and  trouble  both  to 
the  workmen  and  to  the  work. 

At  this  time  it  is  not  desirable  to  discuss  the  question  of  costs  and 
benefits  of  the  surveys  and  the  subsequent  construction,  but  it  is 
important  to  consider  now  some  of  the  features  of  rendering  accounts 
and  of  so  arranging  these  that  they  will  be  quickly  audited.  The  situ- 


NEWELL.]  DISBURSEMENTS.  53 

ation  as  regards  the  reclamation  service  is  in  one  sense  peculiar.  All  of 
the  work  is  being  performed  in  remote  localities  and  under  difficulties, 
and  is  now  carried  on  by  men  who  have  had  very  little  previous  expe- 
rience with  Government  methods.  During  the  past  season  there  have 
been  unusual  and  vexatious  delays  and  difficulties  in  securing  settle- 
ment of  accounts;  each  man  in  the  Afield  has  a  number  of  grievances 
and  in  his  opinion  injustice  has  been  frequently  done  to  him. 

In  order  to  put  the  matter  of  accounts  somewhat  more  clearly  before 
the  new  men  it  is  desirable  to  state  a  few  elementary  facts  or  princi- 
ples which  should  be  known  by  everyone,  but  which  as  a  matter  of  fact 
are  clearly  understood  by  few.  Theoretically  every  man  is  supposed 
to  know  the  law,  but  practically  few  men  do  know  the  law  concerning 
most  of  the  details  of  Government  transactions. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  in  the  regulations  of  the  Survey — a 
manual  that  has  now  passed  through  three  editions,  the  last  of  which 
was  approved  to  take  effect  Januaiy  1,  1903 — and  in  the  Survey's 
Instructions  (approved  to  take  effect  May  1,  1903)  to  outline  some  of 
the  more  important  facts  and  requirements  concerning  Government 
accounts.  It  is  impossible,  however,  in  any  book  of  moderate  size  to 
discuss  or  consider  all  of  the  details  that  may  come  up  in  current  prac- 
tice, for,  as  above  stated,  each  man  has  different  experiences,  and  the 
difficulties  that  one  man  has  encountered  may  not  be  met  by  another. 

Especial  attention  should  be  called  to  the  statements  beginning  on 
page  26  of  the  regulations,  in  which  an  attempt  is  made  to  present  a 
few  instructions  covering  the  more  important  points.  The  great  dif- 
ficulty with  regard  to  Government  accounts  lies  in  the  fact  that  on 
the  one  hand  general  laws  are  enacted  by  Congress,  and  on  the  other, 
rulings  are  made  by  the  officials  of  the  Treasury  Department  upon 
various  legal  or  other  points  that  may  arise.  In  the  attempt  to  apply 
these  general  laws  and  Department  rulings  to  specific  cases  it  is  fre- 
quently found  that  they  are  in  apparent  conflict  or  are  not  applicable 
to  the  conditions.  Since  the  general  laws  do  not  lit  the  exact  condi- 
tions, it  is  often  necessary  to  state  an  account  in  such  a  way  that  while 
it  will  not  run  counter  to  some  general  law,  it  will  at  the  same  time 
present  the  salient  facts  necessary  to  obtain  its  settlement.  The 
auditing  officers  of  the  Treasury  have  little  to  do  with  the  equit}7  or 
justice  of  a  claim  or  an  account;  they  simply  pass  upon  its  legalit}7 
in  the  light  of  the  facts  presented.  They  may  sometimes  ignore  a 
legal  technicality  in  the  interest  of  justice  or  iiv  conformity^  with 
common  practice,  but  they  can  not  be  expected  to  do  so  often. 

The  general  authorization  to  carry  on  work  covers  with  it  the  pur- 
chase of  ordinary  equipment  and  necessities  of  field  parties,  such  as 
horses,  wagons,  tents,  cooking  utensils,  and  articles  covered  by  the 
ration  list  of  the  Geological  Survey;  also  a  small  amount  of  cus- 
tomary remedies  or  medicines  needed  by  men  and  animals  working 


54  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

at  a  distance  from  medical  attendance.  In  this  connection  care  must 
be  taken  to  explain  fully  the  need  of  any  unusual  article  of  this  kind, 
such  as  medical  supplies,  and  to  keep  these  to  the  minimum  of  actual 
requirements,  since  medical  attendance  is  not  furnished  employees 
where  it  can  be  had  in  the  customary  manner. 

The  theory  upon  which  the  present  system  of  accounts  of  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  is  based  is  one  that  can  be  understood  only  after  a  little 
explanation.  The  S}T stern  has  gradualty  grown  up  through  nearly  a 
generation  of  practice,  and  under  it  millions  of  dollars  have  been 
disbursed. 

Under  a  strict  construction  of  law  it  is  held  that  no  mone}T  can  in 
any  way  be  advanced  on  behalf  of  the  Government.  Each  purchase 
or  expenditure  should  be  made  by  a  bonded  disbursing  officer  or  agent. 
For  operations  outside  of  the  city  of  Washington  nearly  every  Gov- 
ernment bureau,  except  the  Geological  Survey,  has  such  a  bonded 
disbursing  officer  with  each  party  or  body  of  men  under  its  direction. 
In  this  survey,  however,  the  number  of  disbursing  officers  has  been 
gradually  reduced,  until  now  practically  all  disbursements  are  made 
from  Washington,  field  men  sending  all  accounts  to  one  or  two  bonded 
clerks  at  that  city. 

This  system,  as  above  stated,  is  apparently  the  outgrowth  of  custom, 
having  received  the  approval  and  tacit  acquiescence  of  Department 
officials  throughout  many  years. 

Theoretically  the  disbursing  officer  pays  for  everything,  and  no 
Government  employee  need  have  money,  as  his  expenses  are  provided 
for  by  the  disbursing  clerk.  Practically,  however,  the  reverse  is  the 
case  under  the  present  system.  The  field  men  must  have  on  hand  an 
ample  supply  of  private  funds  in  order  to  carry  on  the  Government's 
work,  which  they  do  at  their  own  expense,  seeking  reimbursement 
immediately  after  the  end  of  each  month. 

The  principal  exception  to  this  rule  is  where  men  in  the  field  purchase 
supplies,  animals,  wagons,  etc.,  and  arrange  with  the  seller  to  send 
signed  vouchers  to  the  disbursing  clerk  at  Washington.  This  can  be 
done  with  business  men  who  are  accustomed  to  such  matters,  but  fre- 
quently the  seller  is  suspicious  and  will  not  sign  vouchers  in  advance 
of  payment,  or  does  so  only  after  obtaining  the  guaranty  of  the  field 
man  that  he  will  be  personally  responsible  for  the  payment  of  the 
accounts. 

It  thus  happens,  as  above  noted,  that  the  men  in  responsible  charge 
of  field  parties  must  have  considerable  sums  of  money  to  meet  current 
expenses,  and  each  man  may  thus  have  tied  up  in  Government  work 
from  $300  to  $500  a  month,  or  even  more;  in  some  cases  several 
thousand. 


NEWELL.]  DIFFICULTIES    OF    DISBURSEMENT.  55 

Some  of  the  men  are  not  able  to  do  this  without  considerable  sacri- 
fice, and  during1  the  past  year  a  few  of  them  have  paid  as  high  as  1  per- 
cent a  month  to  procure  funds  to  be  used  for  Government  purposes. 
Inquiry  has  been  made  as  to  whether  these  men  can  not  be  reimbursed 
for  this  outlay,  but  from  the  interpretation  of  the  law,  as  above  stated, 
it  is  obvious  that  this  is  impossible.  Relief  from  this  large  outlay  by 
employees*  can  be  had  only  by  following  more  closely  the  provisions  of 
law  by  appointing  bonded  disbursing  agents  for  each  of  the  large 
parties.  Gradual  changes  in  this  direction  are  being  made,  and  it  is 
planned  to  have  a  disbursing  agent  in  each  district  to  perform  ordinary 
clerical  work  in  connection  with  his  disbursements,  and  to  make  him- 
self generally  useful  to  the  district  engineers.  It  is  desirable,  wherever 
possible,  that  this  clerk  should  be  also  a  stenographer  in  order  that  he 
may  be  of  greater  assistance. 

The  fact  that  men  are  compelled  to  advance  their  own  money  for 
Government  work  makes  it  very  important  to  secure  prompt  settle- 
ment of  their  accounts.  The  delays  of  the  past  summer  have  been 
due  to  two  causes:  First,  most  of  the  men  making  the  accounts  were 
inexperienced  in  this  work;  and  second,  the  force  in  the  Washington 
office  employed  to  examine  and  revise  the  accounts  and  present  them 
for  payment  has  been  inadequate.  Both  of  these  causes  of  delay  have 
been  obviated  in  part;  the  men  have  gained  larger  experience  and  the 
office  force  has  been  increased. 

At  the  present  stage  of  the  reclamation  service,  as  above  noted,  all 
matters  are  in  a  condition  of  transition  or  evolution.  The  necessity 
of  having  competent  disbursing  officers  at  each  important  locality 
where  work  is  being  carried  on  is  now  apparent,  both  for  economy 
and  for  full  compliance  with  the  spirit  of  the  law.  In  view  of  such 
changes,  attention  is  called  to  certain  general  requirements: 

The  chief  engineer  supervises  all  disbursements  by  officers  of  the 
reclamation  service.  His  approval  of  their  accounts,  as  to  the  necessity 
or  expediency  of  the  expenditure  and  the  prices  paid,  and  his  certifi- 
cate that  the  mode  of  expenditure  adopted  was  the  most  economical 
and  advantageous  to  the  Government  are  requisite.  If  the  district  or 
disbursing  officer  certifies  that  the  mode  of  expenditure  adopted  was 
the  most  economical  and  advantageous  to  the  Government,  the  certifi- 
cate of  the  chief  engineer  to  that  effect  may  be  omitted. 

As  has  been  already  stated,  the  chief  engineer  presents  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior,  through  the  Director  of  thevGeological  Survey, 
on  or  before  the  last  day  of  each  quarter  a  report  of  the  operations  of 
the  reclamation  service,  with  such  suggestions  relative  to  its  affairs  as 
he  may  deem  expedient,  accompanied  by  an  estimate  of  funds  required 
for  the  service  during  the  ensuing  three  months. 

An  officer  or  agent  who  may  supervise  the  disbursement  of  money 
for  any  work  of  construction  or  survey  in  his  charge,  or  any  operations 


56  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

involving  expenditures,  must  furnish  to  the  chief  engineer  an  estimate 
of  the  probable  expenditures  for  the  coming  quarter,  and  a  plan 
showing  the  manner  in  which  it  is  proposed  to  apply  the  money. 

All  officers,  agents,  or  other  persons  who  are  charged  with  the  safe-keeping,  trans- 
fer, or  disbursement  of  the  public  moneys,  shall  keep  an  accurate  entry  of  each  sum 
received  and  of  each  payment  or  transfer,  and  shall  render  distinct  accounts  of  the 
application  thereof  according  to  the  appropriation  under  which  the  moneys  may 
have  been  advanced  to  them.  Every  officer  or  agent  who,  having  received  public 
money  which  he  is  not  authorized  to  retain  as  salary,  pay,  or  emolument,  fails  to 
render  his  accounts  for  the  same  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  embezzlement,  and  shall 
be  fined  in  a  sum  equal  to  the  amount  of  the  money  embezzled,  and  shall  be  impris- 
oned not  less  than  six  months  nor  more  than  ten  years. 

Every  officer  or  agent  of  the  United  States  who  receives  public  money  which  he  is 
not  authorized  to  retain  as  salary,  pay,  or  emolument,  shall  render  his  accounts 
monthly  *  *  *  (Rev.  Stat.,  3622.) 

The  law  requires  that  a  separate  account  be  kept  with  each  appro- 
priation disbursed.  The  usual  forms  of  account  current  and  abstracts 
prepared  for  this  purpose  and  approved  by  the  Comptroller  of  the 
Treasury  should  be  used  by  disbursing  officers.  Accounts  current 
should  be  made  in  triplicate.  Two  copies,  accompanied  by  two  sets  of 
abstracts  and  one  set  of  vouchers  complete,  should  be  forwarded  to 
the  chief  engineer.  The  other  copy,  also  accompanied  by  abstracts 
and  vouchers,  should  be  retained  by  the  officer. 

An  error  made  in  an  account  must  be  corrected  in  the  next  account 
current  of  the  officer  after  he  is  informed  of  the  error,  and  reference 
should  be  made  therein  to  the  particular  voucher  in  which  the  error 
occurred. 

In  notifying  officers  of  remittances  the  chief  engineer  will  inform 
them  of  the  amount  remitted  under  each  head  of  appropriation.  All 
officers  who  make  transfers  of  public  funds  will  pursue  a  similar 
course,  stating  in  the  invoices  and  receipts  the  amount  transferred 
from  each  appropriation.  In  the  letters  notifying  officers  of  requests 
for  remittances  the  chief  engineer,  in  addition  to  the  amount  of  each 
appropriation,  will  give  the  titles  of  appropriations  to  be  used  in 
accounts  current,  abstracts,  and  vouchers. 

Disbursing  officers  will  promptly,  at  the  close  of  business  at  the  end 
of  each  month,  make  and  forward  statements  showing  explicitly  where 
their  funds  are  deposited.  Officers  will  include  in  the  sums  claimed 
to  be  on  deposit  only  such  as  have  been  officially  credited  to  them,  and 
of  which  credit  they  have  been  duly  informed  by  the  depositary. 

When  an  officer  is  relieved  from  duty  on  any  work  he  should  certify 
the  outstanding  debts  to  his  successor,  and  transmit  an  account  of 
them  to  the  chief  engineer.  Unless  otherwise  ordered,  he  will  turn 
over  to  his  successor  the  public  money  and  property  and  the  books 
and  papers  appertaining  to  the  service  from  which  he  is  relieved. 


NEVTELL.]  DUTIES    OF    DISBURSING    OFFICERS.  57 

Disbursing  officers,  when  they  have  the  money,  shall  pay  cash,  and 
not  open  an  account. 

When  disbursing"  officers  draw  checks  in  payment  of  accounts  on 
funds  placed  to  their  credit  with  assistant  treasurers  or  other  deposi- 
taries of  the  United  States,  they  should  note  upon  the  receipt  taken 
for  such  payment  the  number,  date,  and  amount  of  the  check  given 
in  payment,  and  designate  the  assistant  treasurer  or  depositary  upon 
whom  it  is  drawn;  and  when  an  account  is  paid  in  part  by  currency, 
the  amount  of  the  same  should  be  stated. 

Persons  employed  in  the  reclamation  service  may  be  allowed  actual 
traveling  expenses  for  travel  on  duty  under  orders,  to  be  paid  from 
the  allotment  applicable  to  the  works  upon  which  such  persons  are 
employed.  The  affidavit  of  the  person  should  be  made  in  the  pre- 
scribed form. 

Vouchers  for  purchases  made  should  specify  the  quantity  and  price 
of  each  article  bought,  the  name  and  business  place  of  the  person  from 
whom  it  is  procured,  and  the  date  and  manner  of  purchase.  Vouchers 
for  services  rendered  should  state  the  nature  and  period  of  service,  the 
rate  of  pay  per  diem  or  month,  etc.  Vouchers  for  emergency  pur- 
chases or  services  should  state  that  the  price  paid  was  the  lowest 
market  rate,  and  that  the  mode  of  expenditure  adopted  was  the  most 
economical  and  advantageous  to  the  Government. 

When  original  vouchers  can  not  be  furnished  with  accounts,  copies 
duly  certified  as  true  by  a  disinterested  officer  ma}^  be  accepted. 
If  no  other  officer  than  the  p&yor  or  payee  is  at  the  locality  when  pay- 
ment is  made,  both  must  certify  to  that  fact  and  also  to  the  correctness 
of  the  copy. 

When  vouchers  are  not  sent  with  the  account  to  which  they  belong, 
an  explanation  must  be  made  as  to  why  they  were  not  produced  with 
and  included  in  the  proper  account. 

At  the  time  vouchers  are  transmitted  by  an  officer  with  his  accounts 
if  any  of  the  articles  purchased  as  noted  thereon  have  been  "  expended 
and  applied  to  the  purpose  for  which  purchased,"  a  certificate  to  that 
effect  may  be  made,  and  when  so  made  the  articles  referred  to  need 
not  be  taken  up  on  abstracts  of  property  or  on  property  returns. 

Requests  for  the  admission  free  of  duties  and  charges  of  articles 
imported  for  the  use  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  must  be 
accompanied  with  a  list  of  the  articles  to  be  forwarded  to  the  collector 
of  customs  for  his  information  and  guidance  and  £or  the  permanent 
files  of  his  office. 

DISALLOWANCES  AND  SUSPENSIONS. 

One  of  the  most  important  duties  of  an  officer  of  the  Government 
is  to  learn  how  to  make  acceptable  accounts.  Much  experience  is 


58  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO. 03. 

required  to  do  this,  and  much  application  of  constructive  energy.  It- 
is  our  business  to  learn  to  do  this  clerical  work  rapidly  and  econom- 
ically. The  Treasury  officials  at  Washington  are,  in  one  sense,  not 
constructive  as  regards  such  matters.  Their  rulings  are  mainly  pro- 
hibitions— this  or  that  thing  should  not  be  done.  On  the  other  hand, 
there  are  few  persons  whose  business  it  is  to  tell  the  field  man  how  to 
do  things.  It  becomes,  therefore,  one  of  the  important  duties  of  the 
more  experienced  field  men  to  give  to  others  the  benefit  of  their 
experience  and  to  show  them  how  Government  accounts  can  be  ren- 
dered acceptably,  accurately,  so  that  they  may  stand  every  test  of 
scrutiny  or  of  searching  investigation. 

Occasionally  mistakes  are  made  by  new  men,  and  disallowances  of 
just  claims  result;  but  with  care  and  forethought  it  is  usually  possible 
to  avoid  such  difficulties.  During  the  past  season  each  man  has  been 
perplexed  by  his  accounts  and  has  suffered  financially,  but  as  a  rule 
the  losses  have  been  comparatively  trivial  b}T  reason  of  the  fact  that 
every  effort  is  made  at  the  Washington  office  to  assist  in  rectifying 
blunders  and  supplying  omissions.  The  accounts  that  the  men  make 
in  the  field  go  at  first  to  the  office  of  the  chief  engineer  in  Washington, 
and  are  there  carefully  scrutinized  for  mistakes  and  informalities  by 
clerks  who  have  spent  years  in  this  particular  work  and  who  are 
guided  by  the  monthly  statement  of  suspensions  and  disallowances 
made  by  the  Auditor's  office. 

A  number  of  questions  have  been  asked  concerning  disallowances  on 
accounts.  As  a  rule  an  attempt  is  made  to  notify  men  in  the  field  of 
the  reason  for  a  disallowance,  but  in  some  cases  the  reason  is  so  obvi- 
ous that  it  should  not  be  necessary  to  write  a  letter. 

As  far  as  practicable  all  mistakes  and  clerical  errors  are  detected 
during  the  examination  of  accounts  in  the  office  of  the  chief  engineer. 
These  are  briefly  pointed  out  or  explained  to  the  men  in  the  field. 
From  this  office  the  accounts  go  to  the  disbursing  clerks  of  the  Geo- 
logical Survey,  who  also  examine  them  and  if  they  are  satisfactory 
make  payment  by  checks.  It  is  assumed  that  if  errors  are  discovered 
later,  in  the  Treasury  Department,  and  disallowances  made  for  any 
items,  the  men  in  the  field  will  reimburse  the  disbursing  clerk  for  the 
amounts  covering  items  disallowed.  Thus  it  frequently  happens  that 
after  an  account  is  paid  the  disbursing  clerk  will  call  upon  the  field 
man  to  refund  a  small  amount  which  has  been  suspended  or  disallowed 
by  the  accounting  officers  of  the  Treasury  Department  because  of  an 
error  discovered  by  them.  Sometimes  satisfactory  explanation  can  be 
made  by  the  man  in  the  field,  and  it  will  not  then  be  necessary  to 
refund  the  money,  but  if  he  can  not  give  such  explanation  he  should 
immediately  forward  the  money  to  the  disbursing  clerk;  otherwise,  it 
will  be  necessary  for  the  certifying  officer  to  pay  this  amount  out  of 
his  own  pocket. 


NEWELL.)  SAMPLES    OF    DISALLOWANCES.  59 

Disallowances  are  of  two  kinds;  those  made  by  the  disbursing  clerk 
before  the  account  is  paid  and  those  made  by  officers  of  the  Treasury 
Department  after  the  account  has  been  paid  by  the  disbursing"  clerk. 
In  the  first  case  the  deduction  is  made  by  the  disbursing  clerk  and  a 
check  is  sent  for  the  remainder  of  the  account.  In  the  second  case  the 
money  must  be  refunded  to  the  Treasury  Department  by  the  field  man 
through  the  disbursing  clerk.  A  careful  record  is  kept  of  these  mat- 
ters and  a  definite  system  is  followed. 

The  accounts  of  the  disbursing  clerks  or  agents  are  sent  to  the 
Treasury-  Department  and  are  there  examined  carefully  for  errors. 
These  examinations  may  not  be  made  for  several  weeks  or  months. 
Hence,  an  account  for  January,  which  may  be  paid  in  February,  will 
probably  not  be  heard  from  until  May  or  June.  At  that  time  the 
disbursing  clerk  will  receive  from  the  Treasury  Department  a 
letter  allowing  most  of  the  items  in  his  account,  but  suspending  or 
disallowing  certain  other  items.  An  example  of  these  suspensions  is 
given  in  the  following  paragraphs,  extracted  from  one  of  the  Auditor's 
letters  relating  to  accounts  for  December,  1902.  In  these  the  names 
of  the  persons  concerned  have  been  omitted. 

SAMPLES   OF   SUSPENSIONS   OR   DISALLOWANCES   MADE    BY   THE    AUDITOR 
IN   ACCOUNTS    OF    A    DISBURSING    CLERK. 

Vou.  40,  sub  voucher  12,  includes  charge  for  supper,  Novembers,  1902,  50  cents. 

Suspended,  as  supper  for  same  date  is  charged  per  voucher  20 $0.  50 

Vou.  41,  subvoucher  1,  W.  U.  Telegraph  Co.,  message  of  57  words  from  Raw- 

lins,  Wyo.,  to  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  75  cents.  Should  be  71  cents.  Suspended.  .  04 

Vou.  49,  subvoucher  7,  for  $3.00;  receipt  is  for  $1.50  only.  Suspended 1.50 

Vou.  85,  notary  fee,  50  cents.  Legal  rate  for  Idaho,  25  cents.  Suspended  ...  .25 
Vou.  103,  subvoucher  15  of  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.,  express,  $5.16.  Receipted  for 

$5.15.  Suspended 01 

Vou.  104,  subvoucher  2,  board  bill  at  Denver,  Colo.,  $2.50.  Suspended,  as 

travel  order  <1<  >es  not  authorize  stop-over  at  Denver 2. 50 

Vou.  119,  subvoucher  10,  —  — ,  services  as  cook  from  November  1  to  6, 

1902,  $9.     Suspended,  as  he  was  paid  for  month  of  November,  per  voucher 

189  of  this  account 9.  00 

Vou.  232,  subvoucher  15,  lunch  —  — ,  Dec.  10,  charged 

10  cts.     Suspended,  as  dinner  and  supper  for  same  date  are  also  charged  per 

subvouchers  16  and  17 10 

Vou.  56,  —  — ,  first  item,  50  Ibs.  flour,  at  1 J-  cts.  per  lb.,  $1.25;  should  be 

(53  ctn.  Suspended 62 

Vou,  68,  December  2, 1902,  sleeper,  Reno  to  San  Francisco,  $2.  Correct  charge, 

$1.50.  Suspended v 50 

Vou.  69,  —  — ,  Nov.  25,  1902,  railroad  fare,  Roseville  to  Sacramento 

and  return,  $1.10.  Disallowed,  travel  being  over  bond-aided  line 1. 10 

Vou.  156,  -  — ,  p.  1,  line  3,  two  fry  pans,  at  20  cts.,  80  cts.;  should  be 

40  cts.  Suspended .' 40 

Vou.  178,  —  — ,  subvoucher  6,  breakfast,  Dec.  8,  charged  19  cents. 

Suspended,  as  breakfast  for  same  date  is  also  charged  for  subvoucher  24, 

January  voucher  134 : 19 

Vou.  63,  January  6,  1903,  porter's  fee,  75  cts.;  should  be  25  cts.  Suspended. .  .  50 


60  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

In  some  of  the  cases  above  given  the  apparent  error  can  be  explained 
and  the  suspension  will  be  removed;  in  other  cases,  especially  those 
involving  a  slight  difference  in  car  fare,  it  is  preferable  to  remit  the 
few  cents,  and  let  the  amount  be  disallowed.  It  must  be  remembered 
that  some  one  refunds  this  money  to  the  Treasury — either  the  man  in 
the  field,  who,  presumably,  made  the  mistake,  or  the  certifying  officer. 


The  following  paragraphs  regarding  disallowances  and  suspensions 
are  taken  from  a  Treasury  Department  circular  dated  April  18,  1902, 
and  signed  by  R.  S.  Person,  Auditor  for  the  Interior  Department: 

Disbursing  officers,  disbursing  clerks,  and  disbursing  agents  of  the  Department  of 
the  Interior,  and  special  agents  employed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  charged 
with  the  disbursement  of  public  moneys  are  instructed  to  observe  strictly  the  fol- 
lowing regulations  in  making  explanations  to  statements  of  differences  made  in  the 
examination  and  settlement  of  their  accounts  in  the  Treasury  Department: 

DISALLOWANCES. 

Explanations  to  items  disallowed  by  the  Auditor  on  examination  and  settlement  of 
an  account  can  be  considered  only  by  the  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury  on  revision 
of  the  account.  Requests  for  revision  of  accounts  should  be  made  directly  to  the 
Comptroller  of  the  Treasury,  and  in  all  cases  within  one  year  from  the  date  of 
settlement. 

SUSPENSIONS. 

1.  All  explanations  of  items  suspended  by  the  Auditor  on  examination  and  settle- 
ment of  an  account  must  be  made  directly  to  the  Auditor  for  the  Interior  Department. 
(Treasury  Department  circular  87,  issued  by  the  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury  and 
approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  April  25,  1895. ) 

2.  Explanations  should  be  made  promptly.     They  should  reach  the  Auditor,  if 
possible,  not  later  than  thirty  days  from  date  of  settlement. 

3.  Different  accounts  must  be  explained  in  separate  communications,  so  that  the 
explanations  may  be  filed  with  the  certificate  of  settlement  in  which  final  action  is 
had. 

4.  Refer  to  accounts  by  period  covered,  and  Auditor's  certificate  number.     It  will 
facilitate  the  handling  of  your  explanation  if  you  will  begin  it  in  the  following 
manner: 

Herewith  are  submitted  explanations  to  items  suspended  in  my  account  as  — 
for  the  quarter  ended  —  — ,  190 — ,  stated  per  Auditor's  certificate  No. . 

Follow  this  with  the  explanation  to  each  item  separately  and  in  regular  order, 
referring  to  voucher  number,  and  giving  amount  claimed  under  each  item. 

5.  Explanations  should  answer  fully  and  specifically  all  questions  asked  by  the 
Auditor,  and  objections  raised  to  the  allowance  of  any  item.    All  the  items  suspended 
in  an  account  must  be  explained  at  the  same  time,  so  far  as  possible. 

6.  Items  to  which  you  desire  to  make  no  explanation  should  be  indicated  in  your 
communication  as  "conceded." 

7.  Where  explanations  are  not  received  within  a  period  of  six  months  from  date 
of  settlement,  and  no  satisfactory  reason  appears  for  the  delay,  it  will  be  assumed 
that  tne  disbursing  officer  has  no  sufficient  explanation  to  make,  and  the  item  will 
be  disallowed. 

The  attention  of  field  men  is  called  to  the  fact  that  the  Government 
spares  no  expense  to  correct  trivial  errors.  All  bills  are  rigidly 


NEWELL.]  MAIL,   EXPRESS,   AND    FREIGHT    CHARGES.  61 

checked,  and  if  errors  are  found  much  correspondence  is  required  to 
correct  them.  The  Government  may  incur  an  expense  of  ten  dollars, 
or  a  hundred  dollars,  in  clerical  services,  correspondence,  etc.,  to  cor- 
rect an  error  of  a  few  cents  in  a  voucher.  For  this  reason  it  is  extremely 
important  that  anyone  initiating  an  account  should  see  that  it  is  cor- 
rect in  the  first  instance.  Errors  may  not  be  detected  for  months  or 
even  years*  but  when  detected  the  men  in  the  field  are  called  upon  for 
explanation.  Thus  it  is  to  the  interest  of  all  concerned  to  use  every 
possible  precaution  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  taking  up  these  trivial 
matters  a  second  time. 

EXPRESS  CHARGES. 

Engineers  and  hydrographers  are  requested  to  give  especial  atten- 
tion to  matters  pertaining  to  shipment  of  material  by  express.  The 
experience  of  the  past  summer  has  shown  that  it  is  costing  the  Gov- 
ernment more  to  get  satisfactory  vouchers  than  the  expressage  itself 
amounts  to.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  regulations  are  very 
exacting  and  require  certain  information  which  it  is  extremely  difficult 
to  obtain  without  large  outlay  of  time  and  money  in  clerical  labor  and 
in  visiting  the  offices  of  express  companies. 

The  first  rule  to  be  observed  is  that  material  should  not  be  sent  by 
express  if  it  can  be  sent  by  mail  or  freight.  In  this  connection  the 
rule  regarding  the  use  of  the  official  frank,  contained  on  page  19  of 
the  Regulations,  should  be  noted.  Material  too  bulky  to  be  sent  by 
mail  should  be  sent  by  freight  if  time  permits.  On  this  point  the 
Regulations,  page  51,  section  68,  and  Instructions,  page  34,  section 
12,  should  be  consulted. 

Annoyance  arising  from  defective  vouchers  can  be  avoided  by  util- 
izing the  survey  bill  of  lading  (Form  9-060),  both  for  express  and  for 
freight.  The  principal  express  and  freight  companies  have  instructed 
their  agents  to  accept  this  form,  but  trouble  will  usually  be  found 
with  agents  at  out-of-the-way  stations.  Some  of  these  men  refuse  to 
accept  this  bill  of  lading,  and  occasional  instances  have  arisen  where 
agents  have  insisted  upon  cash  payments  in  addition  to  the  bill.  When 
the  survey  bill  of  lading  is  used  payment  should  not  be  made.  If  the 
agent  refuses  to  accept  the  bill  of  lading,  the  facts  should  be  briefly 
reported  to  this  office  by  telegram  and  instructions  should  be  asked 
if  the  place  is  near  a  telegraph  office.  If  it  is  not  near  a  telegraph  or 
post-office,  payment  should  be  made  under  protes.t,  and  the  facts 
should  be  stated  upon  the  voucher. 

When  express  matter  is  received  great  care  must  be  taken  to  have 
the  voucher  properly  filled  out.  This  is  a  comparatively  small  matter 
if  it  is  possible  to  visit  the  express  office  and  present  the  vouchers  in 
person,  but  where,  as  is  frequently  the  case,  the  vouchers  must  be  sent 


62  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

and  obtained  through  the  service  of  a  messenger,  a  teamster,  or  an 
uneducated  person,  care  must  be  exercised  in  writing  out  full  instruc- 
tions as  to  how  the  vouchers  should  be  filled.  The  rules  require  for 
the  ordinary  field  account  two  distinct  receipts,  one  of  these  being  in 
duplicate,  making  three  signatures  in  all.  These  signatures  must  be 
in  ink,  not  in  pencil,  nor  in  the  so-called  indelible  pencil  commonly 
used  by  express  messengers.  The  signature  must  be  clear  and  legible, 
and  not  merely  a  hasty  scrawl,  as  is  frequently  the  case. 

The  first  voucher  required  is  the  ordinary  slip  receipt  supplied  by 
the  express  company.  This  must  contain  all  of  the  facts  furnished 
by  the  company.  In  addition  to  this  ordinary  slip  receipt  it  is  neces- 
sary to  obtain  duplicate  subvouchers  on  the  usual  form.  These  sub- 
vouchers  must  state  distinctly  the  facts  called  for  in  the  regulations 
and  instructions,  and  also  certain  additional  facts  recently  required, 
particularly  the  rate  per  hundred.  Express  shipments  are  not  com- 
puted directly  on  the  weight  of  the  article,  fcut  upon  a  basis  of  so 
much  per  hundred  pounds  between  certain  points.  For  example,  if 
payment  on  a  7-pound  package  is  35  cents,  the  rate  is  not  5  cents  per 
pound,  but  some  undeterminable  rate  per  hundred,  which  can  be 
ascertained  only  from  the  express  company. 

The  principal  facts  required  to  be  stated  upon  an  express  sub- 
voucher  are  as  follows: 

Point  from  which  material  is  shipped. 

Point  to  which  material  is  shipped. 

Name  of  express  company  first  receiving  goods. 

Name  of  express  company  delivering  goods. 

General  statement  as  to  contents  of  package. 

Statement  as  to  value.  (This  should  not  exceed  $50,  even  though 
value  is  several  hundred  dollars.) 

Condition  in  which  received — whether  good  or  bad. 

Rate  per  hundredweight. 

It  has  recently  been  decided  that  when  express  is  paid  in  connec- 
tion with  traveling  expenses  it  is  not  necessary  to  secure  subvouchers 
on  the  Geological  Survey  form.  A  single  receipt  from  the  express 
company  giving  the  above  facts,  on  its  ordinary  form,  will  suffice. 
This  will  greatly  simplify  the  labor  and  expense  of  procuring  the  nec- 
essary vouchers,  and  it  is  hoped  that  this  rule  will  prove  operative  in 
the  future.. 

In  order  to  avoid  making  mistakes,  it  is  essential  that  the  men  in  the 
field  should  know  something  about  the  methods  of  express  companies. 
There  are  a  number  of  these  companies — Adams,  American,  Denver 
and  Rio  Grande,  Northern  Pacific,  Pacific,  Southern,  United  States, 
Wells-Fargo,  etc.  Most  of  these  have  adopted  a  uniform  method  of 
classification  and  uniform  tables  of  graduated  charges  per  hundred- 
weight (see  pp.  64, 65). 


NEWELL.T  EXPRESS    CHARGES.  63 

In  brief,  it  may  be  said  that  when  the  rate  per  hundredweight  is  less 
than  $2,  the  charge  increases  gradually  by  units  of  5  pounds,  but  not 
in  exact  proportion  to  the  weight.  For  example,  a  1-pound  package 
will  be  25  cents,  whatever  the  rate;  2  pounds  may  be  25  or  30  cents; 
3  pounds  from  25  to  40  cents;  5  pounds  will  run  from  30  to  55  cents, 
and  50  pounds  from  40  cents  to  $1.10. 

When  the  rate  is  above  $2  per  hundredweight  a  pound  rate  is  made 
for  50  pounds  and  over.  For  packages  under  50  pounds  in  weight  the 
graduated  charge  is  sometimes  greater  than  the  proportional  weight 
would  indicate. 

Two  packages  sent  by  the  same  person  to  the  same  destination  are 
not  charged  on  a  basis  of  their  united  weight,  but  are  each  charged 
separately,  if  under  20  pounds  each.  It  is  important  therefore,  for 
economy,  to  make  one  package  of  material  as  far  as  practicable. 

Graduated  charges,  as  above  described,  apply  to  matter  weighing 
less  than  100  pounds  when  the  rate  is  under  $2  per  hundred  pounds; 
also  to  matter  less  than  50  pounds  when  the  rate  is  $2  or  more  per 
hundred  pounds.  For  example,  between  points  where  the  rate  per 
hundred  pounds  is  $1.50,  a  box  weighing  63  pounds  must  be  charged 
at  the  graduated  rate  under  the  heading  "$1.50,"  or  at  $1.25.  Pack- 
ages exceeding  7  pounds,  carried  by  more  than  one  company,  have  a 
graduated  charge  for  each  company. 

When  the  rate  per  hundred  pounds  is  $2  or  more  the  pound  rate  is 
charged  for  50  pounds  or  over.  The  charge  for  less  than  50  pounds 
is  made  by  the  graduated  scale  and  must  not  exceed  the  charge  for 
50  pounds. 

When  the  through  charge  can  not  be  accuratel}7  ascertained,  the 
charge  to  the  transfer  point  only  should  be  obtained  and  the  consignee 
notified  of  this  fact. 

In  making  out  vouchers,  if  the  rate  per  hundred  pounds  can  not  be 
ascertained  from  the  express  company,  it  should  be  computed  from 
the  accompanying  table,  and  the  error,  if  any,  should  appear  to  be  in 
favor  of  the  Government,  for  the  reason  that  errors  which  appear  to 
favor  the  Government  are  not  corrected  by  the  accounting  officers, 
while  errors  resulting  in  an  apparent  overcharge  to  the  Government, 
however  trivial,  are  sought  out,  and  if  discovered  refund  is  demanded. 

The  express  business  is  comparatively  simple  when  it  is  handled  by 
a  single  company,  but  difficulties  arise  when  express  matter  is  sent 
over  two  or  more  lines.  The  attempt  is  made  by  l^ie  company  receiv- 
ing the  matter  to  send  it  as  far  as  possible  over  its  own  line,  and  it 
may  thus  be  sent  by  a  route  which  is  not  the  quickest  or  the  cheapest. 
Care  should  therefore  be  taken  to  see  that,  whenever  practicable, 
express  matter  is  sent  by  a  route  involving  the  least  possible  charge, 
as  the  officials  of  the  Treasury  Department  will  suspend  express  bills 
on  packages  that  are  not  sent  by  the  cheapest  route. 


64 


FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE 


[NO. 


Q5  .a 

s  I 

i  * 

-  § 


eig 
low 


jor  packa 
ts  is  not  giv 


"8 


t^OO 


OjOO.OO.gO.OO 


t  t 
e, 
. 
g 


be 
W 


NEWELL.] 


TABLE    OF    EXPRESS    CHARGES. 


65 


^ 
I 


I 


lOiOOiOiOOOiOOOOOOOO 
CO^COL'^Ci'^GOt^'^DvO-^COC^*—  IO 


CO  •*  »O  t~  O5  Vj  l^  O  -*  (>)  i-H  OS  OD  CO  >O 
,Q-    -    -    - 
^CO^^OJOO.00,00,00 


OiCiCOOOO 

COCO^^OGOi—  liO 


iCiCOO 


O^r-t 


CO  CO  •*  CO  GO  8  CO  I-  O  iO  O  lO  O  ,O  m 

^3  5"  3  -3 

i-KMCOTf<vOI.^OiOOiOOiOO>OO 


-~l 


CO  CO  ^J1  O  C/j  O  C1!  lO  l^-  O  iO  t^  Cl  »O  iO 

.O;  3   ;   ; 

r-IIMCO-^<iOt^OiOO>OOiOOiOO 


M 


isassgpss 

!3§c3§833S§ 


IKR  93—04- 


66  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

All  express  matter  sent  from  Washington  is  prepaid,  and  all  express 
matter  sent  to  Washington  should  be  sent  "collect,"  so  that  diffi- 
culties concerning  shipments  to  and  from  this  point  are  avoided.  The 
chief  annoyances  relate  to  express  packages  sent  from  one  party  in  the 
field  to  another.  When  express  matter  is  shipped  a  receipt  should  be 
taken  and  forwarded  at  once  by  mail  to  the  person  to  whom  the  pack- 
age is  directed.  The  principal  facts  as  to  the  route  and  charges  should 
be  learned,  and  the  consignee  should  be  notified  of  these  so  that  he 
will  have  no  difficulty  in  making  out  his  accounts. 

An  extra  charge  is  made  for  the  shipment  of  merchandise  that  is 
valued  on  a  bill  of  lading  at  more  than  $50.  As  a  rule,  most  of  the 
packages  of  instruments,  maps,  etc.,  exceed  this  in  value,  but  accord- 
ing to  the  instructions  it  is  not  allowable  to  pay  excess  express  charges, 
and  therefore  the  valuation  should  be  given  as  "not  exceeding  $50." 

PRINTING. 

The  Assistant  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury,  on  October  21,  1903, 
decided  that  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  authorized  under  section 
10  of  the  act  of  June  17,  1902  (32  Stat.,  390),  known  as  the  reclama- 
tion act,  to  make  rules  and  regulations  to  govern  the  manner  in  which 
the  printing  necessary  to  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act 
shall  be  done,  subject  to  the  limitations  of  the  act  of  January  12,  1895, 
and  that  if  he  should  prescribe  by  rule  and  regulation  that  an  officer 
doing  field  work  should  procure  for  his  use  the  printing  of  notices  and 
specifications  outside  of  the  Government  Printing  Office,  as  the  exi- 
gencies of  the  service  required  them,  the  printing  so  done  would  not 
come  within  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  January  12,  1895,  as  applied 
to  printing  done  for  an  Executive  Department.  If  printing  for  such 
purpose  can  be  held  to  be  for  an  Executive  Department  within  the 
meaning  of  the  act  of  January  12,  1895,  such  action  of  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  would  place  it  in  the  class  orf  printing  "otherwise  pro- 
vided for  by  law."  (4  Comp.,  274.)  The  decision  concludes: 

I  am  of  the  opinion,  therefore,  that  you  are  authorized  to  prescribe  by  rule  and 
regulation  the  manner  in  which  the  printing  described  in  your  communication  shall 
be  procured,  and  that  the  printing  so  provided  for  can  be  paid  for  out  of  the  "recla- 
mation fund." 

The  usual  or  routine  printing  for  the  reclamation  service  is  done  at 
Washington  on  requisition  through  Departmental  channels.  When  it 
is  apparent  that  on  account  of  an  exigency  printing  should  be  done  in 
the  field,  a  request  must  be  made  to  the  chief  engineer  for  suitable 
authority  to  be  had  for  the  general  or  specific  purpose.  Requests  for 
such  authority  should  state  clearly  the  character  of  the  printing, 
number  of  copies,  character  and  extent  of  the  work,  and  the  estimated 
cost.  No  printing  should  be  undertaken  until  such  authorization  is 
obtained. 


NEWELL.]  BIDS    AND    CONTRACTS.  67 

LAWS  COVERING  PURCHASES. 

As  work  progresses  from  preliminary  reconnaissances  to  detailed 
surveys  and  examinations,  a  larger  and  larger  number  of  articles  must 
be  purchased  and  a  greater  variety  of  machinery  and  appliances 
obtained,  such  as  diamond  drills  and  other  tools  of  various  kinds. 
The  regulations  and  instructions  of  the  Geological  Survey  and  the 
customs  growing  out  of  a  quarter  of  a  century  of  field  work  govern 
the  usual  expenditures  for  surveys  and  examinations,  but  the  addi- 
tional duties  of  the  reclamation  service  pass  somewhat  beyond  the 
precedents  established,  and  for  this  reason  especial  attention  must  be 
paid  to  the  laws  governing  purchases  in  general  and  care  must  be 
taken  to  observe  all  such  laws. 

The  following  quotations  from  the  Revised  Statutes  contain  some  of 
the  most  important  provisions  of  law  regarding  purchases: 

SEC.  3709.  All  purchases  and  contracts  for  supplies  or  services  in  any  of  the 
departments  of  the  Government,  except  for  personal  services,  shall  be  made  by 
advertising  a  sufficient  time  previously  for  proposals  respecting  the  same  when  the 
public  exigencies  do  not  require  the  immediate  delivery  of  the  articles  or  perform- 
ance of  the  service.  When  immediate  delivery  or  performance  is  required  by  the 
public  exigency  the  articles  or  service  required  may  be  procured  by  open  purchase 
or  contract  at  the  places  and  in  the  manner  in  which  such  articles  are  usually  bought 
and  sold,  or  such  services  engaged,  between  individuals. 

SEC.  3710.  Whenever  proposals  for  supplies  have  been  solicited  the  parties 
responding  to  such  solicitation  shall  be  duly  notified  of  the  time  and  place  of  opening 
the  bids  and  be  permitted  to  be  present  either  in  person  or  by  attorney,  and  a  record 
of  each  bid  shall  then  and  there  be  made. 

SEC.  3737.  No  contract  or  order  or  any  interest  therein  shall  be  transferred  by  the 
party  to  whom  such  contract  or  order  is  given  to  any  other  party,  and  any  such 
transfer  shall  cause  the  annulment  of  the  contract  or  order  transferred  so  far  as  the 
United  States  are  concerned.  All  rights  of  action,  however,  for  any  breach  of  such 
contract  by  the  contracting  parties  are  reserved  to  the  United  States. 

SEC.  3739.  No  Member  of  or  Delegate  to  Congress  shall  directly  or  indirectly, 
himself  or  by  any  other  person  in  trust  for  him,  or  for  his  use  or  benefit,  or  on  his 
account,  undertake,  execute,  hold,  or  enjoy,  in  whole  or  in  part,  any  contract  or 
agreement  made  or  entered  into  in  behalf  of  the  United  States  by  any  officer  or 
person  authorized  to  make  contracts  on  behalf  of  the  United  States.  Every  person 
who  violates  this  section  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  shall  be  fined 
three  thousand  dollars.  All  contracts  or  agreements  made  in  violation  of  this  section 
shall  be  void;  and  whenever  any  sum  of  money  is  advanced  on  the  part  of  the 
United  States  in  consideration  of  any  such  contract  or  agreement,  it  shall  be  forth- 
with repaid;  and  in  case  of  refusal  or  delay  to  repay  the  same,  when  demanded,  by 
the  proper  officer  of  the  Department  under  whose  authority  such  contract  or  agree- 
ment shall  have  been  made  or  entered  into,  every  person  SQ  refusing  or  delaying, 
together  with  his  surety  or  sureties,  shall  be  forthwith  prosecuted  at  law  for  the 
recovery  of  any  such  sum  of  money  so  advanced. 

•  SEC.  3740.  Nothing  contained  in  the  preceding  section  shall  extend,  or  be  construed 
to  extend,  to  any  contract  or  agreement  made  or  entered  into  or  accepted  by  any 
incorporated  company,  where  such  contract  or  agreement  is  made  for  the  general 
benefit  of  such  incorporation  or  company,  nor  to  the  purchase  or  sale  of  bills  of 
exchange  or  other  property  by  any  Member  of  (or  Delegate  to)  Congress  where  the 


68  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

same  are  ready  for  delivery  and  payment  therefor  is  made  at  the  time  of  making  or 
entering  into  the  contract  or  agreement. 

SEC.  3741.  In  every  such  contract  or  agreement  to  be  made  or  entered  into,  or 
accepted  by  or  on  behalf  of  the  United  States,  there  shall  be  inserted  an  express  con- 
dition that  no  Member  of  (or  Delegate  to)  Congress  shall  be  admitted  to  any  share 
or  part  of  such  contract  or  agreement  or  to  any  benefit  to  arise  thereupon. 

SEC.  3742.  Every  officer  who,  on  behalf  of  the  United  States,  directly  or  indirectly 
makes  or  enters  into  any  contract,  bargain,  or  agreement  in  writing  or  otherwise, 
other  than  such  as  are  hereinbefore  excepted,  with  any  Member  of  (or  Delegate  to) 
Congress,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  shall  be  fined  three  thou- 
sand dollars. 

SEC.  3743.  All  contracts  to  be  made,  by  virtue  of  any  law,  and  requiring  the 
advance  of  money,  or  in  any  manner  connected  with  the  settlement  of  public  accounts, 
shall  be  deposited  promptly  in  the  offices  of  the  auditors  of  the  Treasury  according 
to  the  nature  of  the  contracts:  Provided,  That  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  the 
existing  laws  in  regard  to  the  contingent  funds  of  Congress  (as  amended  July  31, 
1894). 

SEC.  3744.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  and  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  cause  and  require  every  contract  made 
by  them  severally  on  behalf  of  the  Government,  or  by  their  officers  under  them 
appointed  to  make  such  contracts,  to  be  reduced  to  writing  and  signed  by  the  con- 
tracting parties,  with  their  names  at  the  end  thereof,  a  copy  of  which  shall  be  filed 
by  the  officer  making  and  signing  the  contract  in  the  returns  office  of  the  Department 
of  the  Interior  as  soon  after  the  contract  is  made  as  possible  and  within  thirty-six 
days,  together  with  all  bids,  offers,  and  proposals  to  him  made  by  persons  to  obtain 
the  same,  and  with  a  copy  of  any  advertisement  he  may  have  published  inviting 
bids,  offers,  or  proposals  for  the  same.  All  the  copies  and  papers  in  relation  to  each 
contract  shall  be  attached  together  by  a  ribbon  and  seal  and  marked  by  numbers  in 
regular  order,  according  to  the  number  of  papers  composing  the  whole  return. 

SEC.  3745.  It  shall  be  the  further  duty  of  the  officer,  before  making  his  return 
according  to  the  preceding  section,  to  affix  to  the  same  his  affidavit,  in  the  following 
form,  sworn  to  before  some  magistrate  having  authority  to  administer  oaths:  "I  do 
solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  the  copy  of  contract  hereto  annexed  is  an  exact  copy 
of  a  contract  made  by  me  personally  with  —  — ;  that  I  made  the  same  fairly,  with- 
out any  benefit  or  advantage  to  myself,  or  allowing  any  such  benefit  or  advantage 

corruptly  to  the  said ,  or  any  other  person;  and  that  the  papers  accompanying 

include  all  those  relating  to  the  said  contract,  as  required  by  the  statute  in  such  case 
made  and  provided." 

SEC.  3746.  Every  officer  who  makes  any  contract,  and  fails  or  neglects  to  make 
return  of  the  same,  according  to  the  provisions  of  the  two  preceding  sections,  unless 
from  unavoidable  accident  or  causes  not  within  his  control,  shall  be  deemed  guilty 
of  a  misdemeanor,  and  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars  nor  more 
than  five  hundred,  and  imprisoned  not  more  than  six  months. 

SEC.  3747.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  and  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  furnish  every  officer  appointed  by 
them  wTith  authority  to  make  contracts  on  behalf  of  the  Government  with  a  printed 
letter  of  instructions,  setting  forth  the  duties  of  such  officer,  under  the  two  preceding 
sections,  and  also  to  furnish  therewith  forms,  printed  in  blank,  of  contracts  to  be 
made,  and  the  affidavit  of  returns  required  to  be  affixed  thereto,  so  that  all  the 
instruments  may  be  as  nearly  uniform  as  possible. 


NEWELL.]  EXIGENCIES    OF    FIELD    WOEK.  69 

PURCHASES  IN   OPEN   MARKET. 

The  most  important  feature  as  regards  the  current  operations  of  the 
reclamation  service  is  that  contained  in  section  3709  (given  on  p.  67), 
to  the  effect  that  when  immediate  delivery  or  performance  is  required 
by  the  public  exigency,  the  articles  or  services  required  may  be  secured 
by  open  purchase  or  contract  at  the  place  and  in  the  manner  in  which 
such  articles  are  usually  bought  and  sold  or  services  engaged  between 
individuals. 

As  a  rule,  at  present  the  operations  of  the  reclamation  service  are 
what  may  properly  be  termed  a  series  of  exigencies,  as  distinguished 
between  the  ordinary  routine  of  Departmental  practice.  The  law  evi- 
dently contemplates  the  purchase  of  supplies  and  material  for  well- 
established  bureaus  which  are  carrying  on  year  after  year  operations 
which  have  been  defined  by  law  or  by  custom  and  are  of  such  character 
that  it  is  possible  to  anticipate  months  in  advance  what  material  may 
be  needed. 

The  work  of  the  reclamation  service  is,  and  must  be  for  several 
years,  largely  devoid  of  routine  features;  the  requirements  are  novel 
and  future  conditions  unknown.  The  work  leading  up  to  the  building 
of  large  irrigation  works  is  a  chain  of  events,  one  linked  with  the  other 
in  such  a  w&y  that  it  must  be  finished  before  the  next  can  be  touched. 
It  is  impossible  to  look  far  into  the  future,  and  the  completion  of 
one  detail  reveals  entirely  unanticipated  conditions  in  the  next.  If. 
it  were  required  for  each  step  of  the  proceeding  that  the  material 
needed  must  be  obtained  by  advertisement  and  competitive  bidding, 
months  would  be  required  to  perform  some  of  the  operations  which, 
under  ordinary  business  practice,  can  be  accomplished  in  a  few  days 
or  weeks.  It  is  obvious  that  the  letter  and  spirit  of  the  law  do  not 
compel  any  dilatory  practice. 

Under  the  existing  regulations  and  customs  of  the  Geological  Sur- 
vey, which  govern  also  the  reclamation  service,  necessary  supplies 
and  material  may  be  purchased  in  the  field.  In  the  conduct  of  surveys 
and  examinations  in  unsettled  regions,  where  exigencies  are  continually 
arising,  such  procedure  is  essential,  but  as  the  work  advances  to  the 
stage  of  construction  and  large  purchases  must  be  made,  these  should 
be  fully  and  carefully  guarded. 

A  somewhat  arbitrary  line  must  be  drawn  between  preliminary  sur- 
veys and  examinations  and  work  that  partakes  of  the  nature  of  con- 
struction. In  all  expenditures  for  such  surveys  ana  examinations,  the 
general  authority  granted  in  advance  and  the  approval  of  plans  conveys 
authority  for  making  purchase  of  animals,  tents,  instruments,  cooking 
utensils,  and  other  material  which  can  not  be  obtained  upon  requisition. 

As  soon  as  the  examinations  have  proceeded  to  a  point  where  recom- 
mendations can  be  made  for  preliminary  or  final  construction,  the 


70  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

results  are  presented  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  with  recom- 
mendations. His  approval  contains  or  carries  with  it  specific  or  gen- 
eral authority  for  making  such  other  purchases  as  may  be  necessary, 
the  articles  to  be  obtained  either  by  advertisement  or  purchased  in 
open  market,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  material  and  the  exigen- 
cies existing. 

The  district  or  local  engineer,  in  making  his  plans  for  field  work  or 
for  construction,  should  anticipate  as  far  as  possible  not  only  the  num- 
ber of  men  that  it  may  be  necessary  to  procure  through  civil-service 
rules,  but  also  the  character  and  amount  of  purchases  to  be  made. 
The  plans  comprising  these  and  all  other  items  should  be  prepared  and 
submitted  so  far  in  advance  of  the  need  that  they  can  be  approved  in 
ample  time  to  enable  advertisement  to  be  made  for  material,  which 
should  be  procured  through  competitive  bids;  or  authority  should  be 
had  covering  the  purchases  that  must  be  made  in  open  market. 

Even  with  the  exercise  of  all  reasonable  foresight  contingencies 
will  arise  where  articles  must  be  had  without  waiting  to  obtain  author- 
ity, and  it  is  expected  that  these  articles  will  be  purchased  in  open 
market  and  that  the  exigency  will  be  plainly  stated. 

Responsible  officers  in  the  field  must  bear  in  mind  the  conditions 
existing  and  must  guard  on  the  one  hand  against  the  appearance  of 
reckless  or  thoughtless  expenditure  and  on  the  other  against  dela}Ts 
consequent  upon  requests  made  for  authority  in  minor  or  unimportant 
matters.  Work  should  be  pushed  forward  rapidly  and  economically  and 
at  the  same  time  every  effort  should  be  made  to  comply  with  the  letter 
and  spirit  of  the  law  regarding  purchases  made  by  the  Government. 

Purchases  may  be  made  in  open  market  without  advertising  at  the 
places  where  such  articles  as  may  be  wanted  are  usually  bought  and 
sold,  and  in  the  mode  in  which  such  purchases  are  ordinarily  made. 
All  purchases  of  subsistence  supplies  must  be  limited  to  articles  com- 
prising the  established  survey  ration. 

In  unusual  t>pen -market  purchases  by  an  agent  of  the  reclamation 
service  involving  any  considerable  expenditure  of  money,  informal 
proposals  should  be  invited  from  the  principal  dealers  in  the  articles 
needed  who  may  be  within  his  reach.  All  such  proposals  must  be  for- 
warded to  the  chief  engineer  as  evidence  that  the  prices  paid  were  the 
lowest  and  the  terms  and  conditions  the  most  favorable  that  could  be 
obtained. 

Specific  authority  from  the  chief  engineer  must  be  obtained  for  pur- 
chases of  an  unusual  character  before  purchase  is  made,  except  in 
cases  of  special  exigency,  when  the  absolute  necessities  of  the  service 
will  not  permit  the  delay  incident  to  obtaining  such  authority.  In 
such  cases  purchases  may  be  made  before  authority  is  obtained,  but 
only  to  the  extent  of  relieving  the  immediate  necessity. 


NEWELL.]  OPEN-MARKET    PURCHASES.  71 

District  engineers  are  not  the  sole  judges  of  the  exigency  spoken  of 
in  the  preceding  section;  a  full  report  of  the  facts  attending  purchases 
made  without  authority,  accompanied  by  an  itemized  list  showing 
articles  purchased  and  prices  paid,  must  be  immediately  submitted  for 
the  consideration  of  the  chief  engineer.  With  proper  care  and  fore- 
sight such  exigencies  will  seldom  arise.  Engineers  making  such  pur- 
chases without  previous  authority  do  so  at  their  own  risk.  If  such 
purchases  do  not  meet  with  approval  the  person  making  them  will  be 
compelled  to  pay  for  the  articles  out  of  his  own  private  funds. 

In  submitting  requests  for  authority  to  purchase,  engineers  must 
state  explicitly  whether  or  not  the  prices  quoted  include  the  cost  of 
transporting  the  articles  required  to  the  place  where  they  are  required. 
If  not,  the  estimated  cost  of  such  transportation  must  be  stated. 

Requests  for  authority  to  make  purchases  or  for  other  purposes 
should,  in  all  possible  cases,  be  made  by  letter  and  not  by  telegram. 

Engineers  and  bonded  officers  are  reminded  that  the  law  does  not 
regard  open- market  purchases  with  favor,  but  permits  such  purchases 
to  be  made  only  because  of  conditions  and  emergencies  which  inevi- 
tably arise  in  the  service  and  which  can  not  be  foreseen. 

A  requisition  for  authority  to  make  purchases  in  open  market  should, 
regardless  of  the  aggregate  cost,  cover  all  the  actual  requirements  of 
the  service  for  the  ensuing  season  or  year  as  far  as  it  may  be  practi- 
cable for  intelligent  business  foresight  to  anticipate  them. 

RULES  GOVERNING  CONTRACTS. 

The  following  rules,  somewhat  modified  from  those  in  use  by  other 
bureaus  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  are  presented  for  the 
information  and  guidance  of  the  officers  of  the  reclamation  service. 
After  full  consideration  and  test  of  their  applicability  they  will  be 
presented  to  the  Secretary  for  his  final  approval. 

1.  All  contracts  for  supplies  or  services  shall  be  made  only  after 
due  public  advertising  for  proposals,  except  in  the  case  of: 

(a)  Personal  services. 

(&)  Supplies  not  exceeding  $1,000  in  value  at  any  one  time. 

(c)  Goods  and  supplies  to  be  purchased  in  open  market. 

(d)  Funds  allotted  for  construction  of  ditches  and  other  works  for 
irrigating,  which  may  be  expended  in  open  market,   under  general 
authority  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  v 

(e)  Purchases  from  Indians. 

(f)  Exigency,   when,   in   the  discretion   of   the   Secretary   of   the 
Interior,  he  may  direct  that  purchases  may  be  made  in  open  market. 

2.  Advertisements  forbids  or  proposals  for  construction  or  supplies 


72  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

shall  be  published  either  in  one  or  more  papers  of  the  largest  circula- 
tion in  the  localities  most  favorable  for  securing  the  services  or  pur- 
chasing the  articles  required,  or  such  advertisement  may  be  by  sending 
out  circular  letters  and  by  a  public  posting  of  such  circular  letter  in 
the  same  localities.  Authority  for  advertising  in  either  form  must  be 
obtained  through  the  chief  engineer. 

3.  Information  in  detail  in  regard  to  supplies  or  construction  for 
which  proposals  have  been  invited  should  be  furnished  to  all  persons 
desiring  it  who  may  make  application  to  the  source  designated  in  the 
advertisement. 

4.  Proposals  should  be  made  in  strict  accordance  with  the  terms  of 
the  advertisement  or  circular  of  instructions. 

5.  Proposals  for  supplies  should  be  so  framed  that  each  article  or 
item  may  be  considered  separately. 

6.  Specifications  need  not  be  incorporated  in  the  body  of  the  pro- 
posal; their  attachment  to  the  proposal  and  the  declaration  that  they 
form  a  part  of  it  will  be  sufficient. 

7.  Each  bid  must  contain  the  names  of  all  parties  to  it  or  that  may 
be  interested  in  it,  and  must  be  signed  by  the  bidder  submitting  the 
same  with  his  usual  signature  in  full 

8.  Bidders  must  designate  their  places  of  business  and  post-office 
addresses. 

.  9.   A  copy  of   the  advertisement   inviting   the    proposal   must   be 
attached  to  each  bid. 

10.  Proposals  must  be  inclosed  in  envelopes,  sealed  and  indorsed, 
and  addressed  as  required  b}T  the  advertisement,  and  must  be  received 
by  the  officer  to  whom  they  are  addressed  before  the  time  appointed 
for  the  opening. 

11.  All  proposals  received  prior  to  the  advertised  time  of  opening 
must  be  securely  kept  by  the  officer  to  whom  addressed,  and  must  not 
be  opened  nor  read  until  the  time  appointed. 

12.  Bids  shall  be  opened  and  read  aloud  at  the  time  and  place  desig- 
nated, in  the  presence  of  bidders  and  others  who  may  wish  to  attend, 
and  the  contracts  shall  be  awarded  to  the  lowest  responsible  bidder  if 
such  award  shall  appear  to  be  for  the  best  interests  of  the  service;  but 
no  work  shall  be  performed  in  pursuance  of  such  award,  nor  shall  any 
supplies  be  received  under  it,  until  after  the  contract  shall  have  been 
approved   by  the  chief  engineer  and  then  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior. 

13.  The  contracting  officer  is  at  liberty  to  reject  a  bid  from  any 
person  who  has  in  any  respect  defaulted  in  any  previous  bid  or  contract. 

14.  Any  or  all  bids,  or  any  part  of  any  bid,  may  be  rejected  if  such 
rejection  is  deemed  best  for  the  interests  of  the  Government. 

15.  Where  samples  accompany  the  bids,  and  because  of  the  superi- 


.  NEWELL.]  RULES    GOVERNING    CONTRACTS.  73 

ority  of  the  samples,  or  for  other  good  cause,  the  contract  is  awarded 
to  a  bidder  not  the  lowest,  the  reason  for  such  award  must  be  fully 
and  clearly  stated. 

16.  Whenever  bids  for  any  article  contain  conditions  detrimental  to 
the  Government,  they  may  be  rejected,  and  the  articles  specified  in 
such  bids  may  be  purchased  in  open  market,  -at  prices  not  to  exceed 
those  of  the  lowest  bidder  and  not  to  exceed  the  market  price  of  the 
articles,  until  such  time  as  satisfactory  bids  can  be  obtained,  for  which 
immediate  advertisement  shall  be  made.     Authority  for  such  open- 
market  purchase  should  be  asked  for,  if  desired,  when  all  the  bids  are 
recommended  for  rejection. 

17.  Bids  for  goods  to  be  furnished  or  work  to  be  performed  must 
be  accompanied  by  a  certified  check  or  draft  for  5  per  cent  of  the 
amount  of  the  bid,  payable  to  the  order  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

18.  In  case  a  bidder  to  whom  a  contract  is  awarded  fails  to  execute 
a  written  contract,  the  amount  deposited  by  him  shall  be  forfeited  and 
paid  into  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States. 

19.  After  a  contract  is  duly  executed  the  amount  deposited  by  the 
bidder  will  be  returned  to  him. 

20.  Bidders  for  goods  and  supplies  will  be  required  to  furnish  sam- 
ples of  the  articles  bid  for  in  all  cases,  except  such  as  lumber,  building 
material,  machines,  engines,  and  like  bulky  articles,  in  which  case,  the 
kind,  size,  capacity,  and  quality  proposed  to  be  furnished  must  be  fully 
stated,  the  Department  reserving  the  right  to  call  for  samples  if  that 
course  shall  be  deemed  to  be  for  the  best  interests  of  the  service. 

21.  When  samples  are  required,  they  should  be  delivered  at  the 
place  and  before  the  time  of  opening  bids,  so  marked  that  they  may 
be  identified  at  any  time. 

22.  Samples  must  not  be  opened  until  after  all  bids  have  been  pub- 
licly read. 

23.  As  soon  as  practicable  after  the  reading  of  the  bids  the  samples 
offered  should  be  examined  and  passed  upon  either  by  the  contracting 
officer  himself  or  by  some  competent,  disinterested  person  or  persons 
to  be  selected  by  him. 

2i.  In  making  awards  under  bids  or  proposals  for  furnishing  goods 
and  supplies  the  right  will  be  reserved  to  increase  or  diminish  to  any 
extent  the  quantity  of  any  of  the  articles  specified  in  any  bid,  and  the 
further  right  to  increase  or  decrease  the  quantities  specified  in  any 
contract  to  an  extent  to  be  specified  in  the  contrac^.  Parties  desiring 
to  limit  the  quantity  of  any  article  or  material  offered  must  state  in 
their  bids  the  quantity  proposed  to  be  furnished,  which  should  be 
followed  by  the  word  "only,"  and  the  right  will  be  reserved  to  accept 
any  part  thereof,  not  exceeding  the  amount  designated. 

25.  As  soon  as  practicable  after  proposals  shall  have  been  opened 


74  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

and  read  an  abstract  of  them  shall  be  made,  upon  which  shall  be 
entered  every  proposal  received,  the  entry  to  comprise  the  names  of 
the  bidders,  the  items  covered  by  the  bids,  and  the  prices  at  which  it 
is  proposed  to  supply  the  material  or  labor  specified.  The  accepted 
bid,  with  the  quantity  and  price  of  the  materials  or  labor  to  be  fur- 
nished thereunder,  shall  also  be  noted  on  the  abstract. 

26.  An  abstract  of  the  proposals  must  accompany  the  draft  of  the 
contract,  and  this  should  be  sent  to  the  chief  engineer  with  all  other 
papers  including  the  envelopes  in  which  the  bids  were  received,  prop- 
erly marked  for  identification. 

27.  When  bids  are  opened,  and  it  is  contemplated  to   enter  into 
formal  written  contract,  with  bonds,  the  abstracts  of  the  bids,  except 
in  cases  of  emergency  contracts,  will  be  forwarded  to  the  office  of  the 
chief  engineer  with  recommendation  for  action  in  regard  to  accepting 
or  rejecting  the   bid  or  bids  received,  and   no  such   bid  should  be 
accepted  or  rejected  by  the  officer  in  charge  of  work  in  advance  of 
approval  by  the  chief  engineer. 

28.  In  case  a  contract  is  made  by  an  agent  or  officer  of  the  reclama- 
tion service  the  abstract  of  proposals  must  be  duty  certified  to  by  such 
agent  and  forwarded  to  the  office  of  the  chief  engineer,  with  the  orig- 
inal of  the  contract  and  all  the  papers  relating  to  the  bids. 

29.  All  contracts  made  by  officers  of   the  reclamation  service  or 
agents  in  charge  of  works,  as  well  as  all  papers  connected  with  con- 
tracts, will  be  prepared  in  accordance  with  the  printed  forms  pre- 
scribed by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior;  and  these  forms  and  other 
printed  forms  to  be  used  will  be  furnished  from  the  office  of  the  chief 
engineer  when  required. 

ADVERTISING. 

When  it  is  intended  to  have  any  work  performed,  or  purchase  made, 
by  contract,  the  specifications,  except  in  case  of  an  exigency  contract, 
must  be  previously  submitted,  through  the  chief  engineer,  to  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Interior  for  his  approval. 

In  advertising  for  proposals  for  contract  work  to  be  done  under  the 
direction  of  the  chief  engineer,  officers  and  agents  of  the  reclamation 
service  will  state  in  the  specifications  what  proportion  of  the  total 
consideration  of  the  contract  will  determine  the  amount  of  the  bond 
to  be  required  of  the  contractor.  The  Department  usually  requires  a 
bond  of  50  per  cent  of  the  contract  price- 

The  law  governing  advertising  is  specific,  and  should  be  carefully 
observed.  The  following  paragraphs  give  the  principal  features  of 
the  law  and  the  current  practice  of  the  Department: 

No  advertisement,  notice,  or  proposal  for  any  Executive  Department  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, or  for  any  Bureau  thereof,  or  for  any  office  therewith  connected,  shall  be 


NEWELL.]  KULES    GOVERNING    CONTRACTS.  75 

published  in  any  newspaper  whatever,  except  in  pursuance  of  a  written  authority 
for  such  publication  from  the  head  of  such  Department?  and  no  bill  for  any  such 
advertising,  or  publication,  shall  be  paid,  unless  there  be  presented  with  such  bill 
a  copy  of  such  written  authority.  (Section  3828,  Revised  Statutes,  United  States.) 

That  hereafter  all  advertisements,  notices,  proposals  for  contracts,  and  all  forms  of 
advertising  required  by  law  for  the  several  Departments  of  the  Government,  may  be 
paid  for  at  a  price  not  to  exceed  the  commercial  rate  charged  to  private  individuals, 
with  the  usual* disco unts;  such  rates  to  be  ascertained  from  the  sworn  statements  to 
be  furnished  by  the  proprietors  or  publishers  of  the  newspapers  proposing  so  to 
advertise.  (Act  June  20,  1878.) 

Blanks  upon  which  to  render  the  sworn  statements  required  by  the 
above  law  are  furnished  by  the  Departments  upon  application. 

Newspapers  publishing  advertisements  pertaining  to  the  Executive 
Departments  are  required  to  forward  to  the  Department  from  which 
the  advertisements  emanate  a  sworn  statement  of  the  commercial  rates 
charged  by  them  to  private  individuals,  with  their  usual  discounts. 
Changes  in  advertising  rates  take  effect  from  the  date  upon  which  the 
sworn  statement  thereof  is  received  at  the  Department,  unless  a  sub- 
sequent date  is  fixed  therein  by  the  publishers.  These  statements 
will  give  the  size  of  type  used  in  the  advertisements  and  the  line  rate 
for  the  first  and  subsequent  insertions. 

The  Departments  insist  upon  the  line  rates,  as  they  furnish  fewer 
opportunities  for  mistakes  and  misunderstandings  in  the  settlement  of 
bills  than  do  rates  based  upon  the  square,  inch,  or  folio.  If  the  com- 
mercial rates  of  a  paper  are  by  the  square,  inch,  or  folio,  the  Govern- 
ment line  rate  should  be  relatively  the  same,  or  less,  because,  under 
the  law,  rates  in  excess  of  the  commercial  rates  charged  to  private 
individuals  can  not  be  allowed  by  the  Government. 

The  sworn  statement  of  rates  must  be  accompanied  by  a  copy  of  the 
printed  card  rates  charged  to  private  individuals. 

"Special,"  "local,"  or  "  reading"  rates  can  not  be  allowed,  and  in 
auditing  bills  no  allowance  will  be  made  for  displayed  or  leaded  adver- 
tisements or  prominent  headings.  The  matter  must  be  set  up  solid, 
without  paragraphing,  and  should  be  in  the  type  specified  in  the  sworn 
statement  of  rates  on  file  in  the  Departments.  If  other  type  be  used, 
no  allowance  will  be  made  for  additional  space  on  that  account.  The 
number  of  solid  lines  only  in  advertisements,  by  actual  count,  will  be 
allowed.  All  abbreviations  in  copy  must  be  strictly  followed.  The 
particular  column  or  page  of  the  paper  in  which  advertisements 
appear  is  left  entirely  to  the  option  of  the  publisher. 

The  filing  of  a  statement  of  rates  in  one  Executive  Department  can 
not  be  construed  as  a  notice  to  another  Department  that  rates  have 
been  filed.  Such  statement  must  be  furnished  to  each  Department 
advertising. 


76  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

The  following  is  a  sample  of  advertisement  set  up  in  accordance 
with  the  Government  requirements: 

T\EPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 
±J  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  October  9',  1903,  Sealed  pro- 
posals, in  duplicate,  will  be  received  until  2 
o'clock  p.  m.,  Tuesday,  November  3,  1903,  at 
the  office  of  the  Reclamation  Service,  Den- 
ver, Colorado,  and  will  then  be  opened  in  the 
presence  of  such  bidders  as  may  attend,  for 
the  construction  and  equipment  of  a  metallic- 
circuit  telephone  line  from  the  Arizona  dam 
on  Salt  River  to  a  point  on  that  stream  near 
Livingston,  Arizona,  via  Mormon  Flat  and 
Fish  Creek,  a  distance  of  about  56  miles. 
Specifications  and  particulars  may  be  ob- 
tained on  application  to  H.  A.  Storrs,  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  Denver,  Colorado,  or 
Arthur  P.  Davis,  Phoenix,  Arizona,  at  whose 
offices  the  plans  may  be  inspected.  Each 
bid  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certified  check 
payable  to  the  order  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  for  5  per  cent  of  the  aggregate 
amount  thereof  as  a  guaranty  that  the  bidder 
will,  if  successful,  promptly  execute  a  satis- 
factory contract  and  furnish  bond  in  the  sum 
of  50  per  cent  of  the  contract  price  for  the 
faithful  performance  of  the  work.  The  right 
is  reserved  to  reject  any  and  all  bids,  to  waive 
technical  defects,  and  to  accept  any  part  of 
any  bid  and  reject  the  other  part,  if  the 
interests  of  the  Government  require  it.  Pro- 
posals should  be  addressed  to  H.  A.  Storrs, 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  Denver,  Colorado. 
H.  C.  RIZER,  Acting  Director. 

An  advertisement  must  appear  in  the  language  of  the  paper  in  which 
it  is  inserted,  i.  e.,  if  inserted  in  a  German  paper,  it  must  be  in 
German. 

In  no  case  must  an  advertisement  extend  beyond  the  morning  of  the 
date  therein  named  for  the  opening  of  the  bids,  sale  of  material,  pub- 
lic hearings,  etc. ;  and  unless  the  authority  given  should  specifically 
include  insertion  in  the  Sunday  edition,  publication  in  that  edition 
must  not  be  made. 

Changes  in  rates  or  ownership  of  newspapers  should  promptly  be 
reported  to  the  Departments. 

All  accounts  for  official  advertising  pertaining  to  the  Executive 
Departments  must  be  audited  in  strict  conformity  to  the  foregoing 
provisions,  and  all  amounts  charged  in  excess  of  those  allowable  under 
those  provisions  will  be  disallowed. 

Every  voucher  for  official  advertising  must  be  rendered  upon  the 
Government  official  form,  and  be  accompanied  by  the  letter  of  authority 
to  publish  and  a  copy  of  each  issue  of  the  paper  in  which  the  adver- 
tisement appeared. 

The  permanency  of  the  records  of  the  Executive  Departments  of 
the  Government  being  of  the  first  importance,  no  deleble  or  fugitive 


NEWELL.]  RULES    GOVERNING    CONTRACTS.  77 

inks,  pencils,  or  stamps  are  permitted  to  be  used  in  making  them,  up. 
Therefore  all  vouchers  for  advertising  must  l>e  made  out  and  receipted 
with  durable  ink. 

The  letter  of  application  for  authority  to  advertise  for  proposals 
should  be  forwarded  through  the  office  of  the  chief  engineer;  and  with 
it  should  be  transmitted  a  copy  of  the  proposed  specifications  with  the 
proposed  form  of  advertisement  prefixed. 

The  notices  to  the  newspapers  are  signed  by  the  Secretary  and  sent 
out  by  the  Department  in  the  following  form: 


To  the  Publisher  of  "The. 


SIR:  You  are  hereby  authorized,  to  publish  the  inclosed  advertisement  for  pro- 
posals for 

to  be  set  solid  without  any  display  in  the  heading,  in  the edition 

of  your  paper, times, 

provided,  your  charges  for  the  same  do  not  exceed  the  sworn  rates  on  file  or  to  be 
filed  in  this  Department,  and  such  rates  are  not  in  excess  of  the  commercial  rales 
charged  to  private  individuals,  with  the  usual  discounts. 

You  will  please  send  one  copy  of  each  issue  of  the  paper  containing  the  advertise- 
ment to ,  in  one  package,  with  the  title  of  the  advertisement 

marked  on  the  outside.     This  letter  must  accompany  your  bill  when  presented  for 
payment;  the  latter  to  be  rendered  upon  the  voucher  inclosed  herewith,  and  be 
receipted  in  duplicate  by  the  person  authorized  to  receipt  for  the  money. 
Respectfully, 


Secretary. 

All  matters  connected  with  payments  for  advertisements  should  be 
left  to  the  Department  for  attention.  It  is  sufficient  to  furnish  the 
Department  in  advance  with  the  names  of  newspapers  in  which  the 
advertisement  is  to  be  inserted  and  the  principal  facts  to  be  stated  in 
the  advertisement,  such  as  the  time  and  place  of  opening  bids,  the 
name  of  the  person  to  whom  application  should  be  made  for  necessary 
blanks,  as  well  as  all  other  items  that  may  be  essential  to  the  full 
understanding  of  the  matter. 

If  delay  will  be  involved  by  correspondence,  a  suitable  telegram 
can  be  sent,  preferably  at  night  rates,  reciting  these  facts.  The  tele- 
gram should  be  addressed  in  the  usual  form,  "  Hydrographer,  Geolog- 
ical Survey,  Washington,  D.  C.,"  and  will  receive  immediate  attention. 

Advertisements  for  other  purposes,  as  for  the  recovery  of  lost  prop- 
erty or  strayed  animals,  should  be  made  in  the  same  manner,  a  request 
being  sent  by  wire,  if  necessary,  for  the  insertion  of  advertisements 
in  specified  newspapers  and  for  a  given  length  of  time. 

Section  3709  of  the  Re  vised  Statutes  requires  that  advertisements 
should  be  made  for  proposals,  but  the  term  "advertising"  or  "adver- 
tisement" is  not  defined  in  the  statutes.  Question  has  arisen  as  to 


78  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

the  nature  of  the  advertising  necessary,  and  it  has  been  determined 
that  in  general  this  should  be  by  proper  notice  inserted  in  newspapers, 
as  described  in  preceding  pages,  but  that  in  exceptional  cases  circulars 
will  suffice  as  compliance  with  the  law.  On  this  point  the  following 
decisions  have  been  rendered  by  the  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury 
(3  Comp.,  175): 

The  question  as  to  what  is  sufficient  advertising,  it  appears  to  me,  depends  prima- 
rily upon  the  character  of  the  purchase  to  be  made  or  the  service  to  be  performed, 
the  purpose  of  the  statute  requiring  advertisement  being  evident.  Section  3709  was 
enacted  for  the  purpose  of  giving  publicity  and  a  consequent  opportunity  for  free 
competition  in  making  contracts  for  supplies  for  the  Government. 

"The  law  requiring  advertisements  and  proposals  for  public  contracts  obviously  was 
intended  by  Congress  to  invite  competition  among  bidders  and  to  prevent  favoritism 
and  fraudulent  combinations  in  awarding  contracts."  (Harvey  v.  United  States,  8  C. 
Cls.  K.,  501;  2  Opin.  A.  G.,  259;  15  Opin.  A.  G.,  538.) 

Accordingly  such  steps  must  be  taken  as  will  bring  to  the  individuals  or  corpora- 
tions engaged  in  a  particular  kind  of  business,  and  to  the  public  generally,  knowledge 
of  the  intended  purchase,  and  in  such  a  manner  as  is  designed  to  attract  general 
attention.  This  need  not  necessarily  be  by  advertisement  in  the  newspapers, 
although  the  term  "advertisement"  has  come  ordinarily  and  in  common  parlance 
to  refer  to  that  form  of  advertisement.  Bouvier  defines  advertisement  as  "a  notice 
published  either  in  handbills  or  in  a  newspaper"  (edition  of  1848);  while  the  defini- 
tion in  Black's  Law  Dictionary  is — 

"Notice  given  in  a  manner  designed  to  attract  public  attention;  information  com- 
municated to  the  public,  or  to  an  individual  concerned,  by  means  of  handbills  or  the 
newspaper." 

******* 

After  an  exhaustive  search  of  the  authorities,  I  am  unable  to  find  in  any  case  a 
judicial  definition  of  this  word,  but  those  above  given  seem  to  have  been  uniformly 
accepted. 

After  referring  to  several  cases  where  the  word  has  been  used  by  a 
court  or  Department  as  including  posters  and  circulars,  the  Comptroller 
adds: 

I  therefore  conclude  that  in  connection  with  the  contract  in  question  the  advertise- 
ment need  not  necessarily  be  by  publication  in  the  newspapers,  but  that  circulars 
sent  to  the  various  people  engaged  in  laundering  in  the  various  cities  where  such 
work  is  to  be  performed  for  the  Marine  Corps,  together  with  a  public  posting  of  hand- 
bills at  each  of  these  places,  announcing  the  intention  of  the  Department  to  enter 
into  such  contracts,  would  meet  the  requirements  of  section  3709. 

The  principle  above  announced  was  reaffirmed  in  3  Comp.,  470. 

In  15  A.  G.,  226,  the  Attorney-General  held  that  the  limitation  fixed 
in  an  advertisement  made  by  the  Post-Office  Department  for  proposals 
for  furnishing  postage  stamps,  restricting  the  proposals  to  "  steel-plate 
engravers  and  plate  printers,"  was  compliant  with  section  3709,  the 
Attorney-General  saying  (227): 

In  my  opinion  such  limitation  was  proper,  if  it  was  intended  to  confine  an  answer 
to  the  proposals  to  such  persons  only  as  could  satisfactorily  furnish  the  article  of 
supply  needed.  The  manner  of  advertising  is  left  l>y  the  law  to  the  discretion  of  the  Depart- 


NEWELL.]  ADVERTISING    DEFINED.  79 

merit  advertising.  No  particular  form  is  required.  *  *  *  If ,  knowing  the  articles 
needed,  and  knowing  that  they  can  be  supplied  only  by  particular  classes  of  people, 
he  sees  fit  to  limit  his  advertisement  to  them  he  may  properly  do  so. 

To  the  same  effect  is  1  Comp.,  363. 

In  15  Comp.  (MS.),  1535,  it  was  held  that  where  articles  of  furniture 
in  ordinary  use  are  required,  the  selection  of  particular  patterns,  which 
can  be  supplied  by  only  one  manufacturer,  does  not  authorize  their 
purchase  without  advertising  for  proposals. 

On  the  other  hand,  in  2  Comp.,  632,  it  was  held  that  section  3709 
does  not  require  advertising  for  proposals  for  the  purchase  of  patented 
or  copyrighted  articles  where  the  benefit  of  competition  can  not  be 
secured. 

In  Schneider  v.  United  States  (19  C.  Cls.  R.,  547)  it  was  held  that 
where  the  advertisement  called  for  sandstone  for  a  public  building, 
an  alteration  in  the  contract,  substituting  marble  at  a  price  different 
from  that  named  in  the  first  contract  (the  material  being  the  sole 
subject-matter  of  either  agreement),  was  not  a  mere  modification  of 
the  first,  but  required  a  new  advertisement;  So  it  was  held  in  20  A.  G., 
496,  that  a  bid  prescribing  a  time  for  completion  some  months  later 
than  that  prescribed  by  the  advertisement  could  not  be  accepted  with- 
out new  advertisement,  as  such  acceptance  would  violate  section  3709 
and  the  river  and  harbor  act  of  1888.  In  13  A.  G.,  174,  it  was  held 
that  the  Postmaster-General  had  no  power  to  renew  or  extend  the  term 
of  a  contract  for  printing  envelopes  without  readvertising,  as  such 
extension  would  be  a  new  contract.  But  a  reasonable  provision  may 
be  inserted  in  a  contract  whereby  it  may  be  modified  from  time  to  time 
by  agreement  of  the  parties,  as  the  public  interests  may  require,  and 
the  subsequent  modification  in  accordance  with  such  provision  is  not 
of  the  nature  of  a  new  contract,  such  as  must  be  preceded  by  a  new 
advertisement  under  section  3709  (21  A.  G.,207). 

From  the  foregoing  it  would  appear — 

(1)  That  the  selection  of  a  particular  pattern  of  a  common  article 
does  not  dispense  with  the  necessity  of  advertising,  even  if  that  pat- 
tern is  manufactured  by  only  one  person  or  company;  though  the  rule 
is  otherwise  where  a  patented  or  copyrighted  article  made  by  only  one 
manufacturer  is  required. 

(2)  Where  advertisement  is  necessary,  it  may  be  either  by  publica- 
tion in  a  newspaper  or  by  circulars  and  posters.     Whether  circulars 
alone  would  suffice  does  not  appear  to  have  been  decided;  doubtless  it 
would  in  some  cases. 

(3)  No  particular  form  of  advertisement  is  necessary. 

(4)  The  advertisement  may  limit  proposals  to  the  particular  class 
of  persons  qualified  to  supply  the  articles  in  each  case. 


80  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

(5)  The  advertisement  may  reserve  the  right  to  reject  any  and  all 
bids  and  this  right  may  be  taken  (14  A.  G.,  682). 

(6)  The  advertisement  must  describe  the  subject-matter  of  the  pro- 
posed contract  with  a  reasonable  degree  of  accuracy  and  certainty. 
Thus  if  the  advertisement  is  for  delivery  of  material  only,   a  dif- 
ferent material  can  not  be  substituted  in  the  contract,  nor  can  a  con- 
tract for  material  and  services  be  substituted  (15  A.  G.,253).     The 
time  for  completion  stated  in  the  advertisement  can  not  be  extended 
by  the  contract,  though  extension  may  be  made  by  agreement  after  part 
performance;  nor  can  a  new  contract  for  similar  supplies  be  made 
after  performance  of  the  first  one  without  a  new  advertisement. 

(7)  It  is,  however,  entirely  proper  that  the  contract  provide  for 
such  modifications  as  may  become  necessary  from  time  to  time  in  the 
interest  of  the  public  service. 

SPECIFICATIONS  AND  PROPOSALS. 

In  all  cases  where  advertisements  are  to  be  issued  inviting  proposals 
for  material  or  labor,  for  works  of  repair  or  construction,  or  other 
like  works  of  the  reclamation  service,  it  is  required  that  full  and 
detailed  specifications  be  prepared  and  printed  in  time  to  supply  all 
parties  desiring  to  bid  under  the  advertisement. 

The  specifications  should  be  comprehensive,  clear,  and  sufficiently 
detailed  to  enable  bidders  to  understand  fully  what  is  required;  and  as 
it  is  designed  that  these  specifications,  together  with  the  advertise- 
ment, be  attached  to  and  form  a  part  of  the  contract,  it  is  important 
that  great  care  be  observed  in  their  preparation  in  order  that  all  ques- 
tions that  may  arise  during  the  execution  of  the  contract  maybe 
settled  and  determined  by  reference  to  the  instrument  itself.  A  copy 
of  the  advertisement  should  be  printed  with  and  form  a  prefix  to  the 
specifications. 

A  general  form  of  specifications  available  for  most  cases  has  been 
prepared.  It  m&y  be  necessary  for  some  classes  of  work  to  make 
changes  Or  additions,  but  in  nearly  all  cases  this  form  can  be  used 
as  the  first  part  of  the  specifications,  covering  the  general  conditions 
of  building  and  the  relations  between  the  contractor  and  the  Govern- 
ment. The  particular  requirements  of  the  work  form  the  subject  of 
additional  paragraphs.  In  all  cases  where  drawings  are  to  accom- 
pany the  specifications  it  will  be  necessary  to  reproduce  a  large  number 
of  them,  for  at  least  five  copies  of  each  contract,  with  copies  of  the 
accompanying  specifications,  will  be  required,  and  other  copies  will 
be  needed  for  filing,  reference,  and  other  purposes.  The  photographic 
laboratory  of  the  Survey  can  make  these  reproductions  rapidly  and  at 
small  expense  from  tracings  or  black  and  white  drawings.  As  soon  as 
the  tracings  or  drawings  which  are  to  form  part  of  the  specifications 


NEWELL.]  CONTRACTS    AND    BONDS.  81 

have  been  prepared  in  final  shape,  they  should  be  forwarded  to  the 
chief  engineer  for  duplication.  The  specifications  should  contain  a  list 
of  drawings,  each  described  by  number  and  title. 

CONTRACTS  AND  BONDS. 

All  contracts  to  be  executed  under  the  reclamation  law  must  be 
made  in  the  name  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  upon  the  general 
form  used  by  the  reclamation  service.  The  contracts  should  be  accom- 
panied by  bond  of  conventional  form.  The  form  of  the  contract  and 
bond  are  shown  on  pages  110-114. 

It  is  customary  to  execute  5  copies  of  the  contract.  Only  one  copy 
of  the  bond  need  be  executed.  A  copy  of  the  contract  is  ultimately 
sent  to  each  of  the  following  places: 

(a)  To  the  Treasury  Department. 

(b)  To  the  Department  of  the  Interior  for  the  files  of  the  returns 
clerk. 

(c')  To  the  contractor. 

(d )  To  the  engineer  in  the  field. 

(e)  To  the  chief  engineer  of  the  reclamation  service,  in  the  office  of 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

The  Treasury  Department  retains  its  copy  of  the  contract  in  order 
that  payments  can  be  indorsed  upon  it  and  a  record  thus  kept  of  these 
until  the  contract  is  completed. 

The  returns  clerk  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior  keeps  a  complete 
file  of  all  contracts  made  by  the  Government,  as  required  by  law.  In 
this  office  are  to  be  filed  not  only  the  contract  when  executed,  but  all 
of  the  papers  relating  to  the  contract,  including  the  rejected  bids  and 
copies  of  all  correspondence  explaining  the  award  to  the  successful 
bidder.  Care  must  be  taken  to  preserve  all  rejected  bids  and  file 
them  with  the  accepted  contract. 

The  contractor,  of  course,  requires  a  copy  of  the  contract,  and  the 
engineer  in  the  field  should  have  one.  The  chief  engineer,  being  the 
certifying  officer,  should  also  have  a  copy  for  reference  in  his  office. 
Thus  it  is  desirable  to  have  five  complete  copies. 

In  making  the  returns  to  the  Department  care  must  be  taken  that 
all  of  the  papers  are  carefully  kept  together  and  so  marked  as  to  be 
understood.  The  extract  from  the  Revised  Statutes,  noted  on  page 
68,  gives  in  detail  the  requirements  of  the  returns  office  (sec.  3744 
to  sec.  3747). 

Whenever  the  contract  for  materials  or  work  can  be  let  in  separate 

divisions  or  classes,  each  part  which  might  be  contracted  for  separately 

should  be  listed  in   the  specifications  under  a  separate  heading,  as 

Division  or  Class  1,  2,  3,  etc.     When  possible,  the  detail  specifications 

IKK  93—04 6 


82  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

relating  to  each  division  or  class  should  be  so  separated  that  the  por- 
tion of  the  specifications  relating  to  that  division  or  class  will  be  com- 
plete in  itself  and  not  require  the  inclusion  in  the  contract  of  details 
relating  to  another  division  or  class.  So  also  a  reference  to  Class  1 
or  Division  1  in  the  contract  should  be  sufficient  to  fix  its  scope  exactly. 
Regulations  to  govern  the  execution  of  contracts  and  bonds  were 
issued  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  under  date  of  April  8,  1903, 
see  page  114. 

EIGHT-HOUR    DAY. 

The  law  in  regard  to  the  eight-hour  day,  so  far  as  it  relates  to  the 
reclamation  service,  is  as  follows: 

Provided,  That  in  all  construction  work,  eight  hours  shall  constitute  a  day's  work, 
and  no  Mongolian  labor  shall  be  employed  thereon.  Section  4  of  the  reclamation 
act  approved  June  17,  1902  (32  Stat.  L.,  388 ).« 

Eight  hours  shall  constitute  a  day's  work  for  all  laborers,  workmen,  and  mechanics 
who  may  be  employed  by  or  on  behalf  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States. 
Section  3738  United  States  Kevised  Statutes  (act  June  25,  1868,  15  Stat.  L.,  77). 

Be  it  enacted,  etc.,  That  the  service  and  employment  of  all  laborers  and  mechanics 
who  are  now  or  may  hereafter  be  employed  by  the  Government  of  the  United  States, 
by  the  District  of  Columbia,  or  by  any  contractor  or  subcontractor  upon  any  of  the 
public  works  of  the  United  States  or  of  the  said  District  of  Columbia,  is  hereby 
limited  and  restricted  to  eight  hours  in  any  one  calendar  day,  and  it  shall  be  unlawful 
for  any  officer  of  the  United  States  Government  or  of  the  District  of  Columbia  or 
any  such  contractor  or  subcontractor  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  employ,  direct,  or 
control  the  services  of  such  laborers  or  mechanics  to  require  or  permit  any  such 
laborer  or  mechanic  to  work  more  than  eight  hours  in  any  calendar  day  except  in 
case  of  extraordinary  emergency. 

SEC.  2.  That  any  officer  or  agent  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States  or  of  the 
District  of  Columbia,  or  any  contractor  or  subcontractor  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to 
employ,  direct,  or  control  any  laborer  or  mechanic  employed  upon  any  of  the  public 
works  of  the  United  States  or  of  the  District  of  Columbia  who  shall  intentionally 
violate  any  provision  of  this  act,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  for 
each  and  every  such  offense  shall,  upon  conviction,  be  punished  by  a  fine  not  to 
exceed  one  thousand  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  six  months,  or 
by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court  having  jurisdic- 
tion thereof.  Sections  1  and  2,  act  of  August  1,  1892  (27  Stat.  L.,  340). 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  law  applies  only  to  laborers,  workmen, 
and  mechanics  .employed  in  the  construction  of  public  works.  The 
Comptroller  of  the  Treasury  has  made  a  specific  ruling  to  the  effect  that 
one  who  is  employed  under  the  designation  of  "special  laborer"  is  not 
included  in  this  description,  the  reasoning  of  his  decision  being  that  it 
applies  specifically  to  mechanics  and  those  employed  in  ordinary  forms 
of  labor.  (6  Comp.,  180.)  Accordingly,  cooks,  field  assistants,  chain 
men,  instrument  men,  etc. ,  would  not  be  subject  to  the  provisions  of 
this  law. 

The  enforcement  of  this  law  as  between  the  contractor  and  his 
employee  has  been  held  not  a  matter  for  departmental  action. 

a  Pp.  259-261  of  this  paper. 


NEWELL.]  FIELD    EQUIPMENTS.  83 

OUTFITTING. 

At  the  present  time  much  of  the  work  of  the  reclamation  service 
consists  of  preliminary  surveys,  and  hence  many  new  equipments  are 
being  and  must  be  procured  in  the  near  future.  In  obtaining  the 
various  articles  that  may  be  required,  care  should  be  taken  that  all 
needs  are  -provided  for  and  at  the  same  time  that  no  unnecessary 
material  is  purchased.  Instruments,  stationery,  and  the  lighter  arti- 
cles can  be  procured  from  the  Washington  office.  Requisitions  for 
these  should  be  made  as  far  in  advance  as  possible.  Attempts  should 
be  made  to  keep  a  record  of  all  instruments  and  of  their  condition, 
as  well  as  of  the  degree  of  use  that  is  made  of  them,  so  that  plane- 
table  outfits,  transits,  levels,  etc.,  may  be  transferred  quickly,  when 
not  in  use,  to  points  where  parties  are  preparing  to  begin  work. 

Horses,  mules,  and  wagons  can  usually  be  purchased  or  hired  near 
the  point  of  work.  It  is  preferable  to  procure  such  means  of  trans- 
portation, if  suitable  arrangements  can  be  made,  by  hiring  a  man  and 
his  team  by  the  day  or  month.  The  man  is  thus  responsible  for  the 
horses  and  wagon  and  for  keeping  the  wagon  in  repair,  as  well  as  for 
seeing  that  the  horses  are  properly  fed,  shod,  and  cared  for.  If  it  is 
impracticable  to  hire  in  this  way,  then  teams  must  be  purchased. 
Good  serviceable  animals  and  wagons  should  be  procured,  for  it  is 
usually  more  economical  to  pay  a  fair  price  for  a  suitable  outfit  than 
to  save  a  few  dollars  at  the  outset  and  run  the  risk  of  a  breakdown  in 
the  field. 

The  attempt  is  being  made  to  set  certain  standards  of  equipment, 
and  a  report  upon  this  subject  has  been  prepared  by  members  of  the 
survey  (see  p.  267). 

Tents  may  be  procured  upon  requisition  sent  to  the  office  of  the 
chief  engineer,  suitable  arrangements  having  been  made  with  the 
Quartermaster-General  of  the  Army.  These  tents  are  shipped  from 
the  nearest  supply  depot,  and  the  cost  is  ultimately  paid  from  the 
Washington  office.  The  quality  of  the  tents  is  usually  good,  although 
complaint  has  been  received  from  men  in  the  field  of  patched,  worn, 
or  partly  mildewed  tents  being  issued.  To  avoid  the  delay  and  uncer- 
tainty of  obtaining  tents  from  the  Army,  arrangements  have  been  made 
with  a  manufacturer  in  Denver  to  furnish  tents  for  definite  prices.  It 
is,  therefore,  possible  to  procure  tents  by  direct  purchase  from  Denver 
or  in  open  market  at  other  points  whenever  necessary. 

Stoves,  cooking  utensils,  various  implements,  afcd  groceries  should 
be  purchased  as  needed  from  the  nearest  and  cheapest  point.  The 
vouchers  for  these  should  be  carefully  itemized,  the  quantity  and  the 
unit  price  being  clearly  stated.  The  bills  should  be  checked  by 
the  assistant  engineers  or  aids  to  see  that  the  items  and  additions  are 
correct  to  the  last  cent.  When  so  checked  the  fact  should  be  stated 
on  the  margin  or  back  of  the  voucher  ("  Checked  by  John  Smith")  to 


84  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

place  responsibility  in  case  of  error.  Small  mistakes  of  a  few  cents 
on  large  itemized  bills  are  extremely  annoying,  as  they  delay  the  work 
of  the  disbursing  officer  and  prevent  prompt  payment  of  other  vouch- 
ers. For  this  reason,  if  for  no  other,  as  great  care  should  be  required 
in  store  accounts  as  in  level  or  transit  notes. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  necessity  for  strict  economy  in  outfitting 
and  in  the  execution  and  administration  of  all  works  and  duties  of  the 
reclamation  service.  The  number  of  assistants,  draftsmen,  clerks, 
mechanics,  laborers,  and  all  other  employees  should  be  reduced  to  the 
lowest  possible  limit  that  may  be  consistent  with  efficiency. 

FIELD  OFFICES. 

During  the  time  of  preliminary  reconnaissance  and  surveys  leading 
up  to  construction,  the  district  offices  are  located  at  some  central 
point  or  important  town.  It  is  apparent,  however,  that  as  soon  as 
construction  begins,  the  district  offices  should  be  placed  upon  or  near 
the  works,  in  order  to  insure  full  oversight;  also  to  give  the  younger 
assistants  and  others  connected  with  the  office  as  full  information  as 
possible  concerning  construction  work  and  all  matters  pertain  ing  to  it. 

Pending  the  time  of  occupancy  of  these  field  offices  suitable  rooms 
can  be  rented  in  nearby  cities  or  towns.  General  authority  has  been 
granted  by  the  Secretary  for  the  rent  of  such  office  rooms,  to  be  charged 
to  the  reclamation  fund.  In  each  instance  the  renting  of  the  room  is 
to  be  promptly  reported  to  the  Department  for  its  information  and 
confirmation. 

When  the  plans  have  been  determined  upon,  a  convenient  but  rela- 
tively inexpensive  office  should  be  built  and  so  located,  if  practicable, 
that  it  will  serve  as  the  permanent  residence  of  the  keeper,  who  will 
ultimately  live  at  the  headworks.  Around  this  should  be  symmetric- 
ally placed  other  structures  for  the  convenience  of  the  men,  and  some 
of  these  may  be  sufficiently  permanent  to  be  left  for  stables  or  out- 
buildings for  the  keeper.  While  new  and  clean  they  will  serve  as 
lodging  houses  and  furnish  accommodations  for  the  assistants 
employed  on  the  work. 

The  field  offices  should  be  provided  with  ordinary  cooking  and  din- 
ing facilities,  the  usual  office  furniture  of  desks,  drawing  tables,  chairs, 
book  and  filing  cases,  and  should  also  have  plain,  substantial  sleeping 
accommodations  for  the  use  of  the  district,  supervising,  or  consulting 
engineers  when  visiting  the  work.  By  providing  these  the  expense  of 
living  at  a  hotel  will  be  avoided.  All  purchases  of  this  kind  should 
be  estimated  in  advance  and  authorized  in  the  customary  manner. 

Where  lumber  is  expensive  it  is  practicable  to  purchase  portable 
houses,  of  which  several  kinds  are  on  the  market.  These  can  be 
quickly  erected  and  moved  from  time  to  time  along  the  line  of  the 
work.  They  are  preferable  to  tents,  as  they  are  not  shaken  by  ordi- 


NEWELL.]  FIELD    OFFICES.  85 

nary  winds,  are  relatively  free  from  dust,  and  by  their  use  moving 
is  expedited  and  the  preparation  of  drawings  and  ordinary  clerical 
work  is  carried  on  more  effectively. 

A  commissary  should  be  maintained  for  all  of  the  men,  and  care 
taken  to  see  that  everything  is  neat  and  systematic,  but  not  expensive. 
It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  produce  a  good  impression  on  per- 
sons visiting  the  works  in  order  that  they  may  see  that  everything  is 
being  conducted  in  a  proper  manner.  The  district  engineers  must 
bear  in  mind  that  much  of  the  future  efficiency  of  the  service  depends 
on  creating  a  good  opinion  in  the  minds  of  the  public,  particularly  in 
a  farming  community.  If  there  is  apparent  extravagance,  even  in 
small  matters,  this  will  reflect  unfavorably.  If,  on  the  other  hand, 
public  men  and  citizens  interested  who  visit  the  work  find  that  every- 
thing is  being  carried  on  systematically,  and  with  due  regard  to 
economy,  the  service  will  be  correspondingly  strengthened. 

The  statutes  require  that  not  less  than  seven  hours  labor  shall  be 
performed  per  day  by  employees  of  the  Government,  and  limit  the 
time  of  ordinary  labor  to  eight  hours  per  day.  District  engineers 
are  expected  to  fix  office  hours  of  not  less  than  seven  hours  nor  more 
than  eight  hours,  and  to  arrange  them  in  accordance  with  local  custom 
and  convenience.  As  a  rule  the  hours  should  be  from  8  to  .12  and  from 
1  to  5. 

The  office  or  some  other  room  at  the  headquarters  should  be  so 
arranged  that  it  will  be  comfortable  and  convenient  for  the  assembly 
of  the  men  during  the  evening  and  at  other  times  when  not  employed, 
so  that  there  will  be  reasonable  inducements  for  the  men  to  read, 
study,  or  discuss  engineering  matters.  The  engineers  in  charge  should 
bear  in  mind  at  all  times  that  it  is  necessary  not  only  to  build  good 
works,  but  to  improve  and  strengthen  the  men  who  are  executing  them. 

It  is  very  desirable  to  keep  the  younger  assistants  out  of  the  cities, 
and  to  bring  them  together  in  fairly  comfortable  camps  or  head- 
quarters, where  they  can  be  associated  at  all  times  with  planning, 
designing,  and  constructing.  Every  reasonable  effort  should  be  made 
toward  this  end. 

SUBSISTENCE  OF  MEN. 

Subsistence  furnished  to  persons  employed  in  the  reclamation  serv- 
ice is  neither  an  emolument  nor  a  perquisite,  but  is  furnished  solely 
for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  field  work  of  tl^e  parties,  and  upon 
this  principle  individual  cases  will  be  decided  by  the  chief  engineer, 
who  may  at  any  time  make  such  changes  as  may  seem  most  feasible  or 
economical  for  the  Government. 

The  regulations  and  instructions  of  the  Geological  Survey  cover 
largely  the  various  questions  arising  as  to  subsistence.  In  camp  pro- 
vision is  made  for  the  wants  of  all  men  emplo}7ed;  groceries  and  other 


86  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE  [NO.  93. 

supplies  are  purchased  in  accordance  with  the  ration  list;  a  cook  is 
employed,  and  all  necessary  articles  are  furnished  for  board  and 
lodging,  such  as  tents  and  dining  accommodations. 

The  men  are  expected  to  furnish  their  own  blankets  and  a  cot,  if  one 
is  desired;  also  towels  and  all  similar  articles  for  personal  use.  The 
Survey  furnishes  the  cook  and  kitchen  utensils,  as  well  as  food  of 
good  quality  and  in  sufficient  quantity  for  men  undergoing  severe 
physical  exertion.  Luxuries  or  unusual  articles  are  not  purchased, 
and  medical  attendance  is  furnished  only  when  away  from  settlements 
or  in  localities  where  the  ordinary  practitioners  can  not  be  had.  It  is 
understood  in  engaging  the  services  of  assistants  and  field  men  that 
they  will  be  supplied  with  ordinary  and  necessary  medical  supplies 
suitable  for  the  peculiar  conditions  or  exposure  under  which  they  are 
working. 

Only  those  persons  directly  connected  with  the  work  are  subsisted 
in  camp.  Visitors  should  not  be  entertained,  except  under  conditions 
leading  to  the  furtherance  of  the  work.  In  short,  every  effort  is  made 
to  provide  comfortable  and  satisfactory  subsistence  and  to  avoid 
extravagance  and  unnecessary  expense.  Field  parties,  as  a  rule,  move 
camp  frequently  and  all  unnecessary  furniture  must  be  excluded,  as 
well  as  all  persons  not  absolutely  needed  for  the  work  in  hand. 

It  has  been  the  custom  at  the  end  of  the  field  season,  on  the  discon- 
tinuance of  field  work,  to  bring  the  regular  employees  to  Washington 
or  to  some  central  point.  Here,  following  usual  customs,  the  men 
supply  their  own  subsistence,  usually  returning  to  their  families  or 
permanent  places  of  abode. 

Men  regularly  employed  at  a  certain  point  are  not  entitled  to  subsist- 
ence as  are  field  assistants  who  are  required  to  move  from  point  to 
point  with  the  camp,  or  shifting  work.  Where  men  are  ordered  to  a 
regular  office  for  work,  or  to  a  locality  where  they  will  practically 
establish  a  home,  it  is  not  allowable  to  pay  for  subsistence  or  to  cover 
this  by  any  form  of  expenditure. 

As  construction  is  taken  up  and  the  men  are  located  at  a  given  point 
for  an  indefinite  time,  it  is  expected  that  they  will  provide  their  own 
subsistence  and  establish  homes,  if  convenient.  Discretion  is  left 
largely  to  the  district  engineers  in  this  particular,  and  care  must  be 
exercised  by  them  in  making  recommendations  covering  exceptional 
cases. 

Men  who  are  employed  for  field  work  and  paid  a  salary  which  is 
understood  to  be  for  this  work,  with  subsistence  furnished  in  the 
field,  should,  if  ordered  to  remain  at  a  definite  point  for  several  days 
or  weeks,  be  reimbursed  for  reasonable  and  ordinary  cost  of  board 
and  lodging  while  at  this  point.  If,  however,  they  are  ordered  to  a 
locality,  with  the  probability  of  remaining  there  for  a  month  or  more, 


NEWEL!,]  SUBSISTENCE    IN    FIELD.  87 

they  should  not  be  allowed  subsistence  unless  special  authority  is  given 
by  the  chief  engineer. 

During  the  winter,  or  at  times  when  field  work  can  not  be  actively 
carried  on,  the  men  should  be  brought  to  headquarters  camp  and  sub- 
sisted there.  If  they  prefer  to  bring  their  families  and  locate  them  at 
near-by  points,  the  men  will  be  expected  to  exercise  their  option  as  to 
whether  they  personally  will  take  a  part  of  their  meals  at  the  general 
commissary.  If  the  men  prefer  to  remain  with  their  families  no 
allowance  can  be  made  for  this.  It  should  be  plainly  understood  that 
a  commissary  is  provided  for  the  subsistence  of  the  men,  and  that  it  is 
optional  with  them  whether  they  take  their  meals  at  the  commissary 
or  not. 

Men  instructed  to  remain  at  a  town  or  other  locality  for  a  definite 
time  exceeding  two  weeks  will  be  expected  to  make  arrangements  for 
their  own  subsistence. 

It  is  not  expected  that  any  general  rules  can  be  formulated  which 
will  be  sufficiently  definite  for  every  individual  case,  and  such  cases 
will  be  decided  by  the  engineer  in  charge  upon  the  principles  above 
laid  down.  In  case  of  doubt,  or  disagreement,  the  case  will  be  referred 
to  the  chief  engineer  for  decision. 

In  the  Corps  of  Engineers  of  the  United  States  Army  conditions 
exist  similar  to  those  prevailing  in  the  reclamation  service.  Every 
assistant  engineer  in  this  corps,  from  the  highest  grade  to  the  lowest, 
is  appointed  under  civil-service  regulations  at  a  specified  salary  per 
annum.  These  assistant  engineers  receive  no  allowance  in  lieu  of 
expenses,  but  have  all  actual  field  expenses  and  subsistence  paid  when 
on  field  duty.  The  practice  in  connection  with  detail  to  this  work  is 
variable.  There  are  no  hard  and  fast  rules,  and  each  case  is  considered 
separately  by  the  officer  in  charge  and  the  Chief  of  Engineers.  In 
their  view  the  man  in  the  field  has  harder  work,  longer  hours,  and 
more  arduous  duties  than  the  man  in  office.  Besides,  he  has  two 
establishments  to  support,  his  family  at  home  and  himself  in  the 
field.  If  his  office  is  at  a  permanent  station,  he  has  his  family 
with  him,  and  his  living  expenses  are  little  or  no  additional  charge 
upon  him.  Therefore  under  army  regulations  the  field  man  is  paid 
more  than  the  man  who  is  engaged  in  office  work.  This  payment 
is  made  in  the  form  of  subsistence;  in  other  woods,  the  man  on 
field  duty  has  added  to  his  pay  his  subsistence.  When  he  is  engaged 
in  office  duty  he  receives  his  pay  only.  This  is  identical  with  the 
usual  practice  of  the  Geological  Survey.  Where  assistant  engineers 
or  subassistants  of  the  corps  of  engineers  of  the  army  are  permanently 
located  at  Cincinnati,  Frankfort,  etc. ,  they  subsist  themselves  from  the 
day  they  report  for  office  duty.  When  ordered  into  the  field  they  are 
subsisted  on  house  boats  or  otherwise.  In  some  cases  men  are  moved 


88  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [vo.K. 

about  so  frequently  that  they  may  be  said  to  have  no  permanent  resi- 
dence. They  may  be  in  Frankfort  for  two  months,  may  go  to  the  field 
for  a  time,  and  then  be  ordered  elsewhere.  In  such  cases  their  sub- 
sistence is  paid  in  the  temporary  office  as  well  as  in  the  field.  Where, 
however,  a  man  is  detailed  to  an  office  for  several  months,  and  is  so 
notified,  it  is  assumed  that  he  will  make  such  necessary  permanent 
arrangements  concerning  his  living  as  may  seem  desirable. 

PROPERTY. 

In  the  operations  of  the  reclamation  service  property  is  acquired  in 
various  ways  and  must  be  accounted  for  with  exactness.  The  system 
in  use  by  the  Geological  Survey  is  being  modified  and  the  attempt 
made  to  simplify  the  making  of  property  returns. 

The  Kegulations  of  the  Geological  Survey,  beginning  on  page  40, 
gives  most  of  the  essential  facts  concerning  property,  and  the  Instruc- 
tions, on  page  38,  relates  to  the  matter.  The  most  important  fact  to  be 
noted  is  that  property  acquired  by  purchase,  transfer,  etc.,  is  divided 
into  two  classes,  expendable  and  nonexpendable. 

Expendable  property,  such  as  groceries  and  supplies  of  various 
kinds,  is  to  be  used  or  consumed  for  purposes  of  the  service.  A  cer- 
tificate by  a  responsible  officer  to  this  effect  is  all  that  is  required. 
Care  should  be  taken,  however,  to  verify  the  fact  that  the  expend- 
able property  has  been  put  to  proper  official  use. 

Nonexpendable  property  must  be  classified  and  carried  on  property 
returns  from  quarter  to  quarter  indefinitely,  or  until  the  articles 
are  worn  out  or  disposed  of  in  some  lawful  way.  Care  must  be  taken 
to  get  rid  of  unnecessary  articles  and  keep  the  property  returns  free 
from  accumulations  of  things  not  needed. 

At  intervals  of  six  months  or  a  year  all  unserviceable  articles  should 
be  gathered  together  at  some  convenient  point  and  inspected  by  proper 
officers.  Authority  for  such  inspection  should  be  procured  in  advance 
from  the  chief  engineer,  and  all  requirements  preliminary  to  the 
proper  disposal  of  the  articles  should  be  observed. 

Auction  sales  should  be  had  of  all  unserviceable  animals  and  equip- 
ment, after  suitable  authority  has  been  procured  and  advertisement 
made  in  the  customary  manner.  Blanks  for  this  purpose  and  for 
making  returns  should  be  obtained  from  the  chief  engineer.  An  auc- 
tioneer, if  employed,  can  be  paid  out  of  the  proceeds  and  the  necessary 
cost  deducted  from  the  returns. 

The  proceeds  from  auction  sales  should  be  transmitted  to  the  chief 
engineer,  with  all  the  papers,  to  be  forwarded  to  the  Department. 

Each  district  engineer  and  principal  officer  in  the  field  is  a  custodian 
or  subcustodian  for  the  chief  engineer.  Property  returns  must  be 
made  quarterly  and  must  be  explicit  in  all  details,  every  article  of 
nonexpendable  property  being  accounted  for  in  one  way  or  another. 


CHIEF  ENGINEER'S  ADDRESS.  89 


NEW  PROJECTS. 

All  projects  for.  new  works  must  be  submitted  for  consideration  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  through  the  chief  engineer  and  the  Director 
of  the  Geological  Surve}^. 

When  plans  for  work  of  any  kind  have  been  sanctioned  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  or  by  the  chief  engineer,  they  must  not  be 
departed  from  without  the  express  permission  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  or  of  the  chief  engineer. 

Public  works  in  charge  of  the  reclamation  service  will  be  inspected 
at  least  once  a  year,  and  also  when  completed,  by  such  officers  as  the 
chief  engineer  shall  designate. 

There  may  be  one  or  more  boards  of  engineers  whose  duty  it  shall 
be  to  plan  or  revise,  as  may  be  directed  by  the  chief  engineer  from 
time  to  time,  projects  of  reclamation  required  for  the  development  of 
the  arid  lands  of  the  United  States;  also  to  consider  and  report  upon 
such  matters  as  may  be  referred  to  it  by  the  chief  engineer  (see  also 
p.  33). 

It  shall  also  be  the  duty  of  any  member  or  members  of  the  board, 
whenever  required  by  the  chief  engineer,  to  inspect  and  report  upon 
any  of  the  works  of  construction  or  other  operations,  the  inspection 
reports  to  be  made  to  the  board  and  by  it  submitted  to  the  chief 
engineer  with  such  remarks  as  may  be  deemed  proper. 

The  board  shall  consist  of  not  less  than  three  officers,  to  be  desig- 
nated by  the  chief  engineer  with  the  sanction  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  or  of  the  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey. 

Two  members  of  the  board  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  trans- 
action of  business,  but  its  final  decisions  in  important  matters  must  be 
sanctioned  by  a  majority  of  its  members. 

The  reports  of  the  board  will  be  made  to  the  chief  engineer.  It  will 
keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and  will  on  the  last  day  of  each 
month  report  to  him  the  movements  of  its  members  and  a  brief  state- 
ment of  the  occupation  of  the  assembled  board. 

The  chief  engineer  submits  all  important  reports  of  the  board,  with 
his  views  thereon,  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  through  the  Direc- 
tor of  the  Geological  Survey.  No  important  work  should  be  under- 
taken without  the  consent  of  the  Secretary. 

The  orders  of  the  senior  officer  of  the  board  shall  be  authority  for 
journeys  made  b}^  its  members  and  associates  andvfor  the  necessary 
expenditures  incurred  by  the  board  in  pursuance  of  its  duties,  but  the 
authority  of  the  chief  engineer  must  be  obtained  by  the  senior  officer 
of  the  board  for  all  journeys  made  by  the  board  or  members  thereof 
to  localities  other  than  the  usual  place  of  meeting. 

Questions  as  to  water  power  and  pumping  should  be  brought  to  the 
notice  of  the  electrical  engineer  by  the  engineers  who  encounter  these 


90  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

problems.  The  feasibility  of  a  project  may  depend  on  the  possibilities 
regarding  power  development  and  use,  and  as  much  time  should  be 
allowed  for  studying  this  phase  of  the  undertaking  as  for  the  investi- 
gation of  other  engineering  questions.  If  this  information  is  with- 
held until  all  the  plans  for  the  irrigation  system  have  been  worked 
out,  it  may  often  happen  that  insufficient  time  will  remain  in  which  to 
make  a  comprehensive  study  of  the  design.  Moreover,  some  data  may 
be  lacking  or  some  modification  of  the  approved  plans  of  dam,  canals, 
etc.,  may  be  required  in  order  to  secure  the  best  design  of  power  plant, 
therebj^  delaying  the  execution  of  the  project. 

Whenever  the  investigation  of  a  new  project  has  proceeded  far 
enough  to  warrant  a  visit  and  examination  by  the  consulting  engineers, 
their  report  regarding  the  project  should  state  whether  or  not  any 
power  development  is  contemplated.  In  case  such  development  is  con- 
templated, the  report  should,  if  possible,  state  briefly  the  amount  and 
probable  use  of  the  power  to  be  developed,  and  should  also  state  when, 
in  the  opinion  of  the  consulting  engineers,  the  electrical  engineer 
should  receive  from  the  engineer  of  the  project  such  preliminary  data 
as  will  enable  him  to  study  the  situation  sufficiently  to  decide  what 
special  additional  information  is  wanted  by  him  in  working  out  the 
designs,  plans,  and  estimates  of  the  power  system,  or  when,  in  their 
opinion,  the  electrical  engineer  should  visit  the  project  and  consult 
with  the  local  engineer  regarding  power  possibilities. 

In  considering  new  projects  it  is  necessary  to  take  into  account  not 
merely  the  physical  conditions,  but  many  other  factors.  Among  the 
most  prominent  of  these  are  the  questions  as  to  whether  the  particular 
work  can  best  be  executed  by  private  agencies.  In  many  localities 
where  the  projects  have  been  studied  and  the  results  generally  known 
there  are  persons  who  come  forward  with  a  plan  to  build  a  portion  of 
the  project  and  who  express  the  desire  to  have  the  reclamation  service 
turn  over  to  them  the  simpler  or  more  attractive  part  of  the  scheme 
for  development.  There  are  cases  where  it  might  be  better  for  all 
concerned  for  the  Government  to  decline  to  take  up  the  work,  and  full 
consideration  must  be  given  matters  of  this  kind. 

If  the  reclamation  service  is  to  step  out  of  the  way  whenever  a  cor- 
poration or  association  of  individuals  expresses  a  willingness  to  build 
an  irrigation  project,  the  result  will  be  a  surrender  of  the  best  projects, 
leaving  those  which  are  lacking  in  merit.  Works  constructed  by 
private  corporations  are  built  for  profit,  and  every  dollar  that  the 
settler  can  pay  will  be  extracted  from  him. 

The  usual  method  of  procedure  of  a  private  scheme  is  about  as 
follows: 

The  agents  of  a  new  water  corporation  proceed  through  a  district, 
seeking  contracts  for  water  to  be  furnished  to  the  land,  these  contracts 
being  in  the  nature  of  a  first  mortgage.  With  these  contracts  in  hand 


NEWELL.]  PRIVATE    WATER    COMPANIES.  91 

a  promotion  company  then  attempts  the  sale  of  bonds.  These  bonds 
must  be  heavily  discounted  in  order  to  find  purchasers  and  to  pay 
commissions.  They  are  frequently  disposed  of  on  a  basis  of  about  75 
or  80  cents  on  the  dollar.  The  promotion  company  usually  surrenders 
to  the  bond  underwriters  the  controlling  interest  in  the  common  stock 
in  the  water  company.  The  profit  of  the  promotion  company  con- 
sists in  the  retention  usually  of  from  33  to  49  per  cent  of  the  common 
stock  of  the  water  company. 

The  settler  has  to  meet  under  these  conditions  three  distinct  charges: 
First,  discount  on  the  bonds;  second,  interest  on  the  entire  bond 
issue;  third,  interest  on  the  capital  stock.  The  consequence  is  that 
the  final  cost  is  far  larger  for  works  hastily  and  poorly  built  than 
if  the  Government  constructed  permanent  works  to  endure  for  all 
time. 

The  constructing  corporation  usually  plans  to  build  a  headworks  at 
the  most  convenient  point  and  to  reclaim  only  the  most  readily  irriga- 
ble lands.  This  results  in  condemning  to  sterility,  at  least  for  a  long 
period  of  years,  the  remaining  less  desirable  or  less  accessible  lands. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  arguments  in  favor  of  stepping  aside  for 
private  corporations  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

The  object  and  purpose  of  the  reclamation  act  is  primarily  the 
development  of  the  arid  West.  It  is  admitted  that  the  present  funds 
are  inadequate  for  complete  development,  and  this  being  the  case  it 
would  seem  improper  for  the  Government  to  stand  in  the  way  of  the 
construction  of  works  by  private  capital  when  the  Government  could 
go  elsewhere  for  the  construction  of  other  works  in  more  remote 
regions  where  private  capital  is  unwilling  to  invest. 

If  the  Government  refuses  to  step  aside  in  irrigation  projects,  it 
will  in  each  case  incite  the  vigorous  animosity  of  persons  or  corpora- 
tions who  desire  to  speculate. 

Again,  as  it  is  impossible  for  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  make 
decisions  in  all  cases  until  definite  plans  and  surveys  are  submitted,  it 
is  unjust  for  him  to  prevent  the  construction  of  works  by  private 
capital  when  the  promoters  are  certain  that  they  want  the  opportunity 
for  investment. 

The  arguments  for  and  against  the  construction  of  any  particular 
project  by  the  reclamation  service  should  be  carefully  considered  and 
particular  weight  be  given  to  conditions  involving  the  irrigation  of 
public  lands.  The  reclamation  of  these  can  unquestionably  be  carried 
on  better  under  the  reclamation  law  than  by  any  form  of  private  enter- 
prise. It  must  also  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  construction  of  large 
works  of  this  character  must  involve  endless  strife  between  the  water 
user  and  the  company.  As  a  rule,  the  water  companies  have  in  the 
past  been  financial  failures  and  have  not  brought  about  the  best  devel- 
opment of  the  country. 


92  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

ESTIMATES  OF  COST. 

In  making  estimates  for  any  new  project  great  care  must  be  taken 
to  determine  accurately  its  probable  cost  and  not  to  underestimate 
this.  The  landowners  must  ultimately  pay  the  proportional  cost  per 
acre,  and  if  the  cost  is  found  to  be  less  than  the  original  estimate  the 
result  will  be  satisfactory-  to  all,  but  if  the  cost  exceeds  the  estimate 
and  the  price  per  acre  is  placed  above  that  originally  fixed,  the  land- 
owners may  think  that  they  have  not  been  treated  fairly.  The  cost 
per  acre  in  any  event  will  probably  be  far  below  the  ultimate  value  of 
the  water. 

Engineers  connected  with  the  designing  of  large  works  must  bear 
in  mind  that  the  greatest  efficiency  and  economy  of  these  works  usually 
results  from  a  careful  study  of  the  plans  when  nearly  completed.  In 
the  initiatory  stages  of  the  reclamation  service  it  has  been  necessary  to 
push  work  rapidly  in  order  to  show  results,  but  before  the  general 
plans  have  been  approved  and  the  work  outlined  it  is  highly  essential 
for  the  engineers  to  study  with  great  care  and  reasonable  deliberation 
all  of  the  important  details  and  to  take  sufficient  time  to  do  this 
thoroughly. 

CONSTRUCTION. 

The  reclamation  law  evidently  contemplates  that  most  of  the  work 
shall  be  executed  by  contract.  Many  portions,  however,  must  be 
executed  on  what  is  commonly  known  as  "force  account" — that  is  to 
say,  by  the  tools  and  appliances  furnished  by  the  reclamation  service  and 
by  men  employed  by  the  day  or  by  ordinary  contract.  There  are 
many  situations,  especially  in  new  work,  where  it  is  impracticable  to 
furnish  sufficient  knowledge  in  advance  to  enable  contractors  to  bid 
closely,  and  where  the  work  can  be  done  more  effectively  and  econom- 
ically by  day  labor.  This,  for  example,  has  been  found  to  be  the  case 
in  drilling  for  foundations,  where  the  locality  is  remote  from  lines  of 
transportation  and  the  underground  conditions  are  uncertain.  It  has 
been  found  by  actual  experience  that  holes  can  be  sunk  or  diamond- 
drill  cores  extracted  at  about  a  third  of  the  cost  at  which  the  work 
could  be  let  by  contract. 

In  many  operations  also  the  work  from  day  to  day  depends  on  the 
discoveries  made  under  changing  conditions.  Here  it  is  impracticable 
to  let  contracts  in  such  form  as  to  cover  all  of  the  contingencies,  and 
the  reclamation  service  must  thus  have  a  somewhat  extensive  plant  for 
executing  various  kinds  of  work  and  must  employ  means  utilized  by 
other  constructing  organizations  for  pushing  forward  work  rapidly  and 
effectively. 


NEWELL.]  CHIEF  ENGINEER'S  ADDRESS.  93 

AUTHORIZATIONS 

It  is  important  to  bear  in  mind  the  origin  of  authority  to  execute 
work  and  expend  funds,  and  at  all  times  to  ascertain  that  full  authority 
is  possessed  for  the  proposed  operations.  The  origin  of  all  authority 
is  traceable  to  acts  of  Congress.  These  confer,  in  general  or  specific 
terms,  upon'  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  or  other  executive  officers, 
the  power  and  duty  of  performing  certain  things  in  definite  ways. 

The  act  of  June  17,  1902  (32  Stat.  L.,  388),  is  the  foundation  upon 
which  the  wTork  of  the  reclamation  service  is  established.  The  details 
of  the  operations  are,  however,  modified  or  guided  by  general  laws 
and  departmental  rules,  which  have  the  force  of  law. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  the  responsible  officer,  who  in  turn 
delegates  certain  authority-  to  others.  This  is  usually  general  in  char- 
acter and  covers  ordinary  field  operations  and  construction.  It  covers 
the  purchase  of  the  articles  customarily  needed  and  employment  of 
persons,  but  is  limited  in  detail  by  certain  customs  or  by  decisions  of 
the  Comptroller  or  Auditor.  It  must  not  be  assumed  that  all  freedom 
enjoyed  by  an  individual  or  a  corporation  is  possessed  by  the  officers 
of  the  reclamation  service. 

It  is  impossible  to  state  the  limitations  which  are  set  to  general 
authorizations.  As  a  rule  it  may  be  said  that  by  the  employment  of 
sound  judgment  in  carrying  out  the  purposes  of  the  reclamation  serv- 
ice there  will  be  little  difficulty  encountered,  as  the  attempt  is  made 
to  keep  the  work  on  a  substantial  business  basis. 

The  engineers  and  certifying  officers  must,  however,  not  be  sur 
prised  at  meeting  occasional  unexpected  obstacles  or  limitations  of 
authority,  especially  in  minor  details.  These,  though  trying,  must  be 
patiently  and  loyally  endured,  as  protest  is  of  little  avail.  To  illus- 
trate one  of  the  minor  limitations  may  be  cited  the  fact  that  in  trans- 
mitting small  amounts  of  money  in  payment  of  official  debts  incurred 
it  has  been  found  by  experience  that  the  Comptroller  will  not  permit 
the  payment  of  the  fee  for  a  post-office  order,  but  will  allow  the  fee 
for  registration  of  8  cents,  if  supported  by  evidence.  Thus,  when 
necessity  arises  for  transmitting  monthly  payments  to  observers,  or 
similar  small  amounts,  the  responsible  officer  can  either  send  his  own 
check  or  put  the  money  in  a  registered  letter,  but  can  not  expect 
reimbursement  if  a  postal  order  is  used.  These  minor  limitations  can 
usually  be  made  known  only  by  experience.  v 

In  all  work  it  is  essential  to  have  definite  and  explicit  authority  for 
expenditures  of  every  kind.  At  the  beginning  of  the  fiscal  year  the 
Director  receives  estimates  of  proposed  expenditures,  and  submits 
these  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  for  approval,  general  authority 
being  by  this  means  obtained  for  all  expenditures.  The  Secretary  of 


94  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

the  Interior,  through  the  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey,  allots  to 
the  various  branches  and  divisions  of  the  Survey  certain  sums  from 
suitable  appropriations,  and  gives  authorit}^  to  the  responsible  officers 
for  expenditures  in  general  terms. 

In  the  hydrographic  branch  the  hydrographer  in  charge,  or  chief 
engineer,  makes  specific  allotments  to  the  various  men  and  these  allot- 
ments must  not  be  exceeded  without  further  authorization.  Each  chief 
of  party,  district  engineer,  or  hydrographer  must  be  sure  that  this 
authorization  is  explicit  and  complete,  and  in  rendering  statement 
of  expenditures  from  time  to  time  should  quote  the  original  authori- 
zation, showing  the  date  and  amount  of  allotment. 

Before  any  important  piece  of  work  is  undertaken  which  is  not 
within  the  allotment,  specific  authority  for  this  must  be  had;  no  inves- 
tigation or  piece  of  work  should  be  begun  until  estimates  for  it  have 
been  made  and  authority-  obtained  covering  the  necessary  expenditures. 

Authority  to  purchase  materials  and  execute  work  by  contract  or 
otherwise,  in  the  manner  most  economical  and  advantageous  to  the 
United  States,  must  be  granted  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  in 
some  one  of  various  forms. 

When  an  officer  has  occasion  to  propose  the  execution  of  any  special 
work,  as  repairs,  temporary  buildings,  special  surveys,  rebuilding  or 
repairs  of  roads,  etc.,  the  proposition  should  always  be  accompanied 
by  an  itemized  estimate,  where  this  is  practicable,  of  the  probable  cost 
of  such  work. 

No  sales  of  property  will  be  made  without  authority  from  the  chief 
engineer.  Private  sales  are  prohibited. 

Property  pertaining  to  one  appropriation,  when  transferred  for 
expenditure  in  connection  with  another,  will  be  paid  for  from  the 
latter,  as  in  the  case  of  other  property  purchased  from  the  usual 
sources  of  supply. 

Special  authority  for  the  transfer  of  property  is  necessary  when 
the  purchase  of  such  property  from  the  usual  sources  would,  under  the 
regulations,  require  that  authority. 

It  is  desirable  to  sum  up  briefly  the  sequence  of  events  and  the  steps 
to  be  taken  by  the  district  engineers  in  the  conduct  of  any  particular 
piece  of  work  from  its  initiation  to  the  time  of  construction.  At  each 
important  step  certain  authorization  must  be  obtained  in  order  to  keep 
the  Department  fully  informed  of  the  work  and  guard  against  error 
or  misunderstanding. 

The  first  step  in  any  project  is  the  reconnaissance,  or  preliminary 
survey.  The  engineer  in  the  field  initiates  this  by  calling  it  to  the 
attention  of  the  chief  engineer;  or,  the  latter,  following  a  request  from 
citizens  or  public  bodies,  refers  the  matter  to  the  engineer  in  the  field 
for  examination  and  report.  In  any  case,  specific  authority  for  mak- 


NEWELL.]  STEPS    IN    NEW    PROJECT.  95 

ing  examination  should  be  obtained,  and  an  estimate  should  be  pre- 
pared as  to  the  probable  cost  in  which  should  .be  stated  the  methods 
to  be  pursued.  In  this  preliminary  examination  care  should  be  taken 
to  ascertain  the  essential  facts  completely  and  at  the  same  time  not  to 
make  elaborate  surveys  where  an  inspection  by  a  competent  engineer 
would  determine  the  essential  points. 

Upon  the  completion  of  a  preliminary  examination,  results  are 
reported  to  the  chief  engineer,  and  are  summed  up  in  certain  recom- 
mendations, either  that  no  further  action  be  taken  or  that  more  com- 
plete surveys  be  made.  At  this  time  a  concise  statement  of  all  of  the 
conditions  should  be  given  and  an  outline  of  the  surveys  and  exami- 
nations necessary,  together  with  an  estimate  of  the  cost  of  these,  the 
time  probably  required,  and  the  number  of  men  and  instruments  and 
amount  of  equipment  necessary.  Specific  authority  to  make  these 
surveys  should  be  obtained  from  the  chief  engineer  before  notable 
expenditures  are  made  on  the  work. 

The  surveys  thus  authorized  should  be  conducted  vigorously;  reports 
and  estimates  should  be  prepared  and  submitted  to  the  chief  engineer, 
to  be  referred  by  him  to  the  consulting  engineers  for  their  opinion. 
When  this  opinion  is  rendered,  it  is  transmitted  through  the  Director 
of  the  Geological  Survey  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  with  recom- 
mendation for  abandonment  or  for  further  work  of  construction. 

Authority  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  for  further  work  is 
usually  given  in  general  terms,  and  definite  instructions  are  issued  by 
the  chief  engineer,  covering  the  necessary  details.  If  the  authorization 
to  proceed  with  construction  necessitates  the  letting  of  contracts,  the 
form  of  advertisement  should  at  once  be  prepared  and  sent  by  the 
district  engineer  to  the  chief  engineer,  to  be  approved  and  forwarded 
to  the  Department.  Advertising  for  bids  is  done  usually  through  the 
miscellaneous  division  of  the  Secretary's  office;  if,  however,  by  special 
authority,  advertising  is  done  by  the  engineer  in  the  field,  a  copy  of 
the  authority  and  proof  of  advertisement  must  be  submitted  with  sub- 
sequent papers. 

When  bids  are  to  be  opened,  suitable  officers  will  be  designated  to 
form  a  board,  and  the  chairman  will  be  responsible  for  the  safety  and 
the  correct  form  of  the  papers.  The  board  will  open  the  bids  in  the 
presence  of  bidders  and  others  interested,  and  will  note  particularly 
whether  these  are  complete,  and  whether  certified  checks  are  inclosed. 
After  canvassing  and  comparing  the  bids  the  board  will  make  a  formal 
report  to  the  chief  engineer,  stating  that  the  bids  h£ve  been  opened  in 
accordance  with  advertisement,  and  that  after  examining  the  bids  all 
of  the  papers  relating  to  the  matter,  including  the  bids  recommended 
for  rejection,  are  transmitted  with  recommendations  based  upon  cer- 
tain facts 


96  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

In  case  all  bids  are  recommended  for  rejection,  or  if  the  lowest  bid 
is  not  accepted,  the  reasons  must  be  clearly  given,  and  evidence  pre- 
sented in  such  form  as  to  stand  criticism  by  rejected  bidders  or  other 
persons.  All  papers  and  bids  must  be  transmitted  with  the  report. 

All  papers,  including  the  envelopes  in  which  the  bids  were  filed,  must 
be  transmitted  to  the  chief  engineer,  these  being  listed  and  properly 
marked  for  identification.  The  letter  of  transmittal  containing  the 
recommendations  must  be  explicit,  showing  all  of  the  steps  taken  and 
the  authority  under  which  each  act  is  done. 

In  case  the  general  authorization  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
for  construction  is  of  such  character  that  material  must  be  purchased  or 
labor  performed  without  advertisement  for  bids,  the  authority  for  so 
doing  must  be  explicit,  and  reference  must  be  made  to  this  authority  in 
rendering  accounts.  It  is  not  necessary  to  procure  specific  authority 
for  making  purchases  of  supplies  to  be  used  in  preliminary  surveys  and 
field  examinations,  but  if  in  the  course  of  construction  work  it  becomes 
necessary  to  expend  considerable  sums  of  money— for  example,  over 
$1,000 — or  to  make  unusual  purchases,  separate  authorization  should 
be  obtained  through  application  to  the  chief  engineer.  In  rendering 
the  vouchers  for  such  expenditures  the  authorization  must  be  quoted. 

In  short,  the  engineer  in  the  field  must  keep  in  constant  touch  with 
the  central  office,  must  push  the  work  vigorously,  foresee  probable 
contingencies,  secure  authority  for  unusual  matters,  and  at  the  same 
time  not  wait  for  authority  if  the  exigency  demands  prompt  action. 
Wherever  such  action  is  taken  without  the  usual  authority,  the  facts 
should  be  plainly  stated  in  subsequent  communication. 

EXAMINATION  OF  LAND  TITLES. 

The  examination  of  title  to  the  lands  involved  in  the  various  irriga- 
tion projects  must  be  made  at  some  time  during  the  investigation.  It 
is  necessary  before  construction  can  begin  to  know  as  to  each  tract 
whether  it  is  public  or  private  land;  while  in  connection  with  the  pur- 
chase of  right  of  way  for  canals  or  of  lands  to  be  flooded  in  reservoirs, 
a  complete  abstract  of  title  will  be  required. 

The  first  step  will  be  to  obtain  a  copy  of  the  record  of  the  local  land 
office  to  show  the  present  status  of  each  tract.  It  will  not,  of  course, 
be  necessar}r  to  copy  notes  of  entries  that  have  been  canceled,  of  con- 
tests that  have  been  decided,  or  the  like.  This  record  will  give  the  nature 
and  number  of  the  entry,  a  description  of  the  land,  the  name  and 
post-office  address  of  the  entryman,  and  other  details.  Such  a  record 
will  show  what  land  is  vacant,  what  land  is  entered,  and  what  land  has 
been  patented.  A  book  has  been  prepared  for  making  these  abstracts 
and  can  be  obtained  on  application. 


NEWELL.]  EXAMINATION    OF   TITLES.  97 

The  title  to  lands  to  be  purchased  or  over  which  right  of  way  is 
required  must  be  carefully  examined  and  brought  down  to  date,  in 
order  that  the  office  may  be  informed  as  to  the  present  owner  and  the 
validity  of  his  title  when  negotiations  for  the  purchase  are  taken  up. 

In  connection  with  the  matter  of  right  of  way  for  canals  to  be  con- 
structed by  the  reclamation  service,  attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that, 
by  decision  o*f  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  of  October  5, 1893  (Decisions 
of  the  Department  of  the  Interior  Relating  to  Public  Lands,  vol.  17, 
p.  521),  it  has  been  held  that  all  lands  entered  subsequent  to  October 
2,  1888,  are  subject  to  a  right  of  way  for  ditches  or  canals  constructed 
by  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  in  pursuance  of  the  act  of  August 
30,  1890  (26  Stat.  L.,  p.  391).  A  circular  has  been  prepared  to  be 
used  in  notifying  the  owner  of  land  subject  to  such  reservation  that  it  is 
proposed  to  construct  a  ditch  over  his  land  (Form  9-263).  It  contains 
a  copy  of  the  law,  and  is  to  be  used  only  after  final  decision  has  been 
reached  that  such  construction  will  be  undertaken.  It  is  not  advisa- 
ble to  issue  this  circular  prior  to  that  time,  because  the  reclamation 
service  would  then  be  committed  to  the  construction  of  a  canal  over  a 
particular  route,  and  a  complication  would  thus  be  introduced  which 
might  interfere  with  necessary  negotiations  for  purchase  of  rights  of 
way  at  other  points  along  the  same  line. 

A  knowledge  of  the  lands  for  which  patents  have  issued  having  been 
obtained  from  the  records  of  the  local  land  office,  it  does  not  appear 
necessary  to  make  an  abstract  of  the  title  in  order  to  carry  down  the 
transactions  to  the  present  time.  When  the  irrigation  works  are  com- 
pleted and  the  reclamation  service  has  announced  that  applications  for 
water  rights  will  be  received  the  parties  owning  lands  will,  in  making 
application,  be  required  to  file  affidavit  that  they  have  title  in  fee 
simple  to  the  particular  tracts  which  they  desire  to  water.  This  asser- 
tion of  title  can  be  verified  by  the  tax  records  of  the  county  at  very 
small  expense.  If  the  person  making  application  for  water  right  is 
also  shown  to  be  assessed  for  taxes  on  the  tracts  in  question  it  is  fair 
to  presume  that  he  has  title  in  fee  simple,  as  shown  by  the  face  of  the 
record.  The  intermediate  transactions  are  not  important  for  the  pur- 
poses of  the  reclamation  service.  This  assertion  of  title,  under  oath, 
and  verification  by  the  tax  records  would  undoubtedly  be  sufficient  to 
protect  the  Government  against  fraud  in  this  direction,  and  the  expense 
of  tracing  down  the  title  would  be  thus  avoided. 

Negotiations  for  the  purchase  of  land,  rights  of  way,  water  rights, 
or  other  property  should  be  made  as  representing  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  for  and  on  behalf  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Authority 
to  act  in  this  capacity  will  be  given  by  the  Director  of  the  Geological 
Survey  to  the  person  designated  to  take  up  the  work. 

IRR 


98  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

In  connection  with  some  of  the  projects  it  may  be  necessary  to  make 
a  thorough  examination  of  the  water  rights  of  record.  The  conditions 
involved  in  each  project  will  determine  whether  such  examinations  are 
necessary  and  also  whether  other  special  examinations  of  particular 
tracts  or  claims  are  required  for  the  proper  consideration  of  the  details 
of  the  project.  When  the  engineer  has  made  a  complete  study  of  the 
water  right  and  other  conditions  affecting  the  proposed  work  he  should 
make  full  report  thereon  to  the  chief  engineer,  with  recommendation 
as  to  the  method  of  dealing  with  them. 

LAND    PURCHASES. 

The  reclamation  law,  section  7,  authorizes  the  Secretar}^  of  the 
Interior  to  acquire,  if  necessary,  rights  to  property  by  purchase  or 
condemnation.  It  is  preferable  to  make  every  reasonable  effort  to 
obtain  favorable  terms  by  purchase  rather  than  to  resort  to  the  tedious 
and  sometimes  uncertain  processes  _of  law  for  condemnation.  The 
procedure  for  the  purchase  of  land  by  the  Secretary  is  as  follows: 

When  the  work  on  any  project  has  reached  the  point  when  construc- 
tion will  soon  be  decided  upon,  the  district  engineer  will  take  steps 
looking  to  the  acquisition  of  rights  or  property  needed,  such  as  water 
rights,  lands,  rights  of  way,  etc.  Options  for  the  purchase  of  such 
propert}^  should  be  obtained  as  much  in  advance  of  construction  as 
possible,  without  committing  the  Government  to  any  particular  plan  of 
operations  prior  to  a  definite  decision  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 
The  district  engineer  must  exercise  discretion  as  to  the  best  time  for 
beginning  the  work. 

The  district  engineer  or  his  assistant  or  other  person  designated  by 
the  chief  engineer  should  examine  and  inspect  the  land  and  ascertain  all 
of  the  essential  facts  as  to  ownership;  he  should  then  endeavor  to  meet 
the  owners,  or  their  representatives,  and  agree  upon  a  price  which 
may  be  deemed  fair  and  reasonable.  In  all  such  matters  great  care 
must  be  taken  to  procure  favorable  terms,  and  to  put  them  in  writing, 
so  as  to  avoid  future  misunderstanding. 

The  vendor  is  expected  to  furnish  an  abstract  of  title  of  his  property. 
This  abstract  must  be  authenticated  in  some  form.  If  authority  is 
obtained  to  carry  out  a  form  of  procedure  now  under  consideration  by 
the  Department,  the  abstract  can  be  submitted  to  the  United  States 
Attorney  for  the  judicial  district  in  which  the  land  is  situated,  who 
will  make  a  thorough  examination  of  the  record  and  the  papers,  and 
place  thereon  his  certificate  in  the  form  required  by  the  Department 
of  Justice  in  other  like  cases.  These  papers,  with  his  certificate,  will 
then  be  forwarded  to  this  office  by  the  district  engineer. 

In  case  this  procedure  is  not  adopted  it  will  be  necessary  to  have 
the  abstract  of  title  certified  to  by  the  officers  having  custody  of  the 


NEWELL.]  LAND    PURCHASES.  99 

records  relating  to  land  titles,  judgments,  and  taxes,  unless  some  other 
form  of  giving  evidential  value  to  the  abstract  of  title  is  provided  for 
by  the  laws  of  the  State  or  Territory.  The  district  engineer  may  adopt 
the  latter  method  if  the  local  laws  make  it  easier.  '^Gjfer  f^ 

With  the  abstract  of  title  there  should  also  be  a  form  of  deed  which 
the  vendor  proposes  to  execute.  In  this  deed  the  United  States  of 
America  should  be  made  the  grantee,  and  it  should  contain  the  recital 
that  the  purchase  is  made  in  pursuance  of  the  provisions  of  the  act  of 
Congress  of  June  17, 1902  (32  Stat.  L.,  388).  A  duplicate  of  this  deed 
should  be  retained  in  the  district  engineer's  office  in  order  that  it  may 
be  executed  if  the  title  is  found  satisfactory  and  the  form  of  deed 
submitted  to  the  Department  is  approved. 

In  forwarding  these  papers  to  the  chief  engineer  the  district  engi- 
neer will  submit  a  statement  covering  the  following  principal  points: 

First.  That  the  land  is  necessary  for  the  purpose  authorized  by  the 
reclamation  law. 

Second.  That  the  persons  with  whom  a  tentative  arrangement  has 
been  made  are  competent  and  authorized  to  make  such  tentative  propo- 
sition. 

Third.  That  the  price  tentatively  agreed  upon  is  fair,  and  that  no 
more  favorable  rates  can  be  obtained  by  ordinary  methods,  together 
with  a  definite  recommendation  for  the  purchase.  In  this  connection 
statements  should  be  given  as  to  the  cost  or  selling  price  of  adjacent 
or  similar  propert3T. 

Fourth.  A  statement  of  the  arrangements  to  be  made  for  the  pay- 
ment of  any  taxes  due  or  any  other  lien  on  the  property. 

It  may  be  necessary  to  consider  other  items  in  various  purchases, 
and  these  must  be  anticipated  by  the  engineer  when  the  papers  are 
transmitted. 

These  papers  are  submitted  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  with 
suitable  recommendations.  They  are  considered  and  passed  upon  by 
the  Assistant  Attorney-General  for  the  Department  of  the  Interior. 
If  the  title  as  shown  by  the  papers  is  satisfactory  the  chief  engineer 
will  so  notify  the  district  engineer.  The  deed  should  then  be  executed 
and  recorded,  whereupon  payment  for  the  land  will  be  made. 
•  Whenever  a  disbursing  officer  is  in  the  field  at  a  point  convenient  to 
the  place  where  the  purchase  is  made,  he  may  make  the  payment 
under  the  following  conditions:  The  deed,  executed  in  the  form 
approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  and  dujy  recorded,  must 
be  delivered  to  him,  and  also  certificates  from  the  county  recorder  and 
the  clerk  of  the  county  court  showing  that  no  instruments  have  been 
placed  of  record  in  their  offices  affecting  the  title  to  the  lands  in  ques- 
tion between  the  date  of  their  certificates  forming  part  of  the  abstract 
of  title  and  the  date  of  record  of  the  deed.  Upon  receipt  of  these 


100  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

papers  the  disbursing  officer  can  make  the  payment,  for  which  these 
papers  will  be  sufficient  basis,  as  the  letter  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  approving  the  title  and  the  form  of  deed,  and  authorizing 
the  purchase,  will  be  attached  to  his  account  when  it  is  transmitted  to 
the  Treasury  Department. 

In  case  there  is  no  disbursing  officer  available  it  will  be  necessary  to 
send  the  executed  and  recorded  deed  to  the  Washington  office  of  the 
Survey  with  the  certificates  of  the  county  recorder  and  the  clerk  of 
the  county  court,  whence  they  will  be  transmitted  to  the  Treasunr 
Department  through  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  A  warrant  will 
then  be  drawn  by  the  Treasury  Department  and  forwarded  to  the 
vendor. 

The  various  operations  of  transmitting  and  examining  the  papers  in 
the  several  offices  require  time,  and  in  all  cases  the  party  selling  the 
land  must  be  assured  that,  after  the  terms  of  sale  have  been  agreed 
upon,  a  reasonable  time  must  elapse  for  the  transmission  and  exami- 
nation of  the  papers  and  the  final  payment.  This  routine  will  require, 
as  a  rule,  thirty  to  sixty  days  if  the  title  is  not  defective  in  the  first 
instance. 

Authority  to  enter  upon  negotiations  for  options  or  for  purchase 
can  be  procured  on  application  to  the  chief  engineer,  and  these  nego- 
tiations are  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Secretary.  Various  forms 
of  option  have  been  provided  for  use  in  the  purchase  of  lands  and 
for  acquiring  right  of  way  for  canals  or  reservoirs,  copies  of  which 
can  be  had  upon  application.  In  securing  these  options  it  is  not  cus- 
tomary to  make  the  actual  payment  of  the  "dollar"  mentioned,  and  if 
such  payment  is  made  it  can  not  be  recovered  upon  the  usual  form  of 
account. 

Most  of  the  lands  purchased  are  within  reservoir  sites  or  at  points 
where  the  improvements  must  be  ultimately  destroyed  or  abandoned. 
When  it  becomes  apparent  that  certain  improvements  must  be  aban- 
doned or  destroyed,  all  movable  property  not  needed  for  the  reclama- 
tion service  should  be  sold  at  public  auction,  in  accordance  with  law 
and  the  rules  of  the  Department.  Suitable  advertisement  of  the  sale 
should  be  made,  or  notices  should  be  posted,  and  the  expense  of  adver- 
tising, services  of  auctioneer,  etc.,  should  be  deducted  from  the  pro- 
ceeds, which  should  then  be  transmitted  to  the  chief  engineer,  to  be 
forwarded,  through  the  proper  channels,  to  the  Treasury  Department. 

LAND  AND  WATER  TITLES. 

In  each  project  there  are  involved  tracts  of  land  in  private  owner- 
ship and  waters  claimed  by  individuals  for  purposes  of  irrigation, 
power,  or  other  uses,  and  it  is  necessary  to  make  a  careful  examination 
of  the  character  of  the  title  to  the  land  and  of  the  actual  uses  of  the 
water.  For  this  purpose  suitable  blanks  and  notebooks  have  been 


NEWELL.]  BIGHTS    OF    WAY.  101 

prepared,  and  instructions  given  by  various  district  chiefs.  As  an 
example  one  of  these  blanks  is  appended  herewith — that  used  in  the 
State  of  Washington: 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 
UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Report  on  irrigation  canals  taking  water  from Eiver  in 

County,  State  of  Washington. 

I do  affirm  the  following  to  be  a 

true  statement  of  facts  concerning  the  irrigating  ditch  which  I  use  to  irrigate  the  land 
described  as  follows: 

which  I  {^ I  have 

acres  of  land  under  cultivation,  . . acres  of  which  I  irrigate. 

I  have  ample  supply  of  -water  during  During  the 

months  of I  have •„ 

My  canal  is miles  long  and  connects  with 

The  cost  of  repairs  on  my  ditch,  including  my  own  and  all  other  labor,  is 

per  year.  I  began  to  use  water  on  the  land  about and  do 

not  need  it  for  purposes  of  irrigation  after I  use  the  water 

for . .  I  generally  turn  the  water  off  from 

the  ditch 

I  pay  $ annually  to   for  taking  water  from 


SIGN  HERE 


In  obtaining"  the  above  information  two  principal  objects  were  in  view. 
First,  to  obtain  evidence  as  to  how  much  water  was  being  used  per 
acre  of  land  irrigated,  and,  second,  to  record  before  any  probable  legal 
complications  arise  a  signed  statement  from  the  irrigator  as  to  how 
much  land  was  irrigated  and  from  what  sources.  In  the  future  there 
will  doubtless  arise  difficulties  in  dealing  with  some  of  these  people 
and  evidence  of  this  kind  will  be  valuable  in  making  settlements. 

RIGHT  OF  WAY  FOR  CANALS. 

The  use  of  public  lands  for  right  of  way  for  canals  and  laterals  con- 
structed by  the  reclamation  service  is  provided  for  by  the  act  of  Oct. 
2,  1888  (25  Stat.  L.,  526).  There  is  also  a  reservation  of  right  of  way 
for  canals  constructed  by  the  United  States  affecting  all  lands  disposed 
of  subsequent  to  that  date.  The  following  circular  has  been  issued 
concerning  the  matter:  v 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 

UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY, 

Washington,  D.  O.,  August  15,  1908. 
To  the  engineers  in  charge  of  projects  of  the  reclamation  service: 

There  is  herewith  transmitted  a  circular  (9-263)  for  use  in  claiming  rights  of  way 
to  which  the  United  States  is  entitled  for  ditches  or  canals  constructed  by  the  recla- 


102  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

mation  service.  This  form  has  been  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and 
such  copies  as  may  be  needed  can  be  furnished  on  application. 

Engineers  using  this  circular  will  keep  a  duplicate  record  of  the  names  of  persons 
to  whom  they  have  been  sent  and  the  lands  specified  in  each  case.  One  copy  of  such 
list  should  be  forwarded  to  this  office  and  the  other  retained  in  the  files  of  the  local 
engineer. 

These  circulars  should  be  used  only  after  a  canal  line  has  been  finally  located,  and 
it  is  specially  important  that  they  should  not  be  sent  out  when  such  action  is  likely 
to  complicate  negotiations  for  rights  of  way  for  other  lands.  The  sending  of  such 
circulars  will  commit  the  reclamation  service  to  a  particular  canal  location,  and  if 
prematurely  sent  out  would  encourage  those  from  whom  rights  of  way  must  be 
acquired  by  negotiation  to  demand  greater  compensation  than  they  might  otherwise 


F.  H.  NEWELL,   Chief  Engineer. 


9-263. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 

UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY, 

Washington,  D.  €., 

Mr.. 


SIR: 

The  reclamation  service  established  under  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
in  pursuance  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  June  17,  1902  (32  Stat.  L.,  388),  is  about  to 

undertake  the  construction  of  a  ditch  or  canal  across  lands  in  section T. 

,  E , M.,  of  which  it  is  understood  that  you  are 

the  owner. 

An  examination  of  the  records  of  the  United  States  Land  Office  shows  that  your 
entry  was  made  subsequent  to  October  2,  1888,  and  that  the  lands  included  therein 
are  accordingly  subject  to  the  following  provision  of  law: 

"That  in  all  patents  for  lands  hereafter  taken  up  under  any  of  the  land  laws  of  the 
United  States,  or  on  entries  or  claims  validated  by  this  act  west  of  the  one  hundredth 
meridian,  it  shall  be  expressed  that  there  is  reserved  from  the  lands  in  said  patent 
described  a  right  of  way  thereon  for  ditches  or  canals  constructed  by  the  authority 
of  the  United  States."  (Act  of  August  30,  1890;  26  Stat.  L.,  391. ) 

The  entries  or  claims  validated  by  that  act  are  such  as  may  be  asserted  under 
entries  made  subsequent  to  October  2,  1888,  as  held  by  the  Department  in  the  circu- 
lar of  October  5,  1893.  (See  vol.  17,  p.  521,  of  the  Decisions  of  the  Department  of 
the  Interior  relating  to  public  lands. ) 

It  is  accordingly  intended  to  exercise  the  right  conferred  by  this  law,  and  to  take 
necessary  right  of  way  across  the  said  lands  for  the  construction  and  maintenance  of 
the  ditch  or  canal  required  in  connection  with  the  reclamation  work  authorized  under 
the  act  of  June  17,  1902. 

For  information  concerning  the  location  of  the  proposed  canal  or  ditch  you  are 
referred  to  the  engineer  in  charge,  Mr ,  at 

You  are  further  informed  that  you  will  be  entitled  to  receive  water  for  the  irriga- 
tion of  your  lands  from  the  said  canal  or  ditch,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of 
of  the  said  act  and  regulations  authorized  thereunder  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 
Very  respectfully, 

CHAS.  D.  WALCOTT,  Director. 


NEWELL.]  CHIEF  ENGINEER'S  ADDRESS.  103 

NOTICE  OF  APPROPRIATION  OF  WATER. 

Section  8  of  the  reclamation  act  provides  that  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  in  carrying"  out  the  provisions  of  the  act,  shall  proceed  in 
conformity  with  the  laws  of  any  State  or  Territory  relating  to  the  con- 
trol, appropriation,  use,  or  distribution  of  water  used  in  irrigation. 
Before  the -filing  of  the  first  notice  of  appropriation  of  water  in  any 
State  the  matter  of  the  advisability  of  making  such  filing  should  be 
submitted  to  the  chief  engineer,  because  some  of  the  State  laws  may 
be  such  that  it  is  impossible  to  comply  with  them  in  conducting  opera- 
tions under  the  reclamation  act. 

The  following  is  a  general  form  of  notice  of  appropriation  of  water, 
submitted  as  a  guide  for  engineers  who  file  such  notices.  Authority 
to  act  in  the  name  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  can  be  obtained  by 
applying  to  the  chief  engineer,  who  will  obtain  the  same  from  the 
Director,  the  latter  being  empowered  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
to  designate  suitable  persons  to  act  in  his  behalf. 

In  many  cases  it  will  be  necessary  to  vary  this  form  of  notice  in 
order  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  local  laws.  When  such  a  notice 
has  been  prepared  it  is  advisable  to  submit  a  copy  to  the  United  States 
district  attorney,  calling  his  attention  to  the  instructions  of  the 
Attorney-General,  dated  September  14,  1903,  providing  for  giving 
advice  to  the  engineers  of  the  reclamation  service  concerning  the 
preparation  of  such  notices,  and  requesting  any  suggestions  which  he 
may  have  to  offer  in  regard  to  the  form  submitted.  The  original 
notice,  with  evidence  that  it  has  been  recorded  in  the  proper  State  or 
Territorial  office,  should  be  promptly  forwarded  to  the  chief  engineer. 

FORM    OF    NOTICE    OF    WATER   APPROPRIATION. 

,  Engineer,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  thereunto 

duly  authorized  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  for  and  on  behalf  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  June  17, 
1902  (32  Stat.  L. ,  388) ,  claims,  at  the  point  where  this  notice  is  posted,  all  the  unappro- 
priated waters  of  the River,  both  surface  and  underflow, 

more  specifically  stated  as  amounting  to cubic  feet  per  second. 

This  notice  is  posted  on ,  190..,  on  a tree  on 

the bank  of  the River,  in  sec 

T R , M.,  at  a  point  distant feet  and  bear- 
ing  from  the corner  of  said  section. 

The  water  is  to  be  used  for  irrigation,  domestic,  power^  mechanical,  and  other 

beneficial  uses  in  and  upon  lands  situated  in counties,  and 

located  in  the  following  townships: 


The  water  hereby  appropriated  is  to  be  stored  by  means  of  a  dam  located  in  sec. 
,  T. , ,  R ,  in  a  reservoir  located  in  T.s ,  R. 

}  and  will  be  conducted  to  the  points  of  intended  use  by  means  of  canals, 


104  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93 

flumes,  pipes,  tunnels,  or  other  appropriate  means  of  conveying  water,  of  the  follow- 
ing dimensions,  ,  or  such  other  equivalent  dimensions  and  grade  as 

will  give  a  capacity  of cubic  feet  per  second. 

AFFIDAVIT. 

being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says  thaton , 

190..,  he  did  post  a  notice  of  appropriation  of  water,  of  which  the  foregoing  is  a 

copy,  for cubic  feet  per  second  of  the  waters  of 

River,  on  a tree  at  a  point  described  as  follows :  ( Describe 

exactly  as  in  notice.) 

Following  is  a  copy  of  a  notice  actually  filed  with  the  recorder  of 
Riverside  County,  Gal.,  and  posted  as  indicated: 

Notice  is  hereby  given  that  Edmund  T.  Perkins,  thereunto  duly  authorized  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior,  for  and  on  behalf  of  the  United  States  of  America,  and 
under  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  Congress  approved  June  17,  1902,  claims  at  the 
point  where  this  notice  is  posted  all  unappropriated  waters  of  the  Colorado  River, 
both  surface  and  under  flow,  to  the  extent  of  100,000  cubic  second-feet — 4,000,000 
miners'  inches.  The  point  where  this  notice  is  posted  is  described  as  follows:  A 
point  of  rocks  known  as  Black  Point,  in  California,  county  of  Riverside,  about  sec- 
tion 7,  township  5  south,  range  24  east,  San  Bernardino  meridian,  California.  The 
notice  is  posted  on  a  box  nailed  to  a  tree. 

The  said  water  is  claimed  for  irrigation,  manufacturing  purposes,  water  power, 
domestic  use,  and  other  beneficial  uses,  and  the  terminus  and  place  of  its  intended 
use  is  in  the  valley  extending  from  said  point  along  the  Colorado  River  to  and  below 
Picacho,  Cal.,  and  along  the  line  of  a  proposed  conduit.  The  water  will  be  diverted 
by  means  of  a  diversion  dam  and  will  be  conveyed  through  canals,  flumes,  wooden, 
iron,  steel,  and  cement  pipes  to  the  place  of  intended  use.  The  size  of  the  canal 
will  be  100  feet  wide  on  the  bottom  and  10  feet  deep,  or  of  such  dimensions  as  will 
give  it  an  equivalent  capacity.  The  size  of  the  conduits  are  to  be  such  as  to  give 
them  sufficient  capacity  to  carry  the  amount  of  water  required. 

LAND  CLASSIFICATION. 

The  detailed  topographic  survey  of  irrigable  lands  should  be  followed 
at  once  by  a  classification  of  such  character  that  it  will  be  possible  to 
divide  the  lands  into  farms  capable  of  supporting  a  family.  A  farm 
unit  may  be  40,  80,  120,  or  160  acres.  Lots  as  designated  on  the 
official  township  plots  may  be  used  by  themselves  or  with  40-acre  tracts. 
Sufficient  knowledge  must  be  had  of  each  40-acre  tract  to  enable  the 
preparation  of  a  map  of  each  farm. 

The  subdivision  of  the  irrigable  lands  into  farm  units  is  one  of  toe 
most  important  duties  of  the  reclamation  service.  The  following  cir- 
cular of  September  3,  1903,  has  been  issued  as  a  guide  for  such  work: 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 

UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY, 

Washington,  D.  C.,  September  3,  1903. 
To  the  Engineers  in  Charge  of  Reclamation  Projects: 

By  decision  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  under  date  of  August  21,  the  reclama- 
tion service  is  authorized  to  classify  and  combine  the  different  subdivisions  within 
lands  withdrawn  for  irrigation  under  the  reclamation  act  so  as  to  make  practically 


NEWELL.]  DESERT-LAND    ENTEIES.  105 

homestead  segregations  of  the  entire  territory  under  any  one  project,  specifying  the 
particular  legal  subdivisions  that  shall  constitute  each  entry  as  to  all  public  land 
included  in  the  withdrawal.  Such  segregations  of  homestead  entries  must  be  by 
legal  subdivisions  (40-acre  tracts  or  lots)  and  be  limited  to  areas  of  not  less  than  40 
nor  more  than  160  acres.  All  the  subdivisions  forming  each  entry  must  be  of  con- 
tiguous tracts.  Two  tracts  containing  only  a  corner  in  common  are  not  contiguous, 
nor  in  general  are  they  contiguous  when  separated  by  an  existing  meandered  stream. 
The  homestead  entries  so  segregated  may  be  of  different  areas  in  the  same  project, 
the  intent  being  to  provide  in  each  homestead  entry  such  quantity  and  quality  of 
irrigable  land  as  shall  be  sufficient  for  the  support  of  a  family. 

This  classification  of  the  lands  will  be  reported  by  the  Director  of  the  Geological 
Survey  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  for  incorporation  in  the  public  notice  of  the 
lands  irrigable  under  each  project,  as  required  by  section  4  of  the  reclamation  act. 
In  submitting  such  list  the  area  of  irrigable  land  in  each  entry  should  be  specified, 
as  it  will  form  the  basis  of  the  payment  required  for  the  water  supplied  from 'the 
irrigation  works  of  the  reclamation  service. 

Very  respectfully,  F.  II.  NEWELL, 

Chief  Engineer 

in  order  that  the  lands  withdrawn  for  the  purposes  of  the  reclama- 
tion service  ma}^  be  protected  against  acquisition  by  parties  making 
desert-land  entries  before  the  withdrawal  became  effective,  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior  has  ordered  that  before  the  acceptance  of  final 
proof  on  desert  entries  within  withdrawn  areas,  the  land  shall  be 
examined  and  reported  on  by  engineers  of  the  reclamation  service. 

The  restoration  and  re-marking  of  public-land-survey  corners  by  the 
engineers  and  topographers  of  the  reclamation  service  on  lands  with- 
drawn under  the  reclamation  act  has  also  been  authorized. 

The  circular  of  July  21, 1903,  covering  both  of  these  subjects,  follows: 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 
UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY,  RECLAMATION  SERVICE, 

Washington,  D.  C.,  July  21,  1903. 

FINAL   PROOF   OF   DESERT-LAND   ENTRIES. 

By  order  of  the  Secretary  of  July  6,  1903,  the  reclamation  service  will  report  on 
all  desert-land  entries  for  which  final  proof  is  offered  when  the  lands  involved  are 
included  within  withdrawals  under  the  reclamation  act.  This  office  will  be  promptly 
advised  of  the  offer  to  make  such  final  proof;  you  will  be  notified  thereof  and  will, 
as  soon  as  possible  thereafter,  have  the  land  inspected  by  one  of  your  assistants  upon 
whose  discretion  and  judgment  you  can  rely.  It  is  important  that  your  report  be 
promptly  forwarded  to  this  office,  in  order  that  there  shall  be  no  delay  in  the  dispo- 
sition of  these  cases  by  the  General  Land  Office. 

Inclosed  herewith  are  several  copies  of  a  circular  containing  all  the  provisions  of 
law  concerning  desert-land  proofs,  together  with  the  regulations  thereunder.  Other 
copies  can  be  furnished  if  desired.  v 

PUBLIC-LAND   SURVEYS. 

By  order  of  the  Department  of  July  14,  1903,  the  engineers  and  topographers  of 
the  reclamation  service  are  authorized  to  restore  and  re-mark  any  corners  of  the 
public-land  surveys  which  may  be  found  to  have  been  destroyed  or  obliterated  in 


106  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

whole  or  in  part  upon  the  lands  included  within  withdrawals  under  the  reclamation 
act.  In  the  work  done  in  this  connection  the  rules  in  the  circular  on  the  Restoration 
of  Lost  or  Obliterated  Corners,  issued  by  the  General  Land  Office,  March  14,  1901, 
and  the  requirements  of  the  Manual  of  Surveying  Instructions  for  the  Survey  of 
Public  Lands  issued  by  the  General  Land  Office  must  be  followed. 

In  restoring  corners  it  is  important  that  there  shall  be  no  interference  with  vested 
rights  where  the  lands  have  been  settled  upon  and  that  no  corner  should  be  regarded 
as  missing  until  diligent  search  has  been  made  for  evidences  of  its  original  location. 

For  this  wrork  it  will  generally  be  necessary  to  have  copies  of  the  field  notes  on  file 
in  the  office  of  the  surveyor-general  of  the  State  or  Territory  in  which  the  work  is 
located. 

The  topographers  and  engineers  should  keep  careful  and  complete  record  of  field 
notes  of  the  work  with  descriptions  of  corners  established,  in  the  manner  required 
by  the  regulations  of  the  Land  Office.  Such  field  notes  should  be  kept  on  file  in 
the  office  of  the  engineer  in  charge. 

No  corners  are  to  be  reestablished  or  re-marked  unless  they  are  required  for  the 
classification  of  irrigable  lands  or  for  the  identification  of  lands  the  title  to  which 
must  be  acquired. 

There  is  herewith  transmitted  a  copy  of  the  circular  on  the  Restoration  of  Lost  or 
Obliterated  Corners,  approved  March  14, 1901,  and  also  a  copy  of  the  Manual  of  Sur- 
veying Instructions.  Additional  copies  of  these  circulars  can  be  obtained  on  request, 
but  you  are  advised  that  copies  of  the  manual  should  be  carefully  preserved,  as  the 
published  edition  is  not  very  large. 

F.  H.  NEWELL,  Chief  Engineer. 

General  suggestions  as  to  the  withdrawal  and  classification  of  lands 
have  been  given  in  the  book  of  Instructions,  beginning  on  page  96. 
Additional  suggestions  are  desired  from  men  in  the  field,  such  as  may 
lead  to  the  preparation  of  more  specific  instructions,  based  upon 
experience. 

Cooperation  is  being  had  in  some  cases  with  the  Bureau  of  Soils  of 
the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  memoranda  have  been  prepared 
with  reference  to  the  examinations  of  lands  along  Colorado  River: 

FORMATION  OF  ASSOCIATIONS. 

When  it  appears  probable  that  any  particular  project  is  practicable 
and  will  be  carried  into  effect,  steps  should  be  taken  looking  toward 
the  organization  of  an  association  of  the  people  owning  land  under  the 
project.  This  law  is  very  general  in  terms,  and  it  is  necessary  to 
supply  b}^  administrative  action  a  body  of  rules  and  regulations  cov- 
ering such  associations. 

The  object  of  these  associations  is  to  enable  prompt  and  effective 
dealing  between  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  represented  by  the 
engineers  of  the  reclamation  service,  and  the  water  users.  The  latter 
should  have  a  common  agent  with  whom  business  may  be  transacted, 
so  that  it  will  be  practicable  to  reach  definite  conclusion  on  points  that 
may  be  at  issue.  It  is  impossible  to  deal  satisfactorily  with  the  indi- 


NEWELL.]  WORK    IN    HAND.  107 

victuals  of  a  community  where  the  members  have  had  little  or  no 
experience  in  irrigation,  and  where  there  is  wide  diversity  of  opinion 
on  matters  of  detail.  When  an  association  is  formed,  in  which  the 
majority  rules,  it  is  possible  to  refer  to  it  all  questions  relating  to 
water  distribution  and  all  other  questions  that  form  sources  of  indi- 
vidual discontent,  leaving  these  to  be  settled  under  State  laws  or 
customs,  or  according  to  the  wishes  of  the  majority  in  interest. 

Much  time  and  thought  has  been  devoted  by  many  persons  to  the 
formation  of  these  associations,  and  in  particular  the  matter  has  been 
worked  out  with  great  care  in  the  Salt  River  Valley,  Arizona.  The 
results  of  this  work  will  be  presented  by  Mr.  B.  A.  Fowler,  the 
president  of  the  Salt  River  Valley  Water  Users'  Association,  and  refer- 
ence should  be  made  to  pages  130-138  for  the  principal  facts. 

WORK  IN  HAND. 

The  following  paragraphs  give  briefly  the  present  condition  of  the 
work  in  each  of  the  sixteen  States  and  Territorities.  This  is  being 
pushed  forward  as  rapidly  as  possible  consistent  with  economy  of 
administration  and  efficient  organization  of  the  experienced  men 
available. 

In  Arizona  detailed  surveys  in  connection  with  the  proposed  dam  on 
Salt  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Tonto  Creek,  have  been  continued,  and 
plans  have  been  made  for  a  power  plant,  cement  mill,  and  other 
structures  essential  to  the  construction  of  the  great  dam.  An  organiza- 
tion of  the  water  users  has  been  effected,  and  ample  time  is  afforded 
for  holders  of  arid  land  to  indicate  their  wishes  as  regards  obtaining 
a  suppty  of  water  from  the  Government  reservoir,  if  constructed.  The 
public  lands  in  the  Salt  River  Valley  have  been  withdrawn  from  entry 
under  the  terms  of  the  law,  to  be  reclaimed  if  there  should  be  suffi- 
cient water  for  any  considerable  part  of  these.  An  alternative 
project — that  near  San  Carlos,  on  Gila  River — has  also  been  under 
consideration,  and  facts  have  been  obtained  concerning  its  feasibility. 
Other  surveys  and  reconnaissances  have  been  made  in  various  localities, 
notably  along  Colorado  River. 

In  California  the  most  important  work  done  has  been  that  in  con- 
nection with  the  storage  and  utilization  of  the  waters  of  Colorado 
River,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State.  Any  project  here  must 
probably  be  of  considerable  magnitude,  the  complete  utilization  of  the 
river  being  in  some  respects  analogous  to  the  Achievements  of  the 
British  engineers  on  the  Nile,  in  Egypt.  Examinations  have  also  been 
made  in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys,  and  facts  have  been 
obtained  upon  which  to  base  a  comparison  of  various  projects  and  a 
determination  of  their  relative  cost  and  importance. 


108  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE. 

In  Colorado  attention  has  been  given  principally  to  the  tunnel  which 
it  is  proposed  to  build  to  convey  the  waters  of  Gunnison  River  to  the 
Uncompahgre  Valley,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  towns  of  Montrose  and 
Delta.  An  examination  has  also  been  made  of  the  proposed  high- 
line  canal  from  Grand  River,  near  Grand  Junction,  and  of  the  feasi- 
bility of  diverting  and  storing  the  flood  water  of  South  Plattc  River 
in  the  vicinity  of  Sterling.  A  general  reconnaissance  has  also  been 
begun  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State. 

In  Idaho  opportunities  have  been  found  at  several  places  for  reclaim- 
ing arid  land  b}T  using  the  waters  of  Snake  River  and  its  tributaries, 
especially  by  utilizing  as  reservoirs  the  lakes  at  the  headwaters  of 
Snake  River.  A  large  tract  of  land  has  been  reserved  on  the  Snake 
River  Desert,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town  of  Dubois;  another  tract 
reserved  lies  below  American  Falls,  near  Minidoka;  a  third  project 
contemplates  the  irrigation  of  lands  lying  between  Boise  and  Payette 
rivers,  west  of  the  city  of  Boise. 

In  Kansas  a  number  of  small  projects  have  been  examined,  but  none 
of  these  appear  to  fall  within  the  scope  of  the  reclamation  law.  A 
very  thorough  study  has  been  made  of  western  Kansas  and  of  the 
Great  Plains  in  general,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  opportunities  for 
obtaining  deep  or  artesian  water.  A  map  showing  the  depth  to  the 
water-bearing  strata  and  the  probability  that  the  water  will  rise  to  the 
surface  has  been  prepared  and  is  in  process  of  publication. 

In  Montana  surveys  have  been  made  for  canals  along  Milk  River, 
and  steps  have  been  taken  to  procure  the  necessary  reservoir  sites.  A 
general  reconnaissance  has  also  been  begun  in  the  central  part  of  the 
State,  between  Missouri  and  Yellowstone  rivers,  and  examination  has 
been  made  of  the  opportunities  for  diverting  the  Yellowstone  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  State, 

In  Nebraska  the  principal  opportunities  for  reclamation  are  bound 
up  with  the  complete  use,  storage,  and  utilization  of  the  waters  of 
North  Platte  River.  The  reservoir  sites  are  in  the  State  of  Wyoming. 
An  examination  has  been  made  of  these,  and  also  of  the  feasibility  of 
covering  arid  land  in  the  western  part  of  Nebraska  by  canals  heading 
in  Wyoming. 

In  Nevada  construction  has  been  begun,  as  already  stated,  in  the 
Truckee  Canal,  taking  water  from  .the  river  of  this  name,  the  head  of 
the  canal  being  in  the  canyon  below  Reno  and  above  the  town  of 
Wadsworth.  This  canal  will  take  the  flood  or  excess  waters  of  Truckee 
River  to  a  reservoir  site  on  the  lower  part  of  Carson  River,  from  which 
the  water  can  be  conducted  out  upon  the  desert  lands  tying  to  the 
east. 

In  New  Mexico  a  number  of  surveys  have  been  made  upon  Pecos 
River  and  the  Rio  Grande.  On  the  former  stream  the  principal  locali- 


NEWELL.]  WORK    IN    HAND.  109 

ties  are  above  Roswell,  at  what  is  known  as  Urton  Lake,  and  below 
Roswell  on  Hondo  River.  Maps  of  reservoir  sites  on  the  Rio  Grande 
above  the  Mesilla  Valley  are  also  being  prepared. 

North  Dakota  presents  few  problems  of  national  importance.  The 
principal  water  supply  of  the  State  is  found  in  Missouri  River,  the 
fall  of  which  is  so  gentle  that  canals  can  not  be  taken  from  the  stream. 
The  tributaries  of  the  Missouri  in  this  State  are  small  or  intermittent, 
or  are  bordered  by  valley s  so  narrow  that  any  considerable  development 
of  irrigation  does  not  seem  practicable.  Pumping  may  be  resorted  to, 
and  for  this  purpose  lignite  may  be  obtained.  The  efficiency  of  this 
method  of  irrigation  is  being  investigated. 

Oklahoma  is  in  many  respects  similar  to  North  Dakota,  in  that  large 
reclamation  projects  are  impracticable  or  unnecessary.  The  greater 
part  of  the  Territory  Mes  east  of  the  one-hundredth  meridian  and  irri- 
gation is  not  regarded  by  settlers  as  playing  an  important  part  in  the 
agricultural  development  of  its  area.  Beaver  County,  extending  from 
the  one-hundredth  to  the  one  hundred  and  third  meridian,  is  to  a  large 
extent  arid,  but  water  must  be  supplied  to  these  lands  by  the  diversion 
and  storage  of  flood  waters,  which  is  of  doubtful  practicability  on  a 
large  scale. 

In  Oregon  important  detailed  surveys  are  being  made  in  three 
localities,  one  of  these  being  in  Harney  County,  near  the  central  part 
of  the  State;  another  on  Malheur  River,  on  the  east;  and  the  third  on 
Umatilla  River,  near  the  northern  boundary.  Each  of  these  projects 
has  certain  advantages  and  difficulties,  and  a  very  careful  examination 
must  be  made  before  the  feasibility  and  relative  merits  of  these  can  be 
known. 

In  South  Dakota  there  are  apparent  opportunities  for  reclamation 
in  areas  near  the  Black  Hills.  Several  small  streams  issue  from  this 
group  of  hills,  and  storage  of  flood  waters  is  believed  to  be  practicable. 
The  principal  opportunity  for  reclamation  thus  far  discovered  is  that 
near  Belle  Fourche,  but  other  irrigable  lands,  mainly  in  private  owner- 
ship, have  been  noted  east  of  Rapid  City. 

In  Utah  the  people,  through  a  State  commission,  have  asked  that 
first  attention  be  given  to  Utah  Lake.  This  body  of  water  receives 
the  drainage  from  a  considerable  part  of  the  mountain  area  in  the 
center  of  the  State,  and  the  greater  portion  of  this  water  is  lost  by 
evaporation.  The  problem  is  largely  to  prevent  by  one  means  or 
another  this  enormous  waste,  which  has  been  estynated  to  be  equiva- 
lent to  1,000  cubic  feet  per  second  during  the  irrigating  season. 
Another  project  under  examination  contemplates  the  use  of  Bear  Lake, 
which  lies  partly  in  Idaho  and  partly  in  Utah. 

In  Washington  the  great  body  of  irrigable  land  is  in  the  central 
part  of  the  State,  within  what  is  known  -as  the  great  bend  of  the 


110  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

Columbia.  This  land  is  below  the  level  of  Spokane  River,  at  the  foot 
of  Spokane  Falls,  and  may  be  reached  by  water  from  this  or  other 
sources  if  the  cost  is  not  prohibitory.  The  scheme  is  gigantic  in  its 
proportions,  and  its  feasibility  can  not  definitely  be  determined  without 
careful  surveys.  Similar  bodies  of  land  north  of  the  Columbia  and 
near  Okanogan  can  be  reclaimed  probably  at  less  cost. 

Wyoming  contains  mountain  masses  from  which  come  several  of  the 
larger  rivers  of  the  arid  region.  The  altitude  is  high,  but  there  are  a 
number  of  opportunities  for  reclaiming  desert  land.  The  most  notable 
of  these  is  in  the  vicinity  of  Cody,  in  the  Bighorn  Basin.  Surve}7s 
have  been  made  in  this  area,  and  also  on  the  east  side  of  the  Bighorn 
Mountains,  to  ascertain  the  possibility  of  storing  water  in  Lake  De 
Smet.  On  North  Platte  River  also  extensive  surveys  are  being  made 
to  determine  the  possibility  of  storing  its  flood  waters  for  use  in  east- 
ern W}7oming  and  western  Nebraska. 

As  each  of  the  projects  above  mentioned  contemplates  large  works, 
requiring  construction  that  is  more  or  less  involved  in  character,  and 
as  hydraulic  works  are  difficult  to  build,  and  all  questions  of  safety 
and  stabilit}^  must  be  settled  in  advance  with  great  care,  it  is  necessary 
to  make  examinations  with  unusual  thoroughness.  Instructions  are 
given  to  ascertain  all  of  the  facts  and  to  have  every  essential  feature 
guarded  in  the  most  thorough  manner  possible.  In  this  work  it  is 
better  to  run  the  risk  of  criticism  for  slow  progress  than  rush  into 
expensive  yet  inadequately  considered  construction,  especially  where 
safety  is  involved. 

PRINTED  FORMS. 

Some  of  the  forms  for  customary  use  in  the  various  operations  are 
here  presented  for  general  information  and  discussion. 

FORM    OF    CONTRACT. 

THIS  AGREEMENT,  made  and  entered  into  this day  of 

,  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and ,  by  and  between  the  United  States 

of  America,  acting  in  this  behalf  by ,  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 

party  of  the  first  part,  and ,  party  of  the 

second  part,  his  heirs,  executors,  administrators,  and  assigns, 

WITNESSETH,  That  in  pursuance  of  authority  for  the  construction  of  irrigation 
works  contained  in  the  act  of  Congress  approved  June  17,  1902  (32  Stat.,  388),  enti- 
tled "  An  act  appropriating  the  receipts  from  the  sale  and  disposal  of  public  lands 
in  certain  States  and  Territories  to  the  construction  of  irrigation  works  for  the  recla- 
mation of  arid  land,"  the  parties  hereto  have  mutually  covenanted  and  agreed,  and 
by  these  presents  do  covenant  and  agree,  to  and  with  each  other, 'as  follows: 

ARTICLE  1.  The  second  party  agrees,  under  penalty  of  a  bond  conditioned  upon  a  due 
compliance  with  the  provisions  of  this  agreement,  to  construct  and  complete 


in  accordance  with  terms  of  the"  attached  advertisement,  proposal,  and  specifications, 
the  same  being  made  a  part  of  this  contract,  excepting  in  so  far  as  the  specifications 
may  be  amended  or  modified  by  the  terms  of  this  agreement. 


NEWELL.]  FORM    OF    CONTRACTS.  Ill 

ARTICLE  2.  For  and  in  consideration  of  the  faithful  performance  of  the  stipula- 
tions of  this  contract,  the  second  party  shall  be  paid,  upon  the  presentation  of  proper 
accounts  approved  by  the  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Reclamation  Service,  the  Director 
of  the  Geological  Survey,  and  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  in  the  following 
manner: 

ARTICLE  3. — The  contractors  must  save,  keep,  bear  harmless,  and  fully  indemnify 
the  United  States  and  any  of  its  officers  or  agents  from  all  damages  or  claims  for 
damages,  costs,  or  expenses  in  law  or  equity  that  may  at  any  time  arise  or  be  set  up 
for  any  infringement  of  the  patent  rights  of  any  person  or  persons  in  consequence  of 
the  use  by  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  or  by  any  of  its  officers  or  agents,  of  arti- 
cles supplied  under  this  proposal,  and  of  which  the  contractor  is  not  the  patentee  or 
assignee,  or  lawfully  entitled  to  sell  the  same. 

[Here  follows  space  for  inserting  additional  articles.] 

ARTICLE — .  It  is  expressly  understood  by  the  second  party  that,  in  conformity 
with  the  requirements  of  section  3737  of  the  Revised  Statutes,  neither  this  contract 
nor  any  interest  therein  shall  be  transferred  to  any  other  party  or  parties,  and  that  any 
such  transfer  shall  cause  the  annulment  of  the  contract  so  far  as  the  United  States 
is  concerned;  all  rights  of  action,  however,  for  any  breach  of  this  contract  by  the 
contracting  parties  being  reserved  to  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE — .  It  is  further  expressly  understood  that  no  Member  of  or  Delegate  to 
Congress,  officer,  agent,  or  employee  of  the  Government  is  or  shall  be  admitted  to 
any  share  or  part  of  this  contract,  or  to  any  benefits  which  may  arise  therefrom, 
and  the  provisions  of  sections  3739,  3740,  and  3741  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the 
United  States,  relating  to  contracts,  enter  into  and  form  a  part  of  this  agreement  so 
far  as  the  same  may  be  applicable. 

In  witness  whereof  the  undersigned  have  hereunto  subscribed  their  names  and 
affixed  their  seals  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 

[DEPARTMENT  SEAL.] 

: ,     [SEAL.] 

Secretary  of  the  Interior,  for  and  on  behalf  of  the 

United  States  of  America,  party  of  the  first  part 

Two  witnesses  to  each  signature. 
P.O.  address.. 


P.  0.  address. J 

(Executed  in  quintuplicate. ) 

,     [SEAL.  ] 

Party  of  the  second  part. 

The  preamble  will  have  the  following-  form  in  the  case  of  a  firm: 

THIS  AGREEMENT,  made  and  entered  into  this day  of  — : , 

one  thousand  nine  hundred  and ,  by  and  between  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, acting  in  this  behalf  by ,  Secretary  of 

the  Interior,  party  of  the  first  part,  and > 

an(j _ ,  partners,  doing  business  under  the  firm 

name  and  style  of >  °* » 

,  party  of  the  second  part,  their  heirs,  executors,  adminis- 
trators, and  assigns. 

The  preamble  will  have  the  following  form  in  the  case  of  a  corpor- 
ation : 

THIS  AGREEMENT,  made  and  entered  into  this day  of , 

one  thousand  nine  hundred  and ,  acting  in  this  behalf  by - 


112  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 


,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  party  of  the  iirst  part,  and 

,  — v,  of ,   

,  a  corporation  duly  organized  and  existing  in  the  State  of 

,  party  of  the  second  part,  its  successors  and  assigns. 

FORM    OF    BOND 

The  following-  is  a  form  of  bond  used  when  the  contractor  (principal) 
is  an  individual.  A  similar  form  is  used,  with  appropriate  changes, 
when  the  principal  is  a  firm  or  a  corporation. 

BOND. 

Know  all  men.  by  these  presents,  that  we, 


of ,  county  of ,  and 

State  of ,  principal,  and 

of ,  county  of ,  and 

State  of ,  and 

of ,  county  of ,  and 

State  of ,  sureties,  are  held  and  firmly  bound  unto  the 

United  States  of  America  in  the  sum  of 

dollars  ($ ) ,  lawful  money  of  the  United  States,  for  which  payment,  Avell 

and  truly  to  be  made,  we  bind  ourselves  and  each  of  us,  our,  and  each  of  our,  heirs, 
executors,  administrators,  and  assigns,  for  and  in  the  whole,  jointly  and  severally, 
firmly  by  these  presents. 

Sealed  with  our  seals  and  attested  by  our  signatures,  at 

this day  of ,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 

hundred  and 

The  nature  of  this  obligation  is  such  that  if  the  said 

his  heirs,  executors,  administrators,  and  assigns,  or  any  of  them,  shall,  and  do  in  all 
things  well  and  truly  observe,  perform,  fulfill,  accomplish,  and  keep  all  and  singular 
the  covenants,  conditions,  and  agreements  whatsoever,  which  on  the  part  of  the  said 

his  heirs,  executors,  administrators,  and  assigns,  are,  or  ought  to  be,  observed,  per- 
formed, fulfilled,  accomplished,  and  kept,  comprised,  or  mentioned  in  certain  arti- 
cles of  agreement,  bearing  date  the day  of ,  one  thousand 

hundred  and ,  between  the  said 

and  the  said ,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  concerning  the 


according  to  the  true  intent  and  meaning  of  said  articles  of  agreement,  and  shall 
promptly  make  payments  to  all  persons  supplying  labor  and  materials  in  the  prose- 
cution of  the  work  provided  for,  then  the  above  obligation  to  be  void;  otherwise,  to 
remain  in  full  force  and  virtue. 

In  testimony  whereof,  the  said 

as  principal. .  and 

,  as  sureties, 


NEWELL.] 


FORM    OF    BOND. 


113 


have  hereunto  subscribed  their  hands  and  affixed  their  seals  the  day  and  year  first 
above  written. 

Signed,  sealed,  and  delivered  in  the  presence  of — 


[SEAL.]   'g 


[SEAL.] 


g 
g  (P. 

O.  address)  :  

J3 

o 
03 

-§ 

3      (P. 

O.  address):  .. 

I 

d 

•c 

ft    (P. 

O.  address)  :  .  

"o  < 

2 

« 
&    (P 

O.  address): 

•S3     V 
o 

3      (P. 

O.  address)  :  

£ 

o 

£/P. 

O.  address):  .. 

STATE  ov 

COUNTY  OF 

Personally  appeared  before  me  a. 
in  and  for  said.. 


[SEAL.] 


the  said 


[Here  insert  names  of  principal  and  sureties.] 

who  signed  the  foregoing  obligation,  and  who  made  solemn  oath  that  they  and  each 
of  them  own  and  possess  property  not  exempt  by  law  from  execution,  over  and 
above  their  debts  and  liabilities  and  free  from  incumbrances  of  the  value  of  the  sum 
of  ..  ..  dollars. 


[Principal  arid  sureties  sign.] 


Sworn  to  and  subscribed  as  above  written  before  me  this day  of 

,1 

[L.  s.]  [Magistrate's  signature.]  a 


the  bond  is  executed  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  ^he  following  certificate 
must  be  signed  by  a  United  States  officer  other  than  a  notary  public.  If  executed 
elsewhere,  by  a  judge  of  the  United  States  court,  or  a  United  States  district  attorney 
of  the  district  in  which  the  sureties  reside. 

District -' 

.,  I.. 


« If  executed  outside  District  of  Columbia,  authority  of  the  officer  administering  oath  must  be  cer- 
tified by  the  clerk  of  a  court  of  records  under  seal  of  court. 

1KB  93—04 8 


114                  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.                [NO.  93. 
I  hereby  certify  that 

the  sureties  who  have  signed  the  foregoing  bond  are  known  to  me  as  residents  of 
,  and 

citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  that  I  believe  them  to  be  amply  sufficient  security 
for  the  amount  thereof,  and  that  the  bond  is  good. 

REGULATIONS  CONCERNING  CONTRACTS  AND  BONDS. 

The  following  paragraphs  contain  the  regulations  governing  the 
preparation  and  execution  of  contracts  and  bonds.  These  are  taken 
from  departmental  form  No.  1-366,  dated  April  8,  1903,  and  signed 
by  Hon.  E.  A.  Hitchcock,  Secretary  of  the  Interior: 

CONTRACTS. 

1.  Every  contract  must  be  reduced  to  writing  and  signed  by  the  contracting  parties 
at  the  end  thereof. 

2.  The  post-office  address  of  each  party  and  witness  must  appear  in  the  contract, 
all  dates  plainly  written  and  blanks  carefully  filled,  and  all  particulars  and  condi- 
tions stated  as  fully  and  clearly  as  practicable. 

3.  Every  contract  must  contain  the  following  clause:  No  Member  of  or  Delegate 
to  CongresSj  or  any  other  officer  or  agent  of  the  United  States,  either  directly  or 
indirectly,  himself,  or  by  any  other  person  in  trust  for  him,  or  for  his  use  and  benefit, 
or  on  his  account,  is  a  party  to  or  in  any  manner  interested,  in  whole  or  in  part,  in 
this  contract,  or  in  the  enjoyments,  benefits,  profits,  or  emoluments  arising  there- 
from.    (Rev.  Stats.,  sees.  3739-3742,  inclusive.) 

4.  Erasures,  interlineations,  or  other  irregularities  must  be  explained  over  the  sig- 
nature and  seal  of  the  parties  to  the  instrument,  and  witnessed  by  the  officer  before 
whom  the  same  is  executed. 

5.  No  assignment  or  transfer  of  any  contract,  or  interest  therein,  will  be  recognized 
by  the  Department,  and  such  assignment  or  transfer  will  operate  as  an  annulment  of 
the  contract  so  far  as  the  United  States  are  concerned  or  interested  therein. 

6.  All  contracts  must  be  executed  in  duplicate,  unless  otherwise  directed. 

7.  Whenever  the  contract  is  between  the  Government  and  a  copartnership,  in 
addition  to  the  firm  name,  each  individual  member  thereof  must  sign  his  own  name 
thereto;  the  firm  name  alone  will  not  be  sufficient,  and  wherever  the  firm  name 
appears  in  the  contract  it  should  be  indicated  thus:  A,  B,  C,  and  D,  partners  doing 
business  under  the  firm  name  of  (here  insert  firm  name),  and  the  contract  must  be 
signed  in  the  same  manner. 

8.  Where  the  contract  is  between  the  Government  and  a  corporation  or  an  incor- 
porated company,  it  may  be  executed  in  the  name  thereof  by  the  officer  authorized 
so  to  do  by  law  or  resolution,  but  in  all  such  cases  evidence  shall  be  furnished  the 
Department  of  the  corporate  existence  of  such  company  or  incorporation,  together 
with  a  certificate  from  the  secretary  or  other  officer  having  charge  of  the  seal  thereof, 
that  the  board  of  directors  or  executive  committee  duly  authorized  the  making  of 
the  contract  for  and  on  behalf  of  the  company  by  such  individual;  the  act  of  such 
officer  in  executing  the  contract  shall  be  binding  upon  the  company  or  corporation 
represented  by  him,  and  the  manner  of  fixing  the  signature  thereto  must  be  by  first 
signing  the  name  of  the  company  or  corporation,  followed  by  the  signature  of  the 

party  authorized  to  act  therefor,  thus:  (Name  of  company)  —  — ,  by 

: (giving  official  character) . 

9.  In  the  execution  of  contracts  the  names  of  all  the  parties  thereto  must  be  writ- 
ten in  full  and  an  impression  or  seal  affixed  to  each;  signatures  by  initials  will  not 


NEWELL.]  CONTRACT    AND    BOND    REGULATIONS.  115 

be  accepted;  each  of  the  signatures  of  the  contracting  parties  must  be  witnessed  by 
at  least  two  persons,  and  the  signatures  of  the  witnesses  should  be  written  opposite 
the  signatures  witnessed. 

10.  No  contract  signed  by  an  agent  or  firm,  or  by  one  member  thereof  for  another, 
or  by  an  attorney,  will  be  accepted,  unless  the  execution  thereof  be  accompanied  by 
a  duly  executed  power  of  attorney  from  the  party  or  parties  for  whom  such  agent, 
member,  or  attorney  shall  act,  which  must  specifically  set  forth  the  purpose  for 
which  it  was* given,  describing  in  full  the  names  of  the  contracting  parties,  the  date, 
and  object  thereof. 

BONDS. 

1.  Each  contract  must  be  accompanied  by  a  joint  and  several  bond  in  the  sum  of 
at  least  50  per  cent  of  the  amount  of  the  contract  price,  executed  by  the  principal 
and  at  least  two  individual  sureties  conditioned  for  the  faithful  performance  of  the 
terms  thereof;    but  a  corporate  surety  duly  qualified  under  the  act  of  Congress  of 
August  13,  1894,  may  be  accepted  as  sole  surety.     Corporate  sureties  on  bonds  are 
preferred. 

2.  The  full  name  of  the  principal  and  each  of  the  sureties  should  be  written  in  the 
body  of  and  signed  to  the  bond,  and  there  must  be  a  seal  of  wax,  wafer,  or  other 
adhesive  substance  attached  to  the  signature  of  the  obligor  and  each  of  the  sureties. 
The  printed  words  "seal"  or  "scroll"  will  not  be  deemed  sufficient. 

3.  The  principal  and  each  of  the  sureties  must  sign  the  bond  in  the  presence  of 
two  persons,  who  shall  sign  their  names  thereto  as  attesting  witnesses,  and  it  must 
appear  for  whom  each  witness  signs,  but  the  same  witnesses  may  witness  all  the  sig- 
natures, if  signed  in  their  presence. 

4.  The  sureties  must  justify  in  amounts  the  aggregate  of  which  will  be  equal  to  at 
least  twice  the  penalty  of  the  bond.     This  rule  applies  to  corporate  as  well  as  to 
individual  sureties;  and  corporate  sureties  will  be  required  to  attach  to  each  bond  a 
copy  of  the  last  statement  of  their  assets  and  liabilities  as  rendered  pursuant  to  sec- 
tion 4  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  August  13,  1894,  together  with  a  certificate,  under 
corporate  seal,  by  the  secretary  of  the  corporation,  as  to  the  official  character  of  the 
person  signing  for  the  corporation,  and  that  such  person  is  so  authorized. 

5.  Where  a  party  or  parties  become  surety  or  sureties  to  more  than  one  bond, 
evidence  must  be  filed  to  satisfy  the  Department  that  the  said  party  or  parties  are 
possessed  of  property  not  exempt  from   execution  over  and  above  all  debts  and 
liabilities,    and   free  from   all   incumbrances   of    value   not  less   than   the  sum   of 
the  several  bonds  for  which  they  are  sureties. 

6.  Whenever  such  affidavit  is  made  before  a  notary  public  or  justice  of  the  peace 
outside  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  the  jurat  shall  be  accompanied  by  a  certificate 
of  the  clerk  of  the  district  or  circuit  court  under  the  seal  thereof,  in  the  county  and 
State  in  which  such  notary  or  justice  resides,  that  at  the  time  of  administering  such 
oath  such  notary  or  justice  held  such  office  and  was  duly  authorized  by  law  to 
administer  such  oath. 

7.  No  person  who  is  a  bonded  officer  or  married  woman  will  be  accepted  as  a 
surety,  but  unmarried  women  may  be  accepted  as  such,  provided  that  the  officer 
administering  the  oath  certifies  that  they  possess  sufficient  property  in  their  own 
right  to  make  them  sufficient  sureties,  and  that  they  are  single. 

8.  Where  a  corporation  is  a  party  to  a  contract,  no  officer  thereof  will  be  accepted 
as  surety  thereon,  and  the  same  rule  applies  where  a  copartnership  is  a  party  to  a 
contract. 

9.  Where  the  sureties  are  other  than  corporate,  it  must  appear  in  the  affidavit  or 
oath  of  justification  that  such  surety  is  more  than  21  years  old  and  in  all  other 
respects  legally  competent  to  make  and  enter  into  a  contract. 


116  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

10.  Bonds  may  be  executed  before  a  clerk  of  a  court  of  record,  or  before  any  other 
officer  authorized  to  administer  oaths,  by  observing  rule  6  herein. 

11.  All  bonds  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certificate  as  to  the  sufficiency  of  the 
sureties  thereon,  signed  by  a  judge  of  a  United  States  court,  a  United  States  district 
attorney,  a  United  States  postmaster  (or  such  other  officer  of  the  United  States  as 
may  be  acceptable  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior),  residing  in  the  district  where 
such  bonds  are  executed.     The  foregoing  does  not  apply  to  corporate  sureties  who 
have  complied  with  the  requirements  of  paragraph  4. 

12.  Special  pains  must  be  taken  to  prevent  erasures  or  mutilations  of  any  kind  in 
any  bond,  but  where  made  they  must  be  explained  by  a  certificate  of  the  officer 
before  whom  the  instrument  is  executed  "that  such  erasures  or  mutilations  were 
made  before  the  bond  was  signed  by  the  obligor  and  the  sureties." 

13.  Any  contract  or  bond  not  executed  in  conformity  with  the  foregoing  regula- 
tions will  be  returned  for  an  observance  thereof. 

[At  the  conclusion  of  the  address  by  the  chief  engineer  there  was  a 
general  discussion  which  was  participated  in  by  the  engineers  present, 
numerous  questions  being  asked,  the  answers  to  which  have  been  now 
embodied  in  the  text  of  the  paper  presented  in  the  preceding  pages. 
A  general  programme  for  discussion  was  then  outlined,  the  States  and 
Territories  being  taken  up  in  alphabetic  order. 

As  a  preliminary  to  this  systematic  discussion  of  work  in  the  field 
short  addresses  were  made  by  Mr.  N.  H.  Darton,  geologist,  upon  the 
underground  waters  in  the  reclamation  States;  by  Mr.  Gifford  Pinchot 
on  the  relation  of  forestry  to  irrigation,  and  by  others  present  on 
various  phases  of  the  work.] 


PAPERS  READ  AT  THE  CONFERENCE. 


WESTERN  HYDROLOGY. 

By  N.  H.  DARTON. 

[The  western  section  of  the  division  of  hydrology  was  created  in  the 
early  part  of  1903  to  make  a  systematic  investigation  of  underground 
water  resources  of  all  kinds  and  to  collect  all  data  relating  to  geology 
that  have  been  developed  by  deep  borings.  There  was  and  is  a  very 
large  demand  upon  the  Survey  for  information  regarding  prospects 
for  using  underground  waters,  and  as  the  reports  available  covered 
only  a  few  restricted  areas  it  was  evident  that  there  was  great  need  for 
an  extended  study  of  this  important  resource.  As  the  investigation 
was  almost  entirely  a  geologic  one,  it  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  geol- 
ogists. Fourteen  parties  have  been  at  work  in  the  field,  the  area 
under  investigation  comprising  the  arid  lands  of  the  reclamation 
States  and  Texas. 

Much  of  the  work  of  the  western  section  of  hydrology  is  closely 
related  to  the  reclamation  service,  as  a  large  share  of  attention  will  be 
given  to  areas  in  which  underground  waters  may  be  brought  to  the 
surface  and  employed  in  irrigating  lands  that  are  now  unproductive, 
many  of  which  are  so  situated  that  they  can  not  be  economical!}^  irri- 
gated by  the  diversion  or  storage  of  surface  waters.  Some  of  the 
operations  of  the  section  and  some  of  the  results  accomplished  are 
here  given,  by  States.] 

Arizona. — Mr.  Willis  T.  Lee  has  made  a  very  detailed  examination 
of  the  geology  and  underground  water  resources  of  a  portion  of  Salt 
River  Valley,  mainly  lying  south  of  Phoenix,  and  the  preparation  of  a 
report  on  the  results  is  now  far  advanced.  The  wells  have  been  inves- 
tigated and  the  light  which  their  records  throw  on  the  underground 
geology  has  been  duly  considered.  The  volume  of  water  available,  the 
prospects  for  obtaining  additional  supplies  from  deeper  horizons,  and 
the  conditions  under  which  these  waters  may  be  pumped  to  the  surface 
and  used  for  irrigation  have  received  due  attention.  Mr.  Lee  has  also 
explored  the  Hualpai,  Chino,  Sacramento,  and  Aubrey  valleys  in  west- 
ern Arizona  with  a  view  to  ascertaining  the  prospects  for  obtaining 
water  supplies  from  the  detrital  materials  with  which  these  valleys  are 
filled.  Further  work  is  to  be  done  in  Arizona  during  the  winter  to 

117 


118  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE. 

determine  the  geologic  structure  and  underground  water  conditions  in 
various  portions  of  the  Territory. 

California. — Mr.  W.  C.  Mendenhall  and  assistant  are  engaged  in  a 
detailed  investigation  of  the  geology  and  underground  water  resources 
of  the  region  about  San  Bernardino  and  Riverside.  It  is  expected  that 
the  results  of  these  studies  will  throw  light  upon  the  conditions  under 
which  waters  occur  in  the  detritus-filled  valleys  and  the  broad,  flat, 
alluvial  fans  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  slopes  in  southern  California. 

Colorado. — Considerable  attention  has  been  given  to  obtaining  addi- 
tional information  regarding  the  prospects  for  artesian  flows  in  a  portion 
of  Colorado  lying  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  front,  and  numerous 
measurements  have  been  made  of  the  strata  on  their  upturned  edges 
along  the  Front  range  and  Twin  Butte  uplift.  Considerable  new  infor- 
mation was  obtained  as  to  the  extent  of  districts  in  which  flowing 
waters  are  obtainable,  and  one  area  was  found  in  Prowers  Count}7  which 
was  not  heretofore  regarded  as  within  the  artesian  belt. 

Early  in  September  Mr.  C.  E.  Siebenthal  began  work  in  the  San 
Luis  Valley  artesian  area.  He  is  making  a  canvass  of  artesian  wells 
and  determining  the  geologic  structure.  The  purpose  of  his  investiga- 
tion is  to  determine  the  source,  extent,  geologic  conditions,  and  volume 
of  the  artesian  waters. 

Kansas. — Some  deep  borings  are  being  sunk  in  the  northwestern 
portion  of  Kansas  by  persons  hoping  to  find  oil,  and  as  these  wells 
will  afford  much  evidence  on  the  underground  geology  and  prospects 
for  water  they  are  being  watched  very  closely  as  to  materials  pene- 
trated and  water  horizons  developed. 

Nebraska.  —During  the  summer  Prof.  G.  E.  Condra,  of  the  State 
University,  has  examined  the  geology  and  wells  in  the  northeastern 
portion  of  Nebraska.  He  has  determined  the  extent  of  the  artesian 
basin,  and  his  results  will  throw  much  needed  light  on  .the  structure 
and  water  prospects  of  a  wide  area  southward. 

Prof.  E.  H.  Barbour,  State  geologist,  has  continued  his  compila- 
tion of  information  relating  to  underground  water  resources  of  the 
entire  State,  and  will  soon  submit  a  report  giving  information  of  all 
important  wells. 

New  Mexico. — Prof.  C.  R.  Ke}^es  has  prepared  a  report  on  the  geol- 
ogy and  underground  water  supplies  of  portions  of  the  Rio  Grande 
Valley,  in  the  southern  part  of  New  Mexico,  whicn  will  soon  be  read}T 
for  publication.  A  part  of  the  expense  of  this  work  is  paid  out  of 
Territorial  funds. 

Prof.  C.  N.  Gould  made  an  expedition  in  September  into  the  north- 
eastern portion  of  the  Territory  to  study  the  relations  of  the  "  Red  Beds," 
which  he  followed  to  the  Rocky  Mountain  front.  One  of  the  most 
important  problems  in  eastern  New  Mexico  is  to  ascertain  the  pros- 
pects for  water  in  these  "  Red  Beds"  and  underlying  formations,  and,  as 


NEWELL.]  SEARCH    FOR    UNDERGROUND    WATERS.  119 

there  is  great  need  for  water  in  the  district,  special  consideration  is  to 
be  given  to  this  question. 

North  Dakota. — Prof.  D.  E.  Willard  has  continued  his  studies  of  the 
geology  and  underground  waters  in  the  Red  River  Valley  region  in 
North  Dakota.  He  has  obtained  additional  data  to  complete  the  report 
and  foliqs  of  the  late  C.  M.  Hall,  and  has  extended  the  investigation 
into  adjoining  areas. 

Prof.  F.  A.  Wilder,  former  State  geologist,  has  examined  the  lignite 
deposits  in  the  western  portion  of  the  State,  to  ascertain  to  what  extent 
they  may  prove  available  as  fuel  in  pumping  water  for  irrigation. 
The  results  of  his  examination  will  soon  be  ready  for  publication. 

Oklahoma. — Prof.  C.  N.  Gould  has  continued  his  studies  of  the  "  Red 
Beds"  of  Oklahoma  and  their  water  supplies.  In  August  and  Sep- 
tember he  made  an  expedition  to  examine  the  western  portion  of  the 
Territory  and  adjacent  regions. 

Oregon. — Prof.  I.  C.  Russell  has  made  an  expedition  through  central 
Oregon  to  determine  the  geologic  structure  and  ascertain  the  prospects 
for  underground  waters.  Artesian  conditions  were  discovered  at 
several  localities  where  their  development  would  be  of  considerable 
importance. 

South  Dakota. — Prof.  J.  E.  Todd,  State  geologist,  has  continued  his 
canvass  of  South  Dakota  for  well  data  through  the  eastern  portion  of 
the  State,  and  has  obtained  a  Ja'rge  amount  of  important  information 
bearing  on  the  extent  of  the  artesian  area  and  the  underground 
geology.  He  is  giving  much  attention  to  the  collection  of  evidence 
on  diminution  of  flow  and  pressure  in  some  districts  to  ascertain  its 
cause. 

Texas. — Mr.  G.  B.  Richardson  has  continued  his  work  in  Texas, 
jointly  with  the  State  mineral  survey,  to  ascertain  the  geology  and 
prospects  for  water  in  deep  wells  in  El  Paso  County  and  a  portion  of 
Reeves  County.  He  has  made  excellent  progress,  and  has  obtained  a 
large  number  of  data  on  the  rocks  and  their  structure. 

Washington.—  Mr.  Henry  Landes,  State  geologist  of  Washington, 
has  made  a  canvass  for  all  available  data  as  to  underground  waters 
in  the  State,  and  will  soon  have  a  report  ready  for  publication. 

Wyoming. — The  principle  work  in  Wyoming  has  been  done  by  Mr. 
C.  A.  Fisher,  in  the  Bighorn  Basin.  The  geologic  relations  and  struc- 
ture have  been  studied  with  care,  and  several  horizons  of  underground 
waters  have  been  found  to  exist.  Much  additional  work,  however,  will 
be  required  before  the  investigation  can  be  completed. 

Further  observations  have  been  made  along  the  Laramie  Front 
range  to  determine  the  thickness  of  the  strata  that  dip  under  the 
plains. 

In  the  region  north  of  the  Black  Hills  considerable  work  has  been 
done,  mainly  by  Prof.  C.  C.  O'Harra,  and  it  has  been  discovered  that 


120  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

artesian  waters  may  be  expected  at  moderate  depths  in  an  area  of  con- 
siderable size  in  the  valley  of  Little  Missouri  River  and  some  of  its 
branches  near  the  Wyoming-Montana  State,  line. 

FORESTRY  AND  IRRIGATION. 

By  GIFFORD  PINCHOT,  Chief  Forester. 

[Mr.  Pinchot  spoke  of  the  importance  of  conference  between  the 
members  of  the  reclamation  service  and  those  of  the  Bureau  of 
Forestry  in  order  to  bring  about  the  most  economical  and  effective 
administration  of  the  forests  and  arid  lands.  In  brief,  he  made  the 
following  statement:] 

In  the  delicate  and  important  task  of  administering  the  forest 
reserves,  which  are  so  vitally  necessary  to  the  well-being  of  industries 
and  communities  throughout  the  West,  the  Government  is  constantly 
met  by  the  demands  of  conflicting  interests.  In  each  case  it  is  essen- 
tial that  the  administration  of  the  reserves  should  meet  the  needs  of 
the  people;  that  each  reserve  should  be  maintained  in  its  highest 
possible  present  usefulness,  yet  protected  with  the  greatest  care  in  its 
continued  utility  to  the  community. 

The  idea  of  permanent  usefulness  is  fundamental  in  every  case. 
The  four  great  timber-using  industries — lumbering,  building,  mining, 
and  transportation — are  peculiarly  dependent  for  their  future  upon  a 
sustained  supply  of  timber  from  the  Government  forest  reserves,  and 
special  provisions  must  be  made  to  meet  their  needs.  The  use  of  the 
mature  timber  is  often  required,  and  is  almost  universally  advisable 
in  a  healthy,  growing  forest,  and  provision  is  made  by  the  law  for  its 
disposition  to  those  who  need  it.  The  use  of  the  reserves  will  grow 
steadily  greater  and  more  necessary  as  time  goes  on,  and  every  care 
should  be  taken  to  safeguard  the  young  growth  for  the  future. 

For  the  present  much  the  most  important  use  of  the  forest  reserves 
is  to  supply  water  to  the  irrigator,  and  their  utility  in  this  respect 
should  be  preserved  in  every  possible  way.  This  use,  too,  will 
increase  with  time,  and  it  will  become  more  and  more  evident  that 
the  foundation  of  the  irrigation  development  of  the  West  lies  in  the 
wise  administration  of  the  forest  reserves.  Not  only  can  the  present 
supplies  of  water  be  conserved  by  the  right  handling  of  the  forest,  but 
there  is  no  question  whatever  that  in  many  localities  they  may  be 
largely  increased.  From  this  point  of  view  as  well  as  from  many 
others,  protection  from  fire  is  the  first  duty  of  the  Government 
toward  these  reserves. 

[Mr.  Pinchot  also  called  attention  to  the  message  of  President 
Roosevelt  to  the  Irrigation  Congress,  and  spoke  of  the  interest  shown 
by  the  President  in  the  work  of  the  foresters  and  engineers.  The 
following  telegram  from  the  President  was  received  by  the  congress:] 


NEWEIJ,!  FORESTRY    AND    IRRIGATION.  121 

TELEGRAM   FROM   THE  PRESIDENT. 

OYSTER  BAY,  N.  Y.,  September  15,  1903. 
To  the  Irrigation  Congress,  Ogden,  Utah: 

The  passage  of  the  national  irrigation  law  was  one  of  the  great  steps  not  only  in 
the  forward  progress  of  the  United  States  but  of  all  mankind.  It  was  the  beginning 
of  an  achievement  so  great  that  we  hesitate  to  predict  the  outcome.  But  it  was  only 
the  beginning.  Now  that  the  law  is  an  accomplished  fact  it  must  be  given  effect. 
To  that  end  the  reclamation  service,  organized  under  the  national  irrigation  law  of 
June  17,  1902,  has  been  pushing  its  surveys  and  examinations  of  possible  irrigation 
projects  energetically  in  each  of  the  thirteen  States  and  three  Territories  named  in 
the  act.  Some  of  the  projects  which  promised  well  at  first  are  found  on  careful 
study  to  be  impracticable,  either  because  of  scanty  water  supply  or  of  great  cost; 
others  must  await  higher  values  in  land;  while  still  others  stand  the  test  and  are 
ready  for  immediate  construction.  The  feasible  projects  are  always  large  and  costly, 
because  private  enterprise  has  already  seized  upon  the  smaller  and  less  expensive 
ones,  leaving  to  the  Government  the  great  works  which  are  to  bear  so  essential  a 
part  in  bringing  the  nation  to  its  full  development.  Great  care  and  highest  engin- 
eering skill  are  required  to  plan  and  build  such  works,  which  are  among  the  most 
difficult  undertakings  of  mankind.  They  must  be  built  for  permanence  and  safety, 
for  they  are  to  last  and  spread  prosperity  for  centuries.  To  design  and  build  such 
works  a  body  of  engineers  of  the  highest  character  has  been  brought  together  in  the 
reclamation  service,  for  only  men  impartially  selected  for  capacity  alone  are  capable 
of  creating  these  great  structures. 

Merit  must  govern  not  only  in  the  selection  of  the  men,  but  still  more  in  the 
selection  of  the  projects.  Every  reclamation  project  selected  for  construction  must 
possess  the  qualities  which  commend  it  as  a  national  undertaking,  certain  to  reclaim 
large  tracts  of  arid  land  and  to  support  in  well-being  a  dense  and  vigorous  population. 

Vast  though  the  benefits  of  the  reclamation  law  will  be,  many  disappointments 
necessarily  await  both  the  advocates  of  special  projects  and  the  men  whose  desire  for 
accomplished  results  outruns  the  slow  and  steady  development  of  these  great  under- 
takings. It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  a  broad  survey  of  all  possible  projects 
gives  new  conception  of  their  relative  value,  and  that  a  work  of  prime  importance  to 
one  group  of  men  may  seem  less  desirable  in  the  light  of  wider  knowledge.  Nor  is 
it  wise  in  large  affairs  to  begin  construction  first  and  to  elaborate  details  afterwards. 
Each  important  point  must  be  carefully  studied  in  advance  and  the  whole  plan 
tested  and  approved  before  work  can  begin.  Yet  if  we  proceed  both  cautiously  and 
persistently  under  this  beneficent  law  we  may  confidently  expect  the  largest  possible 
development  of  our  arid  lands  and  their  settlement  by  industrious,  prosperous,  self- 
respecting  men  and  women,  who  will  exchange  the  products  of  irrigated  agriculture 
for  the  products  of  mills  and  factories  throughout  the  United  States.  Such  commu- 
nities, flourishing  in  what  is  now  the  desert,  will  finally  take  their  places  among  the 
strongest  pillars  of  our  Commonwealth. 

The  irrigation  development  of  the  arid  West  can  not  stand  alone.  Forestry  is  the 
companion  and  support  of  irrigation.  Without  forestry  irrigation  must  fail.  Per- 
manent irrigation  development  and  forest  destruction  can  not  exist  together.  Never 
forget  that  the  forest-reserve  policy  of  the  National  Government  means  the  use  of  all 
the  resources  of  the  forest  reserves.  There  is  little  profit  in  destruction  compared 
with  use.  The  settlement  of  the  great  arid  West  by  the  makers  of  homes  is  the 
central  object  both  of  the  irrigation  and  the  forest  policies  of  the  United  States.  In 
forestry,  as  in  irrigation,  the  immediate  private  interest  of  some  individuals  must 
occasionally  yield  to  their  permanent  advantage,  which  is  the  public  good.  The 
benefits  of  forestry  are  not  only  for  the  future  but  for  the  present.  The  forest 
reserves  are  for  all  the  people,  but  first  for  the  people  in  their  immediate  neigh- 


122  FIRST  RECLAMATION  SERVICE  CONFERENCE.          [>-<>.  93. 

borhood,  for  whom  supplies  of  wood  and  water  are  among  the  prime  necessities  of  life. 
The  wiser  and  more  skillful  the  management  of  the  reserve's  by  trained  men,  the  greater 
obviously  will  their  usefulness  be  to  the  people.  We  must  never  allow  our  chagrin 
at  temporary  defects  and  difficulties  in  the  management  of  the  forest  reserves  to 
blind  us  to  the  absolute  necessity  of  these  reserves  to  the  people  of  the  "West.  Sup- 
port of  the  forest-reserve  policy  has  grown  with  wonderful  rapidity  in  the  West  during 
the  last  few  years.  It  will  continue  to  grow  till  the  last  vestige  of  opposition,  now 
almost  gone,  has  wholly  disappeared  before  a  true  understanding  of  the  object  and 
effect  of  forest  reservation.  The  greater  the  support  of  the  forest  reserves  by  the  people 
of  the  West,  the  greater  the  assurance  that  the  national  irrigation  policy  will  not  fail; 
for  the  preservation  of  the  forests  is  vital  to  the  success  of  this  policy. 

THEODORE  ROOSEVELT. 

COLONIZATION. 

By  FREDERICK  DE  L.  BOOTH  TUCKER. 

[Comdr.  Frederick  de  L.  Booth  Tucker,  of  the  Salvation  Army,  ad- 
dressed the  engineers  on  the  subject  of  colonization,  showing  the  great 
importance  to  the  reclamation  work  of  systematic  and  careful  colo- 
nization of  the  vacant  land.  After  the  works  are  completed  the  great 
problem  will  be  to  organize  and  control  the  diverse  elements — to  con- 
solidate the  settlers  into  a  community  competent  to  utilize  the  great 
works.  His  remarks,  in  brief,  are  as  follows:] 

There  are  probably  few  more  important  questions  now  occupying 
the  attention  of  this  country — na}7,  of  the  world — than  that  of  render- 
ing habitable  and  populating  millions  of  acres  of  rich  land  which  has 
hitherto  been  labeled  "desert"  and  "arid,"  owing  to  the  lack  of  water. 
This  is  a  magnificent  undertaking,  worthy  of  the  combined  genius  of 
the  wise  men  of  the  West. 

Personally  I  feel  the  deepest  interest  in  the  question  of  irrigation. 
Having  spent  some  twenty  }7ears  -in  India,  part  of  the  time  as  a  gov- 
ernment official  responsible  for  the  welfare  of  the  people,  and  part  of 
the  time  as  a  Salvation  Army  missionary,  wearing  the  Hindoo  garb, 
dwelling  in  their  houses,  and  intimately  acquainted  with  their  daily 
life,  I  have  had,  perhaps,  exceptional  opportunities  for  witnessing  the 
immense  advantages  that  lie* within  the  reach  of  systematic  irrigation. 
In  India  some  of  the  largest  rivers  are  captured  and  guided  from  their 
mountain  sources  to  their  ocean  outlet,  reclaiming  on  the  way  millions 
of  acres  that  would  otherwise  be  mere  desert,  and  returning  in  some 
cases  as  much  as  15  and  20  per  cent  interest  on  the  capital  invested. 
Not  only  is  the  direct  flow  of  the  river  utilized,  but  the  Hindoo  farmer 
utilizes  also  to  the  utmost  the  underflow  by  means  of  wells  worked 
day  and  night  with  Persian  wheels  and  bullock  power. 

One  main  reason,  however,  why,  in  India,  irrigation  has  met  with 
such  remarkable  success  has  been  the  fact  that  on  the  border  land,  and 
often  in  the  very  midst  of  these  irrigated  areas,  dwells  an  enormous 
and  purely  agricultural  community,  consisting  of  small  farmers— a 


NEWELL.]  COLONIZATION    AND    IRRIGATION.  123 

nation  of  market  gardeners  one  might  almost  call  them — who  are  ready 
to  occupy  every  acre  of  land  as  fast  as  it  is  irrigated,  and  who  have 
been  trained  in  all  the  advantages  of  irrigation  from  childhood.  The 
movement  of  population  has  there  been  automatic,  and  has  required 
but  little  guidance  or  encouragement  on  the  part  of  the  government. 

Our  ,case  is  somewhat  different,  and  careful  consideration  must  be 
given  to  the  subject  of  colonization.  Irrigation  is  dependent  for  its 
success  upon  population.  Colonization  may  be  defined  as  the  system- 
atic populating  of  hitherto  unoccupied  tracts  of  land.  The  lack  of 
systematic  colonization  has  caused  the  failure  of  not  a  few  excellent 
and  thoroughly  practicable  irrigation  schemes.  The  reason  for  this  is 
not  far  to  seek.  A  canal  which  will  irrigate,  say  100,000  acres  of  land, 
is  necessarily  a  costly  enterprise.  The  interest  and  upkeep  can  easily 
be  met  if  the  whole  tract  be  quickly  occupied.  But  if  a  small  portion 
only  be  settled,  either  the  colonists  will  be  disheartened  and  driven 
away  by  the  heavy  charges  made  in  the  effort  to  meet  expenses  and 
pay  dividends,  or  the  investors  will  become  discouraged  at  the  long 
delay  and  the  nonreceipt  of  a  fair  return  for  their  investment.  In 
either  case  the  enterprise  will  be  killed  in  its  initial  stage. 

Scientific  colonization  can  secure  the  rapid  and  immediate  enjoyment 
of  the  fruits  of  irrigation.  Each  is  a  necessity  to  the  other.  An  ill- 
digested  and  haphazard  scheme  of  irrigation  will  injure,  if  not  ruin, 
colonization.  Similarly  an  unsystematic  plan  of  colonization  will  re- 
tard and  frequently  ruin  the  best  laid  and  most  feasible  plans  for 
irrigation. 

Scientific  colonization  will  not  wait  for  the  farmer  with  capital  any 
more  than  manufacture  will  wait  for  the  laborer  with  capital.  Imagine 
the  captain  of  industry  who  would  employ  no  laborer  who  did  not 
possess  a  few  thousand  dollars;  and  yet  this  is  the  course  which  col- 
onization has  generally  pursued. 

The  most  that  the  capitalist,  or  landowner,  or  irrigationist  has  been 
willing  to  do  in  the  past  has  been  to  bring  the  water  to  the  land  and 
accept  time  payments  for  the  latter  from  the  settler.  Further  than 
this  they  have  been  unwilling  to  venture;  and  hence  the  colonization 
of  irrigated  lands  has  been  almost  entirety  limited  to  farmers  possess- 
ing capital. 

This  has  had  several  serious  disadvantages: 

1.  Irrigation  lends  itself  much  more  readily  to  the  small  intensive 
farm  than  to  the  large  ranch  from  which  such  ^settlers  usually  come. 

2.  The  small  farmer  who  is  not  too  high  toned  to  cultivate  the  land 
himself  will  succeed  where  the  "gentleman-'  farmer  who  employs 
hired  labor  and  sends  his  children  to  college  will  fail,  even  though  the 
latter  may  control  ten  times  as  much  land  as  the  former  and  possess  a 
few  thousand  dollars.    Give  the  former  a  chance,  select  him  with  care, 
and  back  him  with,  say,  $500  cash  for  a  start,  and  he  will  succeed  better 


124  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

than  the  latter  every  time.  With  ample  funds  for  irrigation  now  in 
sight,  and  with  some  of  our  brainiest  engineers  working  out  extensive 
plans, what  our  "arid  West"  calls  for  is  not  the  nonresident  gentleman 
farmer,  with  his  staff  of  cowboys,  but  the  resident,  20-acre,  horny- 
handed  son  of  the  soil,  who  does  not  consider  it  beneath  his  own  or  his 
children's  dignity  to  drive  the  plow,  milk  the  cow,  and  earn  an  honest 
living  by  his  sweat  of  brain  and  brow.  The  old-time  governor  of 
Virginia  was  right  when  he  told  King  George  that  he  would  rather 
have  a  dozen  such  than  a  shipload  of  the  ladies  and  gentlemen  whom 
the  latter  proposed  to  send  out. 

But  granted  that  such  settlers  are  desirable,  why  should  there  be 
any  difficulty  about  obtaining  them  ?  For  the  simple  reason  that  they 
have  no  capital  and  can  not  move  themselves. 

That  there  are  millions  of  them  prepared  to  move  at  a  few  hours' 
notice  from  all  quarters  of  this  and  other  lands  in  just  such  numbers 
as  may  be  desired  can  not  be  denied.  The  talk  about  their  unwilling- 
ness to  leave  the  cities  or  go  back  to  the  land  is  pure,  undiluted  moon- 
shine. The  simple  fact  is  that  those  who  wish  to  be  moved,  and  who 
would  make  the  most  desirable  colonists,  are  blessed  with  large  fam- 
ilies, are  often  hampered  with  debt,  and  are  unable  to  move  without 
financial  assistance.  Who  will  pay  their  traveling  expenses,  buy  their 
live  stock,  fix  up  their  cottages,  and  trust  them  with  land  ?  The  farmer, 
like  the  manufacturer,  wants  the  single  man  or  woman,  and  the}^  must 
be  young  at  that. 

Into  my  office  there  walked  a  few  days  ago  a  New  York  banker 
escorting  a  splendid  specimen  of  physical  manhood — a  typical  farmer, 
hale,  hearty,  manly.  His  wife  was  with  him — every  inch  a  farmer's 
wife.  He  held  excellent  certificates  from  an  ex-governor  of  New  York 
and  other  prominent  gentlemen  on  whose  estates  he  had  worked.  But 
with  a  family  of  eight  children  he  had  been  unable  to  more  than  barely 
pay  his  way.  He  had  no  wish  for  the  city;  but  his  large  family  made 
him  undesirable  to  the  farmer,  and  he  had  no  capital  with  which  to 
give  himself  a  start.  We  made  immediate  arrangements  to  settle  him 
on  one  of  our  colonies.  This  is  but  a  typical  case  among  tens  of  thou- 
sands. Not  only  do  our  cities  abound  with  them,  but  multitudes  of 
them  may  be  found  in  our  best  agricultural  districts.  Why  do  our 
land  agents  pass  over  these  laborers  in  favor  of  the  farmer  who  has  to 
sell  his  land  in  order  to  move?  Not  because  the  latter  would  make  a 
better  colonist,  but  because  he  has  cash,  while  the  former  would 
require  assistance. 

Now  scientific  colonization  uses  the  worthy  family  that  has  no  cash. 
It  says  in  brief,  " Place  this  waste  labor  upon  the  waste  land  by  means 
of  waste  capital,  and  thereby  convert  this  trinity  of  waste  into  a  unity 
of  production."  It  has  been  argued,  on  the  other  hand  that,  first,  they 
would  not  go;  second,  they  would  not  stay;  third,  they  would  not  work; 


NEWELL.]  SUCCESSFUL    COLONIZATION.  125 

and  last,  they  would  not  pay.  We  set  to  work  some  six  years  ago  to 
put  our  theories  into  practice,  and  are  now  able  to  say  positively,  after 
more  than  five  years'  experience,  that  they  have  gone  and  stayed, 
have  worked  and  paid.  Even  the  comparatively  few  failures  we  have 
encountered  have  been  a  valuable  education  to  us,  and  we  are  now  in  a 
position  to  handle  the  largest  schemes,  with  self-sacrificing  and  expert 
managers  to  direct  them,  and  with  a  practical  code  of  regulations  to 
guard  us  from  the  rocks  on  which  so  many  similiar  enterprises  have 
been  wrecked. 

Our  three  colonies  are  located  in  Colorado,  California,  and  Ohio, 
and  comprise  nearly  3,000  acres  of  land,  on  which  about  400  men, 
women,  and  children  have  been  settled.  On  the  first  two  colonies 
every  family  is  entirely  self-supporting,  and  the  repayments  have 
amounted  to  considerably  more  than  $20,000. 

On  the  California  colony  last  year  the  settlers  averaged  a  cash 
income  of  $850  per  family,  each  20-acre  farm  being  worth,  with  its 
improvements,  about  $3,000.  The  Colorado  farms  are  worth  from 
$2,000  to  $5,000,  according  to  their  location  and  improvements.  On 
the  town  site  have  been  established  some  twenty  country  stores,  most 
of  which  are  operated  by  colonists.  A  commercial  club  has  been 
formed  for  the  development  of  the  business  interests  of  the  settlement. 
Their  turnover  last  year  amounted  to  about  $200,000,  while  the  rail- 
road received  some  $50,000  for  freight  from  our  little  country  depot. 

On  the  California  colony  a  30-acre  tract  has  recently  been  sold  for 
$4,650,  including  orchard,  farm  house,  and  other  improvements,  being  at 
the  rate  of  $155  an  acre  for  land  which  cost  us  some  five  years  previously 
$50  an  acre.  I  mention  these  facts  to  prove  that  we  were  not  over- 
sanguine  when  we  argued  that  land  thus  thickly  settled  would  by  its 
own  rapid  increase  in  value  amply  protect  the  investor  against  loss. 
Thus  even  supposing  that  the  colonist  himself  could  not  or  would  not 
pay,  the  populating  of  the  land  would  so  add  to  its  value  that  in  the 
course  of  a  few  years  it  could  be  sold  for  a  sufficient  sum  to  cover  the 
colonist's  entire  indebtedness  and  leave  him  a  handsome  margin  with 
which  to  make  a  new  start. 

The  further  extension  of  colonization  will  depend,  not  on  land  being 
available,  nor  on  the  ability  to  secure  colonists,  but  on  the  supply  of 
capital.  That  this  can  be  safely  invested  we  think  we  have  sufficiently 
demonstrated. 

That  there  is  land  in  abundance,  admirably  suited  for  colonization,  no 
one  will  deny.  The  new  irrigation  projects  now  on  foot  will  make 
available  immense  regions  with  fertile  soil  and  salubrious  climate,, 
suited  in  every  sense  to  be  converted  into  a  veritable  poor  man's  paradise. 

What  a  magnificent  outlet  is  here  afforded  for  the  lamentable  con- 
gestion of  our  great  cities.  How  unspeakably  sad,  how  incredible 
must  it  appear,  that  in  this  great,  rich,  prosperous  country  of  ours 


126  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

no  less  than  3,000,000  of  our  fellow-citizens — men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren— at  least  50  per  cent  of  them  agriculturists— should  be  ''cabined, 
cribbed,  confined"  in  the  unhealthy  tenements  of  our  cities,  while 
there  exist  at  the  very  gateways  of  our  civilization  these  boundless 
prairies  with  their  invigorating  breezes. 

President  Roosevelt  spoke  to  the  heart  of  the  nation  when  he 
pointed  out  the  dangers  of  race  extinction  and  the  importance  of  the 
family — the  large  family — to  the  well-being  of  the  nation.  The  pivot 
of  true  social  reform  appears  to  me  to  turn  upon  the  preservation 
and,  if  necessary,  the  restoration  of  the  family  unit.  Destroy  the 
home  and  you  destroy  the  nation.  We  must  show  the  poor  man  how 
he  can  afford  to  get  married  and  can  bring  up  his  family  in  decency 
and  comfort,  and  become  a  home  owner.  If  this  can  not  be  in  the  city, 
let  us  throw  open  to  him  our  irrigated  lands  and  provide  him  with  the 
means  for  making  a  start.  There  is  no  need  to  treat  him  as  a  pauper. 
We  can  charge  him  with  every  dollar  that  we  expend  upon  him,  and 
make  him  pay  a  reasonable  interest  into  the  bargain. 

How  much  better  would  it  be  if  the  fifty  to  one  hundred  million 
dollars  now  expended  annually  in  the  relief  of  poverty  in  our  great 
cities  could  be  devoted  to  the  placing  of  worthy  families  on  these  rich 
irrigated  lands.  Tax  consumers  would  become  tax  producers. 
Pauper  dependents  on  charity  would  be  converted  into  affluent  home 
owners.  The  $50,000,000  annually  expended  for  charitable  objects 
would  be  turned  into  a  rich  investment  which  would  be  amply  secured 
and  ultimately  repaid  out  of  the  profits  from  these  irrigated  lands. 
In  ten  years  the  money  thus  invested  would  amount  to  $500,000,000, 
which  would  suffice  to  locate  5,000,000  souls  upon,  say,  20,000,000 
acres  of  irrigated  land,  which  would  produce  to  its  owners  an  annual 
income  of,  say,  $400,000,000,  while  the  value  of  the  land  at  $50  per 
acre— a  moderate  estimate  for  land  so  closely  settled — would  be  no 
less  than  a  billion  dollars. 

What  our  American  poor  ask  for  is  not  charity  but  opportunity. 
Let  this  congress  then  throw  wide  open  before  our  working  classes 
that  door  of  opportunity.  Let  it  place  within  the  reach  of  the  land- 
less man  our  manless  lands.  Let  it  speak  with  a  voice  which  can  not 
be  misunderstood,  and  let  it  thunder  at  the  doors  of  our  national  Cap- 
itol and  of  our  State  legislatures  till  colonization  is  made  as  much  an 
imperative  and  practical  question  of  the  hour  as  by  its  brilliant  and 
persistent  efforts  irrigation  has  already  become. 

The  association  of  these  two  powerful  factors,  irrigation  and  col- 
onization, in  the  welfare  of  our  nation  will  be  well-nigh  irresist- 
ible, and  with  these  mighty  levers  this  congress  will  lift  from  the 
nation's  pathway  the  dead  weight  of  poverty  and  congestion  which 
has  obstructed  our  national  progress,  created  internecine  struggles 
between  capital  and  labor,  and  threatened  to  shipwreck  our  future 
prosperity. 


NEWELL.]  PAPERS    READ    AT    THE    CONFERENCE.  T27 

WORK  OF  Till:  RECLAMATION  SERVICE. 

By  Hon.  FRANK  W.  MONDKLL. 

1  very  much  appreciate  this  opportunity  of  meeting  the  engineers  of 
the  reclamation  service  and  of  hearing  your  discussions  of  the  surveys 
and  examinations  of  the  various  projects  contemplated  under  the 
national  irrigation  law.  I  wish  to  congratulate  Mr.  Newell  on  having 
surrounded  himself  with  so  able  a  corps  of  engineers  and  lieutenants, 
and  1  wish  to  congratulate  all  of  you  on  your  employment  in  a  service 
so  important  and  beneficial  and  which  promises  so  much  for  develop- 
ment by  irrigation  in  western  America. 

I  think  the  idea  of  a  gathering  of  the  engineers  of  the  reclamation 
service  at  this  time  for  the  purpose  of  consultation  and  discussion  is  a 
very  happ}7  one.  The  mutual  exchange  of  views  and  opinions  will 
undoubtedly  result  in  much  good,  and  by  comparison  of  the  respective 
advantages  and  difficulties  of  the  various  projects  under  consideration 
each  of  you  will  have  a  better  idea  of  the  relative  merits  and  feasibility 
of  the  particular  project  on  which  he  is  engaged. 

It  would  be  clearly  superfluous  for  me  to  enter  into  a  discussion  of 
the  national  irrigation  act  with  gentlemen  who  are  so  thoroughly 
informed  in  regard  to  it  as  are  }^ou  who  are  charged  with  the  practical 
work  of  carrying  the  provisions  of  the  law  into  effect.  1  venture  to 
say,  however,  that  in  your  operations  under  the  law  so  far  3^011  have 
been  struck  with  its  broad  and  comprehensive  character.  It  was  not 
intended,  as  we  all  understand,  that  the  act  or  the  operations  under  it 
should  interfere  with,  supplant,  or  to  any  considerable  extent  curtail 
the  legitimate  field  of  private  enterprise  in  irrigation  development. 
My  observation  is  that  the  effect  of  the  law  so  far  has  been  to  encourage 
and  stimulate  private  enterprise  all  over  the  arid  region.  And  the 
territory  to  be  covered  is  so  vast,  the  possibilities  so  great,  and  the 
conditions  so  diversified,  that  we  must  needs  have  the  active  aid  of 
every  possible  agency,  private  and  public,  to  accomplish  the  complete 
reclamation  of  the  arid  regions  of  our  country. 

The  field  of  operations  of  the  reclamation  service  is  vast,  and  in  my 
opinion  will  be  a  constantly  growing  one;  that  is  to  say,  projects  which 
at  this  time  seem  out  of  the  question  by  reason  of  their  great  cost  will, 
in  time  to  come,  as  the  demand  for  irrigated  land  increases,  be  under- 
taken, and  this  will  undoubtedly  include  a  wid^r  variety  of  projects 
than  are  in  contemplation  at  this  time.  Primarily  the  national  irriga- 
tion act  contemplates  the  irrigation  of  land  now  in  public  ownership 
and  upon  which  new  homes  can  be  established,  but  its  provisions  are 
clearly  applicable  to  the  irrigation  of  lands  in  private  ownership,  with 
or  without  a  partial  water  supply,  and  in  some  cases  the  best  results 
will  undoubtedly  be  obtained  by  works  which  will  supply  water  for 
lands  so  situated, 


128  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  98. 

I  am  one  of  those  who  believe  that  in  carrying  on  the  work  of  the 
reclamation  service  you  will  encounter  much  less  difficulty  than  has 
been  generally  supposed  in  adjusting  the  matter  of  water  rights  on 
interstate  streams.  The  supreme  court  of  my  State,  Wyoming,  has 
recently  handed  down  a  decision,  which,  in  my  opinion,  will  come  to 
be  recognized  as  the  universal  law  of  the  arid  region,  to  the  effect  that 
priority  of  use  gives  priority  of  right  to  the  use  of  water  on  an  inter- 
state stream,  regardless  of  State  lines.  With  the  improvement  of 
water  laws  in  the  various  States  this  principle  can  be  easity  carried 
into  effect. 

The  crowning  virtue  of  the  national  irrigation  act  lies  in  the  fact 
that  it  compels  the  division  of  the  country  irrigated  into  small  farms, 
and  therefore  insures  that  thorough  and  intense  cultivation  which  is 
essential  to  the  success  of  any  irrigated  region. 

INVESTIGATIONS  IN  ARIZONA. 

By  ARTHUR  P.  DAVIS,  Supervising  Engineer. 

The  irrigation  project  contemplated  for  first  construction  in  Arizona 
is  a  storage  reservoir  on  Salt  River  at  the  mouth  of  Tonto  Creek.  It 
will  directly  irrigate  about  150,000  acres  of  land  near  Phoenix,  the 
capital  of  the  Territory-,  and  will  furnish  power  for  the  irrigation  of 
possibly  50,000  acres  more  by  pumping  from  wells.  The  proposed 
reservoir  site  is  very  nearly  inaccessible,  being  remote  from  railroad 
connections  and  surrounded  by  rough  mountains  and  profound  canyons. 

Borings  were  made  on  this  site  in  1901  at  the  expense  of  a  water- 
storage  commission  that  had  been  organized  under  the  laws  of  the 
Territory  of  Arizona  and  had  been  provided  with  funds  raised  by  taxa- 
tion in  the  county  of  Maricopa,  which  includes  all  the  irrigable  lands. 
The  borings  proved  the  foundation  and  all  conditions  to  be  favorable. 
On  the  dam  site  finally  adopted  the  deepest  hole  to  bed  rock  is  28  feet, 
and  the  rock  is  of  the  most  excellent  character.  Samples  of  the  rock 
were  crushed  in  the  crushing  machine  of  the  navy -yard  at  Washington 
and  showed  higher  tests  than  average  granite  used  for  building  pur- 
poses. In  fact,  the  machine  used  for  the  testing  had  never  been  put 
under  such  a  strain  before. 

From  the  direction  of  Phoenix  there  is  no  road  except  one  that  is 
very  roundabout  and  very  long.  There  is  a  very  rough  trail  through 
the  country,  which  can  be  followed  with  difficulty.  The  easiest 
method  of  gaining  access  to  the  dam  site  is  by  leaving  the  main  line 
of  the  Southern  Pacific  at  Bowie  and  there  taking  a  branch  road,  about 
125  miles  long.  This  road  has  no  competitors  and  its  rates  are  exceed- 
ingly high.  At  the  former  freight  rates  and  prevailing  prices  the 
cheapest  first-class  cement  that  could  be  laid  down  at  the  end  of  the 


NEWELL.]  SALT    EIVER    RESERVOIR.  129 

branch  would  cost  $7.89  a  barrel,  and  the  additional  wagon  haul  would 
bring  the  cost  still  higher. 

For  a  structure  requiring  over  200,000  barrels,  the  cost  of  cement 
alone  is  immense.  To  avoid  bringing  in  the  great  quantity  required, 
search  was  made  for  cement-making  material  near  the  dam  site,  and  it 
was  found  that  materials  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  Portland 
cement  can  be  obtained  in  the  vicinity.  These  materials  were  first 
tested  in  1901  by  the  chemist  of  the  cement  works  at  Colton,  Cal.,  who, 
after  a  thorough  trial,  reported  that  they  were  suitable  for  making  a 
true  Portland  cement  of  a  superior  quality.  To  check  this  determina- 
tion further  tests  of  the  material  were  made  by  a  firm  in  Philadelphia, 
and  their  analysis  also  shows  that  it  may  be  used  for  manufacturing  a 
first-class  article.  It  has  been  found  that  the  building  and  machinery 
for  a  cement  plant  there  will  cost  about  $120,000.  The  actual  cost  of 
manufacturing  the  cement,  after  constructing  the  mill  and  providing 
power,  will  be  about  $2  a  barrel.  By  adding  this  to  the  cost  of  the 
plant  it  will  be  seen  that  the  cement  will  cost  $2.50  a  barrel. 

We  have  also  been  handicapped  in  the  matter  of  power.  There  is 
very  little  fuel  in  the  valley,  just  a  little  scrubby  mesquite  and  sparsely 
scattered  cotton  wood.  We  would  be  seriously  handicapped  in  getting 
fuel  into  the  country  because  of  the  poor  transportation  facilities.  To 
overcome  this  difficulty  it  is  proposed  to  develop  water  power  in  the 
river.  The  water  can  be  diverted  through  a  canal  about  18  miles  long, 
and  ample  power  can  thus  be  developed  for  all  purposes  for  which 
power  can  be  used  in  the  construction  of  a  large  work  of  this  kind, 
and  afterwards  used  for  pumping. 

A  unique  feature  of  this  project  is  the  proposal  to  utilize  the  power 
generated  by  drawing  water  from  the  reservoir  under  full  head  through 
water  wheels  and  transmitting  it  a  distance  of  60  miles  to  the  valley 
below  for  power  purposes. 

Fifteen  years  ago  the  highest  dam  in  the  world  was  the  Furens  dam, 
in  France.  Its  total  height  was  about  170  feet.  Since  that  time  three 
structures  in  the  United  States  of  very  much  larger  dimensions  have 
been  commenced  and  are  nearing  completion.  One  is  for  the  city 
waterworks  of  New  York,  on  the  Croton  River;  another  is  for  the  water- 
works of  Boston,  at  Clinton;  the  third  is  for  the  waterworks  of  Denver, 
on  the  South  Fork  of  the  South  Platte  River.  These  dams  are  all 
much  higher  than  the  Furens  dam  in  France.  Each  one  will  in  some 
respect  hold  the  record  for  high  dams;  the  Ctoton  dam  will  be  the 
largest  mass  of  masonry;  the  dam  at  Clinton  will  impound  the  largest 
quantity  of  water,  and  the  dam  on  the  South  Platte  will  be  the  highest. 
When  completed,  as  proposed,  the  dam  on  Salt  River  will  be  the 
highest  dam  in  the  world,  and  will  impound  twice  as  much  water  as  all 
IER  93—04 9 


130  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

these  three  reservoirs  put  together.  It  will  be  about  270  feet  in  total 
height  and  will  impound  1,200,000  acre-feet  of  water,  forming  the 
largest  artificial  storage  reservoir  yet  constructed. 

SAI/T  RIVER  VALLEY  WATER  USERS'  ASSOCIATION. 
By  B.  A.  FOWLER. 

[Mr.  B.  A.  Fowler,  president  of  the  Salt  River  Valley  Water  Users' 
Association,  described  the  steps  leading  up  to  the  organization  of  this 
association  and  the  difficulties  encountered. 

The  Salt  River  Valley  Water  Users'  Association  is  the  iirst  organiza- 
tion created  to  operate  under  the  terms  of  the  reclamation  law.  Section 
6  of  that  law  states  that.  "The  management  and  operation  of  the  irriga- 
tion works  shall  pass  to  the  owners  of  the  land  irrigated  thereby,  to  be 
maintained  at  their  expense,  under  such  form  of  organization  and  under 
such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  acceptable  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior." 

Where  there  are  considerable  bodies  of  land  in  private  ownership, 
and  where  a  large  number  of  persons  must  be  dealt  with,  it  is  evident 
that  the  earlier  organizations  like  those  contemplated  by  the  act  are 
created,  the  more  definitely  will  the  work  proceed.  It  is  necessaiy, 
for  promptness  of  action  with  these  persons,  to  have  a  common  agent 
or  representative  to  transact  business.  In  order,  therefore,  to  bring 
about  the  construction  of  the  Salt  River  dam  in  Arizona  the  above- 
named  organization  has  been  formed.  Being  the  first  of  its  kind,  it 
was  necessary  to  consider  many  matters  which  subsequent  organiza- 
tions will  probably  adopt  without  further  thought. 

The  articles  of  incorporation,  resulting  from  much  deliberation  and 
correspondence,  are  presented  in  the  following  pages.  It  is  thought 
that  these  cover  most  of  the  requirements  of  law  and  good  admin- 
istration.] 

CONDITIONS  IN  SALT  RIVER  VALLEY. 

The  first  irrigation  ditch  in  Salt  River  Valley,  Arizona,  was  dug  in 
1868.  As  the  population  increased  other  ditches  and  canals  followed, 
until  there  are  now  about  14. 

The  early  settlers  had  water  in  abundance,  and  no  one  then  antici- 
pated a  scarcity;  but  as  from  time  to  time  additional  land  was  put 
under  cultivation  it  became  evident  that  the  use  of  more  economical 
methods,  the  better  conservation  of  the  normal  supply,  and  the 
impounding  of  winter  floods  were  of  vital  importance.  Several  unor- 
ganized and  short-lived  movements  to  procure  a  reservoir  or  some 
system  of  water  storage  for  the  valley  were  made  prior  to  1900,  but 
these  accomplished  nothing  except  to  arouse  a  temporary  interest  in 
the  subject. 


NEWELL.]  SALT    ElVER    VALLET    ASSOCIATION.  131 

In  April,  1900,  the  valley  was  beginning  .to  feel  the  effects  of  a 
drouth  which  had  continued  for  nearly  two  years  with  increasing 
severity.  At  that  time  the  Phoenix  and  Maricopa  County  Board  of 
Trade  appointed  a  committee  of  five  members  to  investigate  and  report 
upon  conditions  and  needs  and  to  devise  ways  and  means  for  providing 
a  water  supply  sufficient  for  the  purposes  of  irrigation.  This  com- 
mittee published  a  report  the  following  month,  which  was  widely  cir- 
culated throughout  the  valley,  and  led  to  the  calling  of  a  mass  meeting 
of  the  landowners  on  Friday,  August  31,  1900,  in  the  Grand  Opera 
House  at  Phoenix.  The  auditorium  was  filled  with  an  eager  and 
interested  assemblage  of  landowners  from  all  parts  of  the  valley,  who 
continued  in  session  all  day. 

As  a  result  of  this  meeting  a  water-storage  committee  of  25  mem- 
bers was  selected,  each  canal  being  represented,  to  which  was  added 
the  five  members  of  the  board  of  trade  committee.  Immediately  upon 
the  adjournment  of  the  meeting  this  committee  organized,  and  on  the 
following  Monday  held  a  meeting,  at  which  a  committee  of  five  was 
appointed  by  the  chair  to  nominate  subcommittees  to  investigate  and 
report  upon  various  subjects  connected  with  irrigation.  Frequent 
meetings  were  held  by  the  executive  committee,  and  diligent  investi- 
gation and  correspondence  were  begun  wherever  the  different  com- 
mittees thought  to  gain  reliable  information  which  might  be  utilized. 

The  interest  of  the  entire  valley  had  by  this  time  become  aroused  to 
the  paramount  importance  of  the  water  question,  and  it  was  felt  that 
far-reaching  legislation  on  this  subject  would  in  all  probability  be 
enacted  by  the  next  territorial  legislature.  Accordingly,  the  friends 
of  water  storage,  in  November,  1900,  elected  representatives  to  that 
body  in  sympathy  with  the  movement,  and  also  sent  a  delegate  to  the 
National  Irrigation  Congress,  held  at  Chicago,  111.,  the  same  month. 

SURVEYS  IN  THE  VALLEY. 

About  this  time  a  letter  was  sent  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
by  Mr.  B.  A.  Fowler,  as  president  of  the  Salt  River  Valley  water- 
storage  committee,  setting  forth  the  conditions  existing  in  the  valley 
and  the  action  taken  by  the  residents,  and  offering  on  their  behalf  to 
contribute  the  sum  of  $1,500,  to  be  expended  for  investigations  if  an 
equal  amount  should  be  allotted  from  the  funds  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey.05 

This  letter  was  referred  to  the  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey, 
who  replied  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  on  January  14,  1901, 
recommending  the  expenditure. 

Hydrographic  work  was  pushed  on  Verde  River  through  the  winter 
and  later  in  the  Ton  to  Basin  on  Salt  River.  In  the  meantime  an 

a  See  Water-Sup,  and  Irr.  Paper  No.  73,  U.  S.  Gaol.  Survey,  1903,  p.  10. 


132  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

act  was  passed  b}r  the  Arizona  legislature,  then  in  session,  creating 
a  "  water-storage  commission,"  providing  for  a  tax  levy  of  about 
$14,000  a  year  for  two  years  for  purposes  specified,  and  authorizing 
the  commission  "  to  cooperate  with  or  contribute  toward  the  expenses 
of  any  investigations  now  being  made  or  hereafter  to  be  made  by  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey." 

The  hydrographic  and  preliminary  work  continued  throughout  1901 
and  into  1902.  Up  to  this  time  efforts  had  been  concentrated  on  pro- 
curing al-1  reliable  data  obtainable  before  deciding  how  best  to  secure 
construction.  There  were  many  plans  and  schemes,  but  only  two  met 
with  much  favor.  One  was  to  make  it  an  object  for  private  capital  to 
construct,  the  other  was  that  the  county  should  build  and  issue  bonds 
in  payment  for  the  work.  Both  ways  were  beset  with  difficulties  and 
risks,  and  each  met  with  decided  opposition.  There  were  a  few  who 
dared  hope  for  Government  aid,  and  firmly  believed  that  national  irri- 
gation was  near  at  hand.  But  by  the  great  majority  these  were  called 
"rainbow  chasers,"  "dreamers  from  dreamland,"  and  considered  a 
little  "off." 

PASSAGE  OF  THE  RECLAMATION  ACT. 

Meanwhile  the  national  irrigation  movement  was  steadily  growing, 
the  country  over,  and  finally  crystallized  into  the  reclamation  act  of 
June  IT,  1902.  Under  it  the  people  of  Salt  River  Valley,  or  many  of 
them  at  least,  realized  that  they  might  become  its  beneficiaries,  and 
without  delay  began  to  put  themselves  in  harmony  with  its  require- 
ments, as  they  interpreted  them.  There  was  no  official  interpreta- 
tion, no  court  construction,  no  authorities  to  be  consulted.  The  only 
guide  was  the  law  itself — new,  untried;  a  magnificent  experiment. 

MEETING  AT  PHOENIX. 

A  mass  meeting  was  called  in  the  court-house  at  Phoenix,  August 
2,  1902,  at  which  was  chosen  a  committee  of  25  citizens,  representa- 
tives of  the  various  canals,  to  be  known  as  "The  Water  Storage 
Conference  Committee,"  which  was  organized  one  week  later.  At 
this  meeting  an  invitation  was  extended  to  Mr.  George  H.  Maxwell, 
executive  chairman  of  the  National  Irrigation  Association  and  the 
active  exponent  of  its  work,  to  come  to  the  valley  and  assist  in  formu- 
lating a  plan  in  accord  with  the  national  irrigation  act.  Responding 
to  the  invitation,  Mr.  Maxwell  came  and  addressed  a  large  meeting 
of  farmers  and  landowners  August  9,  1902,  and  outlined  a  plan  of 
action,  which  met  with  general  approval. 

JUDGE  KIBBEY'S  ADDRESS. 

Early  in  September,  1902,  Judge  Joseph  H.  Kibbey,  of  Phoenix, 
author  of  the  well-known  "Kibbey  decision,"  presented  to  the  com- 


NEWELL.]  JUDGE  KIBBEY'S  ADDRESS.  133 

mittee  for  consideration  a  plan,  comprehensive  in  scope  and  rich  in 
practical  suggestions,  drawn  from  a  wide  and  varied  experience  of 
many  years  in  dealing  with  such  matters.  In  the  statement  of  his  plan 
Judge  Kibbey  said: 

The  earliest  legislation  in  this  Territory  recognized  the  right  of  appropriation  of 
water  from  -its  streams,  lakes,  etc.,  for,  among  other  things,  the  cultivation  of  the 
soil,  and  recognized  that  appropriators  are  entitled  to  priority  of  use  of  the  water  in 
the  order  of  the  dates  of  appropriation,  and,  I  think,  by  necessary  inference,  the 
right  is  appurtenant  to  the  land  for  which  it  was  appropriated,  as  the  right  was 
limited  expressly  to  the  owners  or  occupants  of  the  lands. 

In  1877  Congress,  pursuing  the  long-settled  policy  of  having  actual  tillers  of  the 
soil  as  the  owners  of  the  national  domain,  provided  by  the  enactment  of  the  "desert- 
land  law ' '  that  the  entryman  could  acquire  title  by  paying  a  nominal  sum  per  acre  for 
the  naturally  desert  land,  and  authorized  him  to  appropriate  water  from  the  public 
sources  of  supply  for  its  reclamation  and  cultivation.  This  law  gave  priority  of  right 
to  such  appropriators  in  the  order  of  the  times  of  appropriation,  and  upon  proof  of 
such  reclamation  and  the  permanent  right  to  the  use  of  water  the  Goverment  trans- 
mitted to  the  entryman,  by  the  same  deed,  a  title  to  both  land  and  water. 

The  latest  act  of  Congress,  the  Newlands  Act,  contemplates  that  stored  or  other 
water  impounded  or  developed  under  its  provisions  shall  be  used  only  by  those 
acquiring  the  right  to  use  it  under  the  act,  and  that  the  right  shall  be  inseparable 
from  the  land.  Thus  we  have  defined  the  status  of  the  landowner  who  has  a  right 
to  the  use  of  water. 

The  acts  constituting  an  appropriation  of  water  are  held  to  be — 

(1)  The  diversion  of  the  water  from  the  source  of  supply. 

(2)  The  conveyance  of  the  water  to  the  place  of  use. 

(3)  The  actual  use 

These  different  acts  may  be,  and  in  practice  in  this  valley  are  most  frequently, 
performed  by  two  different  persons;  that  is,  the  diversion  and  carrying  or  convey- 
ance is  by  one  (an  association  or  a  corporation  usually),  and  the  actual  use  by 
another  (the  landowner  or  occupant).  The  landowner  or  occupant  is  the  appro- 
priator,  for  by  the  law  he  is  the  only  one  who  can  appropriate  water,  and  the  carrier 
is  merely  an  agency  adopted  by  the  appropriator  to  effect  the  appropriation.  The 
relation  of  the  one,  the  appropriator,  to  the  other,  the  carrier,  must  arise  by  contract, 
express  or  implied,  or,  if  the  term  may  be  used  to  promote  brevity  of  expression,  by 
estoppel. 

Now  it  is  probable  that  of  these  propositions  none  will  remain  undisputed  by  some 
of  those  whose  interests  are,  or  seem  to  be,  variant.  The  first,  or,  in  any  event,  the 
most  essential  thing  to  be  done,  is  to  settle  these  disputed  questions,  and  if  success 
is  to  be  attained  it  is  submitted  they  must  be  settled  as  here  stated.  To  settle  them 
by  simple  agreement  is  impracticable,  for  that  involves  unanimity  of  all  the  disput- 
ants, which  is  hopeless;  and  it  would  be  difficult  to  frame  an  agreement  so  definitive 
of  the  rights  of  all  the  parties  that  it  would  be  satisfactory  to  either  the  Government 
or  to  the  parties  themselves.  Nothing  short  of  a  decree  of  a  court  of  competent  juris- 
diction will  suffice,  for  that  alone  can  be  either  definitive  o>  final. 

A  very  casual  consideration  of  the  Hansbrough-Newlands  Act  will  make  apparent 
the  absolute  necessity  for  this  settlement.  It  may  be  assumed  that,  from  motives  of 
self-interest — which  in  any  case  are  always  the  safest  to  which  to  appeal — if  from  no 
others,  the  appropriators  and  the  carriers  of  water  in  this  valley  urgently  desire  a 
prompt,  definite,  and  final  adjustment  of  these  questions. 

The  variant  interests  may,  in  a  broad  way,  be  divided  into  two  classes;  that  is,  the 
water  users  and  the  carriers,  where  the  user  is  not  also  the  carrier.  There  will  have 
to  be  settled  among  the  one  class,  the  users,  the  question  of  time  and  extent  of 


134  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

appropriation  of  water,  and  as  to  them,  the  fact  that  the  right  to  use  water  is  appur- 
tenant to  the  land  for  which  it  was  appropriated.  Among  those  of  the  other  class, 
the  carriers,  assuming  that  they  may  preserve  their  autonomy,  there  will  arise 
questions  of  their  relative  rights  to  divert  and  carry  water.  All  these  questions  are 
preliminary  to  and  independent  of  any  consideration  of  the  administration  of 
stored  water,  and  are  questions  in  the  determination  of  which  the  Government 
probably  can  not  and  certainly  will  not  engage.  They  must  be  settled  before  we 
can  go  to  the  Government  at  all.  It  may  be  taken  for  granted  that  the  Hansbrough- 
Newlands  Act  will  be  construed  to  authorize  the  construction  of  reservoirs  for  the 
storage  of  water  for  the  irrigation  of  lands  now  in  private  ownership  for  which 
there  is  only  a  partial  and  hence  an  inadequate  supply.  This  construction  seems 
easily  warranted,  and  is  in  entire  consonance  with  the  purposes  of  the  act. 

The  act  also  contemplates  the  organization  of  the  owners  of  the  lands  irrigated  by 
the  reservoir  or  other  works  into  an  association  for  the  management  and  opera- 
tion of  the  works;  but  this  management  and  operation  will  not,  under  the  terms  of 
the  act,  vest  in  such  association  until  the  major  part  of  the  cost  of  the  works  shall 
have  been  repaid  to  the  Government. 

The  cost  of  the  reservoir  at  Tonto  (or  practically  all  of  it)  will  have  to  be  assessed 
against  the  land  that  is  held  in  private  ownership,  at  a  rate  per  acre  to  be  fixed  by 
the  Government.  This  assessment  will  be  divided  into  annual  payments  extending 
over  a  period  of  not  more  than  ten  years,  and  beginning  at  a  time  to  be  fixed  by 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  probably  when  the  reservoir  is  ready  for  service. 

The  act  suggests  that  the  Government  will  provide  its  own  means  for  enforcing 
payment  of  these  assessments,  except  possibly,  and  perhaps  preferably,  if  the  plan 
of  association  hereafter  proposed  shall  be  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
and  the  association  selected  as  the  medium  of  the  collection  of  these  payments  to  the 
Government. 

-  Now,  if  a  plan  can  be  devised  whereby,  first,  all  disputes  among  the  variant  inter- 
ests concerned  in  the  storage  project  may  be  settled  so  finally  and  definitely  that  the 
Government  may  have  no  concern  in  that  respect;  and,  second,  the  owners  of  land 
now  in  private  ownership  and  homesteaders  under  the  act  shall  initiate  rights  to  the 
use  of  the  stored  water  in  the  manner  outlined  in  the  act  in  such  numbers  as  to  war- 
rant the  Government  in  the  .belief  that  sufficient  money  will  ultimately  be  repaid  to 
reimburse  it  for  its  expenditure  in  the  construction  of  the  reservoir,  then  we  have 
brought  ourselves  within  the  purpose  and  scope  of  the  act  and  subjected  ourselves  to 
its  conditions  and  have  reason  to  believe  that  our  application  will  be  favorably  enter- 
tained by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

To  accomplish  these  things  it  is  proposed  to  at  once  organize  the  association  of 
water  users  contemplated  by  the  act  itself.  They  should  incorporate  under  the 
laws  of  the  Territory  of  Arizona.  Those,  and  those  only,  who  have  initiated  rights, 
or  may  initiate  rights  to  the  use  of  water  from  the  reservoir,  should  become  constit- 
uent members.  The  act  defines  those  to  be  homesteaders  or  owners  of  lands  now  in 
private  ownership,  who  initiate  rights  to  stored  water  under  the  provisions  of  that 
act. 

The  capital  stock  should  be  a  sum  equal  to  the  estimated  cost  of  the  reservoir  and 
other  works  undertaken  by  the  Government  and  should  be  divided  into  a  number 
of  shares  equal,  at  a  conservative  estimate,  to  the  number  of  acres  that  may  be  so 
supplied  with  stored  or  other  water.  The  division  of  the  entire  fixed  capital  by  the 
number  of  shares  so  ascertained  will  of  course  fix  the  par  value  per  share  of  the 
stock.  As  the  proposed  stockholders  can  not  now  initiate  their  water  rights  under 
the  reservoir,  and  can  not  do  so  until  the  Government  shall  offer  them  for  acqui- 
sition, the  subscription  for  the  stock  should  be  for  a  cash  payment  for  it  at  par,  with 
a  provision  in  the  articles  of  incorporation,  made  irrevocable  except  upon  proper 
consent  of,  say,  the  holders  of  three-fourths  of  the  stock;  that  the  stock  of  any  sub- 


NEWELL.]  JUDGE  KIBBEY'S  PLAN.  135 

scriber  shall  be  deemed  fully  paid  up  upon  the  production  by  him  of  proper  evidence 
that  he  has  initiated  a  right  under  the  reservoir,  conditioned  for  forfeiture  for  his 
failure  to  comply  with  his  engagement  with  the  Government,  or  with  the  association 
as  the  agent  of  the  Government  for  that  purpose,  in  like  manner  and  under  the  same 
circumstances  as  imposed  by  the  Government,  and  that  until  that  time  the  sub- 
scribers of  the  capital  stock  subscribed  for  shall  not  be  subject  to  be  called  upon  for 
payment  o£  their  subscriptions. 

In  no  event  does  the  proposed  corporation  deal  with  the  Government  in  its  cor- 
porate capacity  in  initiating  or  perfecting  any  individual  right;  all  those  negotiations 
are  by  the  individual  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  precisely  as  though  there 
were  no  such  corporation,  or  as  though,  if  there  were  one,  the  individual  was  not  a 
member  of  it.  a 

The  initiation  of  the  acquisition  of  the  right  and  its  final  perfection  are  mere 
qualifications  to  membership  of  the  proposed  corporation,  and  it  is  the  principal 
qualification  required  by  section  6  of  the  Hansbrough-Newlands  Act  for  membership 
in  such  an  organization. 

In  making  estimates  the  greatest  care  and  the  most  conservative  course  should  be 
taken.  If  error  is  made  in  fixing  the  estimate  of  cost  too  high  and  the  extent  of 
acreage  of  land  too  low  they  can  be  corrected  to  meet  the  event  with  advantage  to 
all;  while  if  the  estimate  of  cost  is  made  too  low  and  estimate  of  irrigable  acreage 
too  high  the  mistake  can  not  be  remedied.  To  exceed  the  limits  ultimately  and 
irrevocably  fixed  by  conditions  in  the  estimate  of  lands  capable  of  irrigation  by  the 
reservoir  is  disastrous.  We  can  expand  to  meet  conditions;  contraction  is  imprac- 
ticable, if  not  impossible. 

Until  the  management  and  operation  of  the  works  shall  be  turned  over  to  the 
associated  land  owners  having  rights  under  the  reservoir,  the  Government  will  of 
course  have  the  administration  of  the  stored  water;  and  that,  it  may  be  assumed, 
will  be  in  accordance  with  expressed  wishes  of  the  right  owners  whether  expressed 
by  them  jointly  through  their  association  or  by  them  individually.  A  partnership 
of  Government  and  association  is  not  proposed,  nor  can  there  be  interference  by 
the  association,  either  with  the  purpose  of  the  Government  or  its  methods.  Both 
are  independent,  seeking  to  accomplish  a  common  purpose,  with  the  association 
always  subordinate  to  the  Government,  until  by  lapse  of  time  and  in  the  course  of 
events,  the  management  and  operation  of  the  works,  by  the  terms  of  the  law, 
vests  in  the  association. 

Now,  it  may  happen  that  some  may  subscribe  to  these  articles  of  incorporation  who 
may  never  qualify  by  becoming  the  initiators  of  rights  under  the  reservoir,  either 
because  they  do  not  apply  to  become  so  or  because  there  may  not  be  enough  rights 
to  be  had.  To  meet  this  condition  a  provision  should  be  made  that  applications 
can  be  made  for  such  rights  within  a  reasonable  time,  failing  which  the  subscribers 
shall  become  disqualified,  shall  be  released  from  his  cash  subscription,  and  shall  lose 
his  rights  as  a  stockholder. 

Incident  to  the  power  to  manage  and  operate  the  work  constructed  by  the  Gov- 
ernrnent  as  provided  in  section  6  of  the  act,  are  naturally  the  power  to  acquire  the 
means  of  distribution  of  the  water  stored  and  developed — as  waterways,  pipe  lines, 
flumes,  gates,  dams,  etc. — and  to  acquire  or  use  agencies  for  that  purpose,  and  to 
manage  and  control  any  of  these,  according  to  the  rules  prescribed  by  the  Govern- 
ment as  to  the  stored  water,  pending  the  vesting  of  that  management  and  operation 
in  the  association ;  and  independent  of  that,  but  of  course  never  inconsistently,  to 
distribute  other  than  stored  water,  as  long  and  in  so  far  as  a  distinction  can  be  and 

«  Since  writing  this  Mr.  George  H.  Maxwell,  in  his  address  to  the  people  here  on  August  9, 1902,  sug- 
gested that  the  Government  would  probably  prefer  to  deal  with  the  association  rather  than  with 
individuals  who  seek  to  acquire  rights  under  the  reservoir.  If  so,  that  would  simplify  matters,  and 
the  association  could  become  practically  the  agency  of  the  Government  in  that  respect. 


136  FIRST    EECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

is  desired  to  be  preserved  between  stored  water  and  that  normally  flowing  in  the 
rivers.  Those  powers  should  be  carefully  defined  and  stated  in  the  articles  of  incor- 
poration and  yet  made  comprehensive  enough  to  meet  any  conditions  existent  or 
that  can  be  anticipated. 

There  are  now  waterways  and  other  means  of  distribution  in  the  valley  more  or 
less  adapted  to  the  needs  of  distribution  of  stored  as  well  as  other  water.  Provision 
should  be  made  for  the  use  of  these  means,  or  such  of  them  as  may  be  expedient, 
and  also,  if  after  careful  consideration  it  be  deemed  best,  for  the  acquisition  of  new 
and  other  ireans.  It  seems  almost  too  flat  a  truism  to  say  that  the  Government  will 
not  undertake  to  store  water  if  there  are  no  means  provided  for  its  distribution  to 
the  users — and  those  means  must  be  adapted  to  that  purpose.  It  is  true  that  the  act 
may  be  construed  to  authorize  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  construct  or  otherwise 
acquire  means  of  distribution  of  the  stored  water,  but  it  seems  unreasonable  to  expect 
it,  under  the  conditions  prevalent  in  this  valley. 

As  the  means  for  the  distribution  of  stored  water  is  so  necessary  an  adjunct  to  the 
storage  works,  the  Government  will  naturally  and  logically  require  that  the  means 
of  distribution  shall  be  coextensive  with  the  storage  works  themselves,  entirely 
adequate  to  the  service,  and  subject  irrevocably  to  all  the  rules  of  practical  use 
necessary  to  accomplish  the  purpose  of  the  construction  of  the  storage  works — i.  e., 
the  use  of  the  water  so  stored. 

The  owners  of  the  present  canals  have  certain  rights — property  rights — of  which 
they  can  not  be  divested  without  their  consent  except  by  the  exercise  of  the  power 
of  eminent  domain.  Yet  it  is  extremely  desirable  that  the  means  of  distribution  of 
all  water,  stored  and  other,  shall  be  under  the  immediate  and  exclusive  manage- 
ment and  control  of  the  water  users.  Several  plans  suggest  themselves  for  the 
accomplishment  of  this  desideratum. 

If  the  canal  companies,  the  owners  of  mcst  of  the  canals,  should  preserve  their 
autonomy  and  the  ultimate  title  to  their  property,  then  a  perpetual  contract  could 
be  entered  into  between  them  individually  with  the  association  of  water  users, 
whereby : 

First.  The  property  shall  be  perpetually  leased  to  the  association  for  an  agreed 
reserved  rental,  payable  annually  or  otherwise,  with  a  right  to  the  association  to 
purchase;  or 

Second.  The  canal  company  shall  undertake  to  carry  and  distribute  stored  and 
other  water  to  its  customers  at  a  reasonable  cost,  to  be  agreed  upon  between  the 
company  and  its  customers,  subject,  however,  to  the  rules  of  the  Government  as 
prescribed  by  it  for  the  distribution  of  stored  water,  and  to  the  rules  prescribed  by 
the  association  for  the  distribution  of  both  stored  and  other  water,  not  inconsistent 
with  those  prescribed  by  the  Government,  with  an  agreement  to  sell  to  the 
association. 

Either  of  these  plans  fall  short  of  the  desideratum,  and  involve  many  difficulties. 
Still  they  are  both  practicable.  Each,  of  the  above  propositions,  it  will  be  noted, 
reserves  to  the  association  the  privilege  of  purchase.  Many  contingencies,  too 
numerous  to  mention  here,  but  necessary  to  be  considered,  are  to  be  met,  as  expira- 
tion of  corporate  franchises,  existing  contracts,  mortgages,  etc. ;  difficulties  not  insu- 
perable, but  tedious  and  complex  in  the  working  out. 

A  more  desirable  plan  involves  the  purchase  outright  by  the  association  of  such  of 
the  canals  and  other  works  as  may  be  found  necessary  or  desirable  for  the  purposes 
of  the  association.  A  rather  anomalous  situation  would  arise  between  the  proposed 
association  and  the  canal  companies  considered  as  possible  purchaser  and  seller. 
There  would  be  but  one  possible  purchaser  and  that  purchaser  would  be  desirous  to 
buy,  and  there  would  be  but  one  seller  and  he  would  be  desirous  to  sell;  it  would 
seem,  therefore,  that  they  should  easily  agree  upon  terms. 


NEWELL.]  JUDGE  KIBBEY'S  PLAN.  137 

The  maximum  value  of  the  property  to  be  sold  is.  simply  the  amount  of  money 
necessary  to  construct  a  new  system  of  canals,  etc.,  adequate  to  the  carriage  and  dis- 
tribution of  both  stored  and.  other  water. 

If  this  plan  of  purchase  were  adopted  it  would  have  to  be  after  it  was  found  to  be 
desirable — after  negotiations  had  progressed  so  far  as  to  determine  the  price  and  the 
terms  of  payment.  The  price  should  be  satisfactory  and  the  terms  of  payment 
should  be  so  adjusted  as  to  be  conveniently  met  by  the  purchaser.  In  this  plan,  as 
in  the  others  suggested,  there  will  be  difficulty  in  adjusting  the  rights  of  lienors  and 
others  who  will  have  to  be  dealt  with  before  final  consummation.  The  rights  of 
water-right  owners  offer  no  obstacle,  for  if  the  association  is  formed  as  suggested,  and 
a  purchase  of  any  or  all  of  the  canals  are  effected  by  it,  the  water- right  owner's  right 
is  replaced  by  a  better  one  in  the  association  and  merged  in  it,  as  will  be  hereafter 
explained. 

Another  plan,  and  the  simplest,  is  to  acquire  the  canals  by  the  exercise  of  the 
power  of  eminent  domain — by  condemnation  proceedings.  This  plan  may  be 
adopted  to  acquire  the  title  to  one  or  more  of  the  canals,  or  of  all  of  them  seriatim, 
as  the  association  may  elect,  the  proceedure  being  entirely  adequate  to  those  ends. 
This  plan  eliminates  in  a  great  measure  a  consideration  of  the  right  of  lienors,  etc. , 
as  they  are  transferred  to  the  fund  created  by  the  payment  of  the  assessed  damages. 

Finally,  the  association  may  construct  its  own  system  of  canals  and  other  dis- 
tributing works. 

The  cost  of  the  several  plans  that  may  be  considered  might  and  should  have  con- 
siderable influence  in  the  determination  of  the  selection  of  a  plan. 

Now,  as  the  raising  of  funds  for  meeting  the  cost  under  any  plan :  The  articles  of 
incorporation  should  provide  that  all  the  ordinary  expenses  of  maintenance  and 
operation  should  annually  or  at  other  stated  intervals  be  estimated  by  the  directors 
and  assesed  pro  rata  by  the  number  of  acres,  against  the  stockholders,  and  that  when 
an  extraordinary  expenditure  is  contemplated,  as  for  the  purchase,  construction,  or 
other  method  of  acquisition  of  a  canal  or. other  works,  exceeding  in  cost,  say  $5,000, 
the  board  of  directors  shall  formulate  a  proposition  for  the  same  to  be  submitted  to 
the  stockholders.  The  proposition  should  contain  a  statement  of  the  purpose  of  the 
contemplated  expenditure  and  the  estimated  amount  of  it,  full  enough  to  acquaint 
the  stockholders  in  a  general  way  of  the  purpose  of  the  expenditure.  Upon  a  reso- 
lution of  two-thirds  of  the  directors  a  special  meeting  of  the  stockholders  should  be 
called  to  consider  the  proposition  submitted,  and  if  holders  of  two-thirds  of  the  stock 
should  vote  in  favor  of  the  proposition  the  directors  should  proceed  to  carry  on  the 
work  proposed,  and  should  assess  the  estimated  cost  thereof  against  the  stockholders, 
as  hereinafter  proposed. 

For  the  purpose  of  these  extraordinary  expenses  the  country  embraced  in  the 
lands  under  cultivation  by  stockholders  of  the  association  should  be  divided  into  dis- 
tricts. These  districts  should  be  made  severally  to  consist  as  nearly  as  may  be  prac- 
ticable of  lands  immediately  supplied  by  the  canal  system;  as,  for  example,  the  lands 
under  the  Salt  River  Valley  canal  should  constitute  one  district,  those  under  the 
Maricopa  another,  those  under  the  Utah  another,  and  so  on.  Then  when  it  is  pro- 
posed by  the  association  to  expend  money  for  an  extraordinary  purpose,  as  for  the 
acquisition  of  a  canal  by  purchase,  condemnation,  or  construction,  the  cost  should 
be  assessed  against  the  stockholders  of  the  district  particularly  benfited,  and  among 
those  in  that  district  as  they  are  individually  benefited. 

It  should  be  provided  that  if  in  particular  cases  it  should  seem  inequitable  to  assess 
the  whole  cost  against  a  particular  district,  then  the  council  should  have  power  to 
direct  what  portion  should  be  so  assessed,  and  what  portion  should  be  borne  by 
the  association  at  large. 

If  the  proposed  expenditure  is  not  all  required  to  be  made  in  one  year  the  assess- 


138  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

ments  may  be  made  payable  in  annual  or  other  periodical  installments,  adjusted  so 
as  to  meet  the  expenditure  as  they  may  be  required.  The  manner  of  enforcing  the 
payments  of  such  assessments  is  set  forth  in  another  place. 

The  articles  should  provide  that  the  shares  of  stockholders  should  be  complete 
evidence  of  the  right  of  the  holder  to  the  use  of  the  water  for  the  irrigation  of  desig- 
nated land  at  the  rate  of  1  acre  for  each  share  of  stock,  subject  to  the  rules  and  regu- 
lations prescribed  by  the  association  therefor;  that  the  ownership  of  stock  should  be 
evidenced  by  a  certificate  thereof,  duly  attested  by  the  proper  officers  of  the  associa- 
tion, wherein  the  lands' to  which  the  water  right  is  appurtenant  are  described  with 
certainty  sufficient  to  identify  them;  that  the  stock  should  be  transferable  on  the 
books  of  the  association,  but  as  appurtenant  to  the  lands  described  in  the  certificate, 
and  the  same  should  be  deemed  to  pass,  whether  expressly  conveyed  or  transferred 
by  any  conveyance  of  the  land,  or  pro  tanto  any  part  of  it,  to  the  successor  in  title, 
whether  such  transmission  of  title  is  by  grant  or  by  operation  of  law.  It  should  be 
further  provided  that  any  stockholder  by  the  act  of  subscription  shall  pledge  the 
land  and  appurtenances  for  which  water  rights  are  acquired  and  evidenced  by  such 
certificate  of  stock  for  the  prompt  payment  of  all  assessments  made  in  the  manner 
prescribed  by  the  articles,  and  that  the  lien  for  the  payment  thereof  may  be 
enforced  by  a  sale  of  the  land  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary  to  discharge 
the  same  from  time  to  time,  and  as  often  as  such  assessments  are  in  default,  such 
sale  to  be  by  the  treasurer  of  the  association,  upon  due  notice,  and  at  a  place  desig- 
nated, with  a  reasonable  time  of  redemption  reserved.  The  particular  provisions 
concerning  the  enforcement  of  the  collections  of  the  assessments  should  be  very 
definitely  stated. 

The  creation  of  this  lien  will  probably  require  the  assent  of  the  wife  where  the 
land  is  community  property.  It  must  be  remembered  that  the  whole  matter,  what- 
ever plan  be  adopted,  will,  particularly  at  first,  involve  long  and  tedious  labor.  But 
there  is  no  evading  it,  and  it  ceases  to  be  formidable  when  it  is  considered  that  the 
work  is  no  more  difficult  than  the  assessment  of  county  taxes. 

Each  stockholder  of  at  least  one  share  should  be  allowed  one  vote  at  all  corporate 
elections,  and  only  one,  whatever  the  number  of  shares  he  or  she  may  own,  and  his 
or  her  qualifications  as  an  elector  should  be  determined  by  reference  to  the  associa- 
tion's books  as  they  appear,  say,  twenty  days  before  an  election.  In  no  event  should 
voting  be  permitted  by  proxy,  but  should  be  done  at  the  designated  polling  place  or 
places,  by  the  stockholder  in  person. 

Regular  elections  should  be  provided  for,  to  be  held  annually  for  the  election  of 
directors  and  for  the  transaction  of  such  other  business  as  may  be  properly  referable 
to  the  stockholders.  These  regular  elections  should  be  held  in  the  spring,  so  as  to  be 
free  from  the  influences  of  and  the  confusion  incident  to  county  and  territorial  elec- 
tions. Specific  rules  governing  elections  should  be  provided,  as  for  polling  places, 
election  boards,  voting,  canvass  of  votes  and  returns,  etc.  Provision  should  be  made 
also  for  the  calling  and  holding  of  special  elections.  There  should  be  provided  a 
council,  in  whom  should  be  lodged  the  general  legislative  powers  of  the  corporation 
as  to  making,  modifying,  or  repealing  by-laws  for  the  government  of  the  members 
and  the  directors.  The  council  should  consist  of,  say,  40  members,  who  should 
be  stockholders,  one-half  elected  every  year,  and  holding  two  years.  This  council 
should  meet  in  regular  session  at  designated  times  and  places,  and  specially  when 
called  by  the  directors,  or  by  a  designated  number  of  the  stockholders.  To  this  coun- 
cil should  be  left  the  general  matters  of  the  by-laws,  the  fixing  of  salaries,  and  com- 
pensation of  officers,  etc.  They  should  serve  without  compensation  and  be  governed 
in  the  transaction  of  their  business  by  rules  usually  governing  legislative  bodies. 

The  immediate  management  of  the  affairs  of  the  association  should  be  vested  in  a 
board  of.  say,  nine  directors,  and  in  such  officers  as  the  articles  of  the  association  or 


•NEWELL.]  JUDGE  KIBBEY'S  PLAN.  139 

the  council  may  prescribe.  The  board  should  hold  regularly  designated  meetings 
and  special  ones  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  the  by-laws.  The  directors  should 
be  allowed  a  proper  compensation,  to  be  fixed  by  the  council.  There  should  be  a 
president,  with  the  usual  executive  powers  of  that  office,  who  should  also  be  the 
presiding  officer  of  the  council.  There  should  also  be  a  secretary  and  treasurer 
exercising,  respectively,  the  usual  functions  pertaining  to  those  offices,  who  should  be 
required  to  execute  a  proper  bond  in  amount  and  with  sureties  prescribed  by  the 
council.  Any  proposition  emanating  from  the  directors  that  may  involve  an  exp^ndi- 
ture  of  more  than  $10,000  should  be  first  approved  by  the  council  before  it  is  submitted 
to  the  stockholders.  The  council  may  prescribe  penalties  for  the  infraction  of 
by-laws  and  provide  that  those  imposed,  if  not  otherwise  discharged,  shall  be  added 
to  the  assessments  against  defaulting  stockholders  and  collected  as  assessments  are. 

A  discussion  of  the  rights  of  water  users  here  seems  unnecessary.  That  there  is  a 
priority  of  right  to  use  water  must  be  conceded.  Priority  of  appropriation  is  the 
fundamental  rule  of  all  property;  the  first  right  to  it  was  its  appropriation,  and  every 
right  is  traceable  to*  it.  As  with  any  other  species  of  property,  so  it  is  with  the 
property  in  the  right  to  use  water.  If  there  is  enough  for  all  to  take  indefinitely, 
and  as  it  is  wanted,  the  exercise  of  the  right  by  one  person  conflicts  with  that  of  no 
other,  and  priority  becomes  a  distinction  of  no  practical  importance. 

If  the  reservoir  is  built  and  fulfills  our  expectations  there  will  be  no  distinction  in 
practice  in  the  distribution  of  stored  water  and  other  water,  whatever  its  source,  by 
the  general  reservoir  and  canal  system.  If  it  can  be  obtained,  there  will  be  applica- 
tions for  water  for  the  1,000,000  or  more  acres  susceptible  of  service.  But  there  will 
not  be  enough,  there  can  never  be  enough,  to  meet  the  demand. 

Then  how  shall  applicants  be  served?  It  is  the  most  logical,  the  most  natural,  the 
most  just,  and  the  most  practicable  plan  to  meet  the  demands  in  the  order  of  the 
existing  appropriations  until  they  are  supplied,  and  if  there  be  a  surplus  then  it  may 
be  supplied  to  new  lands  acquired  by  homesteading  under  the  provisions  of  the  New- 
lands  law. 

Enough  has  been  said  to  demonstrate  the  necessity  of  speedily  and  finally  settling 
the  question  of  priority  of  rights  of  land  owners  within  the  territory  proposed  to  be 
supplied  by  the  Tonto  reservoir.  Two  plans  suggest  themselves,  the  selection  of  one 
or  the  other  much  depending  upon  the  readiness  with  which  the  proposed  bene- 
ficiaries approve  of  either. 

One  plan  requires  the  agreement  of  all  the  water  users  to  submit  the  question  of 
the  date  of  appropriation,  the  extent  of  the  appropriation,  and  manner  of  use  to 
arbitrators  selected  under  the  statute  for  award  with  a  provision  that  the  award  shall 
be  final,  without  appeal,  and  that  the  award  be  made  a  decree  of  court. 

The  other  plan  is  to  institute  a  suit  in  the  district  court,  having  all  the  waters  users 
parties  plaintiff  or  defendant,  with  the  incidental  right  of  omitted  parties  to  make 
themselves  parties;  then  to  have  the  case  submitted  to  a  referee  to  report  to  the 
court  his  conclusions  as  to  time  and  extent  of  the  appropriation  of  each  party,  and 
in  due  course  of  time  to  obtain  a  decree  of  the  court  thereon. 

It  should  be  made  a  condition  precedent  to  the  acceptance  of  a  subscription  to  the 
capital  stock  of  the  proposed  association  heretofore  outlined,  that  the  subscriber  shall 
have  agreed  to  submit  these  questions  for  settlement  as  proposed,  or  that  the  extent 
and  time  of  his  appropriation  shall  have  been  determined  by  one  or  the  other  of 
these  proceedings.  After  the  determination  of  these  rights  the  owners  of  them  should 
be  classified,  each  by  the  year  of  his  appropriation. 

When  the  Government  is  ready  to  issue  rights  under  the  reservoir,  preference 
should  be  given  to  applicants  therefor  according  to  the  class  in  which  their  appropri- 
ations are  found,  preference  being  given  to  the  oldest,  and  thence  in  order  of  time  to 
the  newest. 


140  FIBST   RECLAMATION   SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

Reasonable  limitations  of  time  should  be  fixed  within  which  this  preference  may 
be  exercised,  imposing  upon  a  delinquent  the  penalty  of  postponement  to  await  his 
turn  at  the  last. 

It  is  of  course  contemplated  that  after  the  plan  here  proposed  shall  be  in  operation 
there  will  be  no  pecuniary  benefits  accruing  to  the  stockholders  by  way  of  profit  of 
operation,  and  that  when  the  cost  of  maintenance  and  operation  has  been  provided 
for  there  can  and  will  be  no  further  charge  to  the  water  user. 

The  association  will  have  no  interest-bearing  debt  to  be  charged  up  against  the 
water  users.  The  cost  of  management  and  administration  can  be  reduced  to  the 
lowest  possible  limit  by  concentration  and  systemization.  Taking  these  things  into 
consideration  it  is  conservative  to  say  that  the  cost  of  water  to  the  user  ought  not  to 
exceed  75  cents  per  acre  per  year.  And  this  cost  can  be  still  further  reduced  from 
various  sources  of  income. 

The  water  impounded  in  the  reservoir  will  afford  power  at  a  cost  of  one-fourth  of 
that  now  paid  for  power  in  this  valley,  and  even  then  produce  a  handsome  income. 

The  cities  and  towns  in  the  valley  will  need  a  supply  from  which  an  important 
income  can  be  derived.  Power  could  be  transmitted  to  pump  water  for  the  Pima 
Indians  and  the  requirements  for  that  purpose  would  hardly  make  an  appreciable 
diminution  of  the  wrhole  amount  developed,  and  would  afford  them  a  greater,  more 
certain,  more  constant,  and  a  more  reliable  supply  of  water  than  they  ever  had.  The 
power  could  be  used  to  raise  the  water  now  stored  and  constantly  renewed  in  the 
gravelly  strata  underlying  the  surface  of  the  valley — an  amount  of  important 
magnitude. 

There  are  dangers,  too,  some  of  them  already  realized,  that  we  will  be  better  equipped 
to  confront.  For  more  than  fifteen  years  there  has  been  a  constant  diminution  of 
the  water  flowing  into  this  valley.  Aside  from  the  unusual  meterological  conditions 
that  have  been  prevalent  for  the  last  three  or  four  years,  this  has  been  due  to  the 
constantly  increasing  diversion  of  water  from  the  tributaries  to  our  supply.  And  it 
is  going  on  unchecked.  It  would  be  one  of  the  most  important  functions  of  the  pro- 
posed association  to  check  this  encroachment.  That  no  attempt  has  heretofore  been 
made  to  remedy  this  sufficiently  suggests  that  while  the  present  conditions  of  diversity 
and  antagonism  of  interests  continue  in  this  valley  it  need  not  be  expected.  With 
unity  of  interest  it  may  be  hoped  for.  We  can  not  console  ourselves  with  the  hope 
that  matters  with  us  can  not  grow  worse  than  they  now  are.  Simple  inactivity  will 
make  them  worse.  Whether  the  Government  builds  or  aids  in  building  the  Tonto 
reservoir  or  not,  to  stay  our  progress  to  a  disastrous  end  there  must  be  a  unification 
of  the  interests  of  the  water  users  of  this  valley. 

The  plans  and  suggestions  here  submitted  are  tentative.  The  attempt  has  not  been 
made  to  work  out  every  proposal  in  detail.  The  desired  result  has  been  anticipated 
in  each  instance,  the  general  means  to  the  end  has  been  suggested,  and  the  filling  in 
has  been  left  for  later  time  and  for  more  varied  and  thorough  deliberation. 

If  the  plans  and  suggestions  do  not,  or  some  of  them  do  and  others  do  not,  meet 
with  approval,  yet  if  they  have  the  effect  of  pointing  out  other  and  better  ones,  this 
paper  will  have  justified  itself. 

WORK  OF  THE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

An  executive  committee  of  eleven  having  been  appointed,  of  which 
B.  A.  Fowler,  chairman  of  the  Water  Storage  Conference  Committee, 
was  made  chairman,  a  general  plan  for  the  organization  of  the  land- 
owners and  irrigators  of  the  valley  into  a  cooperative  water  users' 
association  was  unanimously  agreed  upon  and  reported  to  a  mass  meet- 
ing held  October  4,  1902,  where  subscription  books  were  opened  for 


NEWELL.]  ORGANIZING    IN    SALT   K1VER   VALLEY.  141 

what  was  to  be  known  as  a  "  preliminary "  subscription  approval  of 
the  plan.  This  carried  with  it  no  financial  obligation  or  legal  responsi- 
bility whatever.  Its  purpose  was  solely  to  procure  from  landowners 
an  expression  of  willingness  to  "sign  up,"  and  by  so  doing  to  inaugu- 
rate a  campaign  of  education  which  should  reach  every  portion  of  the 
valley  and  thus  bring  about  a  better  understanding  of  the  whole  prop- 
osition by  the  masses  of  the  people. 

The  work  of  procuring  "preliminary"  subscriptions  was  pushed 
systematically  and  vigorously,  until  about  150,000  acres  had  been 
"signed  up."  Meanwhile  the  regular  meetings  of  the  executive 
committee  were  resumed,  and  Judge  Kibbey  was  employed  as  legal 
adviser  of  the  committee. 

To  Mr.  Maxwell  and  Judge  Kibbey  is  due  much  of  the  credit  for  the 
character  and  quality  of  the  work  finally  embodied  in  the  report  of  the 
executive  committee.  Each  supplemented  the  other,  and,  to  the  finish, 
they  worked  in  perfect  harmony,  safely  guided  by  their  sound  sense, 
legal  training,  and  wide  experience  in  irrigation  law. 

Frequent  meetings  of  the  executive  committee  were  held  during 
November  and  December,  1902,  and  January,  1903.  It  was  a  com- 
paratively simple  proposition  to  reach  a  general  outline  agreement  in 
October,  but  quite  another  to  blaze  a  new  trail — to  formulate,  without 
precedent  or  guide,  articles  of  incorporation  which  should  be  broad  in 
scope,  clear  in  statement,  carefully  worded  and  legally  phrased,  just  to 
all  interests,  and  adapted  to  existing  conditions.  Of  course,  among 
eleven  men  of  strong  individual  characteristics  and  personalities  there 
were  radical  differences  of  opinion,  views  held  tenaciously,  much  dis- 
cussion (rather  heated  at  times),  and  great  deliberation.  But,  to  their 
everlasting  credit  be  it  said,  there  was  no  wrangling,  no  ill-tempered 
outbreaks,  no  attempt  at  sharp  practice.  The  minority  was  of  tough 
fiber,  active,  alert,  everlastingly  persistent  and  aggressive,  but  in  the 
main  fair,  open  to  conviction,  and  amenable  to  just  rulings,  and  at  the 
last  meeting  of  the  committee  joined  in  giving  the  chairman  a  unani- 
mous vote  of  thanks  for  his  fairness  and  unvarying  courtesy,  at  times 
under  very  trying  circumstances.  The  entire  committee  realized  that 
only  by  "infinite  patience  and  justice  to  all,"  as  Mr.  Maxwell  put  it 
at  the  first  meeting,  could  success  ever  be  attained  and  antagonistic 
interests  be  harmonized  and  unified — an  achievement  declared  by  many 
in  the  earlier  days  of  the  movement  to  be  utterly  impossible. 

The  opposition  of  the  minorit}^  was  due,  first,vto  a  reluctance  to  aban- 
don old  and  adopt  new  methods;  second,  to  an  unwillingness  to  accept 
the  principle,  laid  down  in  the  national  irrigation  act  itself,  that  water 
should  be  appurtenant  to  the  land;  third,  to  a  fear  of  jeopardizing  cap- 
ital invested  in  so-called  "floating  water  rights,"  which,  it  was  feared, 
would  become  valueless  if  water  was  attached  to  the  land;  fourth,  to 
unwillingness  on  the  part  of  owners  of  large  holdings  to  subdivide,  as 


142  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

required  by  said  act,  who  yet  wanted  to  become  beneficiaries  under 
it;  fifth,  to  fear  of  a  merger  of  the  canal  systems  into  one  association, 
and  consequent  loss  of  local  control;  sixth,  to  ignorance  of  the  plan 
proposed  and  the  benefits  expected;  seventh,  to  pure  selfishness  and 
personal  interests.  One  large  landowner  contended  persistently  for 
what  he  called  a  "  regulation  right"  (for  which  he  was  willing  to  pay 
in  the  same  proportion  as  other  landowners),  claiming  that  if  the 
flood  waters  which  belonged  to  him  could  be  held  back  in  the  Govern- 
ment reservoir  and  the  flow  "  regulated,"  he  would  have  all  the  water 
needed  for  his  7,000  acres.  To  have  conceded  this  point  would  have 
been  equivalent  to  a  complete  evasion  of  the  provisions  of  the  reclama- 
tion act,  limiting  the  acreage  on  which  a  water  right  could  be  issued 
to  160  acres. 

Naturally  there  was  much  discussion  over  the  objects  of  the  associa- 
tion; the  power  to  be  given  to  a  centralized  administration;  the  size  of 
the  reservoir  district;  the  amount  of  capital  stock,  by  whom  it  should 
be  owned,  how  acquired,  how  canceled,  and  the  rights  incident  thereto; 
the  appurtenancy  of  water  to  land;  the  form  of  organization;  the  reve- 
nues, how  raised;  the  expenditures,  how  safeguarded,  etc. 

The  articles  of  incorporation,  completed  early  in  February,  1903, 
having  been  approved  and  adopted  by  the  majority  of  the  members  of 
the  executive  committee,  were  submitted  to  the  water-storage  confer- 
ence committee  and  by  them  approved  and  adopted,  each  one  sepa- 
rately and  then  as  a  whole. 

At  once  the  articles  were  tiled  in  the  county  recorder's  office  and 
with  the  secretary  of  the  Territory  of  Arizona,  and  duly  published  as 
required  by  law,  and  then  the  Salt  River  Valley  Water  Users'  Asso- 
ciation became  a  legal  entity. 

The  next  step  was  to  provide  for  the  creation  of  a  lien  on  the  land, 
so  that  the  Government  might  be  assured  of  ample  security  for  the 
cost  of  the  construction  of  the  reservoir,  as  required  under  the  law. 
Without  delay  the  articles  were  reprinted  in  contract  form  for  signa- 
ture by  those  who  thereby  became  members  of  the  association,  and  the 
work  of  procuring  subscriptions  to  these  formal  contracts  of  member- 
ship was  begun  under  the  direction  of  a  subscription  committee,  who 
divided  the  valley  into  districts  and  appointed  in  each  district  the  best 
men  to  be  had  as  solicitors,  with  instructions  to  see  every  landowner 
and  urge  early  action  in  "signing  up."  These  contracts  called  for  the 
signature  of  the  landowner,  and  wife  if  married,  and  a  legal  acknowl- 
edgment b}7  each  signer  before  a  notary  public. 

The  shares,  when  so  subscribed  for,  became  appurtenant  to  the  land, 
one  share,  and  no  more,  being  allotted  to  each  acre  of  land,  under  the 
articles  of  association,  which  also  limited  the  voting  right  of  any  one 
landowner  to  160  shares. 


KEWELL.]  REPORT    OF    EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE.  143 

From  time  to  time,  in  order  to  hold  up  and  stimulate  the  general 
interest,  public  meetings  were  held  in  various  sections  of  the  valley. 

Throughout  the  entire  campaign  the  local  press  without  exception 
did  valiant  work,  not  only  in  disseminating  news  of  the  progress  made 
from  day  to  day,  but  also  by  pointed  and  vigorous  editorials  clearly 
setting  forth  the  situation,  unqualifiedly  indorsing  the  movement,  and 
urging  all  landowners  to  "sign  up"  and  become  members  of  the  asso- 
ciation without  unnecessary  delay. 

This  work  was  continued  with  varying  success,  but  persistently, 
hopefully,  and  without  cessation  from  early  in  February  to  July  17, 
1903,  when  the  books  were  closed  with  a  total  of  about  200,000  acres 
subscribed. 

A  report  was  then  made  to  the  Government,  embodying  a  brief;  a 
complete  list  of  subscribers,  giving  date  of  subscription,  names,  and 
acreage;  a  map  in  colors,  showing  at  a  glance  what  lands  and  how 
much  each  subscriber  has  signed  up,  and  the  grand  total;  a  copy  of 
the  articles  of  association;  and  also  a  copy  of  the  by-laws,  so  far  as 
drawn  (it  being  the  policy  of  the  association  to  draft  only  such  by-laws 
as  experience  from  time  to  time  showed  to  be  wise  and  needed). 
These  having  met  with  the  general  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  the  preliminary  work  of  construction  was  begun  by  the 
reclamation  service  in  the  fall  of  1903,  and  the  first  large  contract,  for 
the  construction  of  the  power  canal,  was  signed  by  the  Secretary  of 
the  Interior  in  March,  1904,  and  thereafter  the  work  was  pushed  ener- 
getically toward  completion. 

REPORT  OF  THE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  OF  THE  WATER-STORAGE  CON- 
FERENCE COMMITTEE  OF  THE  SALT  RIVER  VALLEY. 

PHOENIX,  ARIZ.  ,  October  2,  1902. 

The  executive  committee  of  the  water-storage  conference  committee  of  the  Salt 
River  Valley  respectfully  submits  to  the  general  committee  the  following  report: 

We  have  given  the  most  careful,  exhaustive,  deliberate,  and  impartial  considera- 
tion to  the  problem  of  the  formulation  of  a  comprehensive  general  plan  which  would 
remove  the  obstacles  to  be  overcome,  and  enable  the  landowners  and  water  users  of 
the  Salt  River  Valley  to  unite  their  interests  and  influence  in  a  combined  and  deter- 
mined effort  to  secure  the  construction  of  the  Salt  River  reservoir  by  the  National 
Government. 

We  have  unanimously  agreed  upon  the  general  plan  hereinafter  set  forth  as  one 
which  will,  in  our  judgment,  if  it  is  adopted  and  carried  into  effect  by  the  people  of 
the  Salt  River  Valley,  enable  them  to  obtain  for  themselves  the  great  benefits  which 
water  storage  would  bring  to  this  community  and  to  every  member  of  it. 

We  believe  success  in  this  movement  depends  wholly  upon  the  people  themselves. 
With  a  united  community  there  is  «very  assurance  of  success,  and  we  urge  upon 
every  citizen  of  the  Salt  River  Valley  the  imperative  and  urgent  importance  in  this 
critical  period  in  the  history  of  our  development  of  working  shoulder  to  shoulder  to 
carry  out  the  plan  suggested  by  this  committee  and  set  forth  in  this  report. 


144  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

The  national  irrigation  act  does  not  contemplate  or  authorize  the  construction  of 
a  reservoir  by  the  National  Government  for  the  storage  of  water  to  be  delivered  to  a 
canal  company,  and  by  that  canal  company  carried  and  delivered  to  the  water  users, 
where  the  canal  system  is  operated  and  controlled  by  neither  the  Government  nor 
the  wate>  users.  The  water  must  be  delivered  and  distributed  to  the  land  to  which 
the  right  to  its  use  has  by  the  Government  been  made  perpetually  appurtenant, 
either  through  a  Government  canal  or  through  a  canal  owned,  operated,  and  con- 
trolled by  the  owners  of  the  lands  entitled  to  the  water. 

It  is  for  this  reason  necessary  that  such  of  the  canal  companies  or  systems  in  the 
Salt  River  Valley  as  will  carry  water  from  the  reservoir  to  the  lands  on  which  the 
Government  will  locate  reservoir  rights  shall  be  transformed  into  cooperative  land- 
owners' companies  or  merged  into  one  such  company,  which  shall  undertake  the 
duty  of  distributing  the  water  from  the  reservoir  so  that  every  landowner  holding  a 
Government  reservoir  right  shall  be  assured  of  a  corresponding  right  to  have  his 
water  carried  to  him  from  the  reservoir  to  the  land  on  which  he  may  be  entitled  to 
use  the  water  for  irrigation.  The  storage  of  the  water  is  not  the  only  thing  to  be 
considered.  Its  distribution  under  a  plan  which  will  conform  to  the  requirements 
and  provisions  of  the  national  irrigation  act  is  equally  necessary  and  important,  and 
must  be  arranged  and  provided  for  before  we  can  secure  the  construction  of  the 
reservoir  by  the  Government. 

It  is  likewise  necessary,  in  view  of  the  existing  local  conditions  in  the  Salt  River 
Valley,  that  some  plan  should  be  adopted  whereby  the  Government  can  deal  with 
all  the  owners  of  lands  to  which  reservoir  rights  are  to  be  issued  as  a  unit. 

The  Government  would  not  and  could  not  undertake  to  collect  water  rates  from  a 
large  number  of  landowners  for  water  delivered  to  them  from  the  reservoir  through 
canal  systems  over  which  the  Government  had  no  control,  and  we  believe  that  no 
plan  could  now  be  devised  or  carried  into  effect  under  which  the  Government  would 
assume  control  or  acquire  the  ownership  of  the  distributing  systems  in  the  Salt 
River  Valley.  It  must  be  recognized  that  this  is  impossible. 

A  plan  must  be  adopted  which  will  guarantee  and  insure  to  the  Government  the 
prompt  payment  in  full  when  due  of  each  and  every  annual  installment  of  the  total 
cost  of  the  reservoir  in  each  of  the  years  during  which  these  installments  will  be 
due  and  payable  to  the  Government.  The  Government  must  be  assured  that 
these  payments  will  be.  made  beyond  any  question,  and  that  the  Government  will 
never  be  involved  in  any  complications  or  entanglements.  As  to  these  matters,  the 
position  of  the  Government  must  be  made  absolutely  safe  and  certain,  and  we  can  not 
expect  it  to  act  until  that  has  been  done. 

We  therefore  recommend,  as  suggested  in  the  plan  proposed  to  the  committee  by 
Judge  Joseph  H.  Kibbey,  that  we  should  first  organize  the  association  of  water  users 
contemplated  by  the  national  irrigation  act  itself.  The  shares  in  this  association 
should  be  perpetually  and  inseparably  appurtenant  to  the  land  on  which  they  are 
originally  issued. 

This  association,  when  formed,  should  embrace  all  landowners  desiring  to  acquire 
rights  to  water  from  the  reservoir,  and  should  be  the  agency  to  receive  the  water 
from  the  Government  and  distribute  it  to  the  landowners  entitled  to  its  use,  or  to  the 
respective  canals  controlled  and  operated  by  such  landowners,  to  be  by  such  canals 
carried  to  the  lands  to  be  irrigated,  under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be 
established  by  the  association  of  water  users  and  the  respective  canal  systems,  and 
approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

This  association  of  water  users  should  also  be  the  agency  through  which  all  collec- 
tions from  landowners  of  moneys  due  the  Government  should  be  made  and  through 
which  the  full  amount  of  each  annual  installment  due  the  Government  each  year 
should  be  paid  all  at  one  time  in  a  single  lump  sum  each  and  every  year  when  the 
same  is  due. 


NEWELL.]  EEPOET    OF    EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE.  145 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  national  irrigation  act  contains  the  following 
clause: 

"  That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  as  affecting  or  intended  to  affect  or  to 
in  any  way  interfere  with  the  laws  of  any  State  or  Territory  relating  to'the  control, 
appropriation,  use,  or  distribution  of  water  used  in  irrigation,  or  any  vested  right 
acquired  thereunder,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  in  carrying  out  the  provisions 
of  this  act,  shall  proceed  in  conformity  with  such  laws." 

The  foundation  of  the  whole  structure  upon  which  the  national  reservoir  and  all 
rights  to  water  from  it  and  every  detail  of  the  plan  of  distribution  of  that  water  is 
that  under  no  circumstances  that  can  arise  shall  there  ever  be  any  interference  in 
any  way  with  any  vested  right  to  water  from  the  Salt  or  Verde  rivers.  All  such 
rights  will  be  protected  by  the  laws  of  the  Territory  and  of  the  National  Govern- 
ment, and  the  plan  we  propose  does  not  contemplate  any  surrender  or  modification 
of  any  of  those  rights.  They  will  continue  to  exist  just  as  though  no  reservoir  was 
contemplated  or  built.  We  think,  however,  that  it  would  be  desirable  that  all  such 
rights  should  be  adjudicated  at  as  early  a  date  as  may  be  feasible  or  practicable.  It 
is  not  necessary,  however,  in  our  judgment,  that  this  should  be  done  as  a  condition 
precedent  to  the  construction  of  the  reservoir  or  before  its  construction  should  be 
authorized  and  begun  by  the  Government. 

It  must  be  further  borne  in  mind,  and  the  fact  should  never  be  lost  sight  of, 
that  the  national  irrigation  act  further  provides  that — 

"No  right  to  the  use  of  water  for  land  in  private  ownership  shall  be  sold  for  a  tract 
exceeding  160  acres  to  any  one  landowner,  and  no  such  sale  shall  be  made  to  any 
landowner  unless  he  be  an  actual  bona  fide  resident  on  such  land  or  occupant 
thereof  residing  in  the  neighborhood  of  such  land,  and  no  such  right  shall  perma- 
nently attach  until  all  payments  therefor  are  made." 

No  landowner  will  be  able  to  acquire  a  grant  of  a  reservoir  right  from  the  Govern- 
ment unless  he  shall,  before  the  completion  of  the  reservoir,  have  brought  himself 
clearly  within  the  letter  and  spirit  of  the  act  in  these  particulars,  and  this  will  neces- 
sitate the  subdivision,  before  the  completion  of  the  reservoir,  of  much  of  the  land  in 
the  valley  into  160-acre  tracts  where  now  held  in  larger  tracts. 

After  a  full  consideration  of  the  matter  we  have  decided  that  it  will  be  for  the  best 
interests  of  the  people  of  the  Salt  River  Valley  to  recommend  the  construction  of  the 
reservoir  with  a  capacity  of  1,478,750  acre-feet,  the  approximate  estimate  of  the  cost 
of  the  same  being  $2,549,231. 

With  a  view  of  carrying  into  effect  the  foregoing  general  plan  the  following  reso- 
lutions were  adopted  by  your  committee: 

Resolved,  That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  executive  committee  that  a  district  should  be 
created  within  Maricopa  County,  Ariz.,  composed  of  land  under  the  present  canals 
now  distributing  water  within  the  following-described  boundaries: 

Commencing  at  a  point  on  the  right  bank  of  Salt  River  at  the  mouth  of  the  Verde 
River;  thence  in  a  southerly  direction  to  the  headgates  of  the  Arizona  canal;  thence 
in  a  general  westerly  direction  along  the  north  line  of  the  right  of  way  of  the  Arizona 
canal  to  the  end  thereof,  at  or  near  the  quarter  corner  between  sections  5  and  6, 
township  3  north,  range  1  east;  thence  west  to  the  left  bank  of  the  Agua  Fria 
River;  thence  in  a  southerly  direction  along  the  left  ba>ik  of  the  Agua  Fria  River 
to  a  point  in  section  14,  township  1  north,  range  1  west,  where  the  line  of  the  St. 
Johns  canal  intersects  the  Agua  Fria  River;  thence  in  a  southeasterly  direction 
along  the  north  line  of  the  right  of  way  of  the  St.  Johns  canal  to  the  north 
bank  of  the  Salt  River;  thence  across  the  Salt  River  to  a  point  in  section  35, 
township  1  north,  range  1  east,  where  the  east  line  of  the  Gila  River  Indian  Reser- 
vation intersects  the  south  bank  of  the  Salt  River;  thence  in  a  southerly  direc- 
tion along  the  east  line  of  the  said  Gila  River  Indian  Reservation  to  the  township 
IRR  93—04 10 


146  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

line  between  townships  1  and  2  south ;  thence  following  the  boundary  of  the  said 
Gila  River  Indian  Reservation  east  along  the  said  township  line  to  the  range  line 
between  ranges  4  and  5  east;  thence  south  between  ranges  4  and  5  east;  thence  east, 
between  townships  2  and  3  south,  to  the  east  line  of  the  right  of  way  of  the  east 
branch  of  the  Consolidated  canal;  thence  north,  following  the  east  line  of  the  right 
of  way  of  the  east  branch  of  the  Consolidated  canal  to  the  south  line  of  section  2, 
township  2  south,  range  5  east;  thence  east  to  the  section  corner  common  to  sections 
5,  6,  7,  and  8,  township  2  south,  range  6  east;  thence  north  between  sections  5  and  6 
east,  township  2  south,  range  6  east,  to  the  east  bank  of  the  Highland  canal;  thence 
in  a  generally  northern  direction  along  the  east  bank  of  said  Highland  canal  to  the 
left  bank  of  the  Salt  River;  thence  in  a  generally  northerly  direction  along  the  left 
bank  of  Salt  River  to  a  point  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Verde  River,  and  thence 
across  Salt  River  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

It  is  further 

Resolved,  That  a  water-users'  association  should  now  be  organized,  and  that  subscrip- 
tions should  be  opened  for  shares  of  stock  therein,  each  landowner  within  the  above 
district  to  be  entitled  to  subscribe  for  one  share  of  stock  for  each  acre  of  his  land, 
each  subscription  for  such  share  of  stock  to  embody  an  application  for  and  an  agree- 
ment to  take  a  reservoir  right  for  the  same  acreage,  or  such  portion  thereof,  as  may  be 
authorized  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

It  is  further 

Resolved,  That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  committee  that  the  lands  now  under  cultiva- 
tion should  be  given  the  first  opportunity  to  secure  reservoir  rights,  and  that  reservoir 
rights  should  be  allotted  only  to  holders  of  shares  in  the  said  water-users'  association, 
and  this  committee  believes  that  under  a  system  of  water  storage,  in  view  of  the 
water-supply  records  of  the  Verde  and  Salt  rivers  as  prepared  by  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  and  the  court  water  commissioner  of  Maricopa  County,  that  it 
would  be  unwise  to  attempt  to  cultivate  more  than  200,000  acres  with  the  entire 
known  available  water  supply — this  supply  including  the  natural  appropriated  flow 
of  the  Salt  and  Verde  rivers,  the  flood  waters  to  be  stored,  and  the  water  to  be 
pumped  by  the  power  developed  at  the  Salt  River  reservoir,  it  being  estimated  that 
the  amount  so  pumped  will  approximate  a  supply  of  not  less  than  sufficient  to  irri- 
gate 20,000  acres. 

It  is  further 

Resolved,  That  the  foregoing  resolutions  be  presented  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
as  the  earnest  recommendation  of  this  committee. 

It  must  be  understood  that  all  the  recommendations  contained  in  this  report  and 
embodied  in  the  plan  proposed  are  subject  to  any  modification  which  should  be 
advised  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  under  the  authority  given  him  by  the  national 
irrigation  act,  and  that  we  tan  do  no  more  than  recommend  to  him  what  in  our 
judgment  is  the  best  plan  to  be  adopted. 

It  was  further 

Resolved,  That  the  number  of  shares  of  the  capital  stock  of  the  water-users'  associa- 
tion should  be  limited  to  250,000  shares,  and  that  the  flat  price  per  acre,  which  would 
be  the  par  value  of  said  shares,  be  fixed  at  $12.50  per  acre,  payable  in  ten  equal  annual 
installments  of  $1.25  per  acre  per  year  each,  commencing  at  whatever  time  shall  be 
fixed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  as  the  time  when  the  first  installment  is  due 
the  Government  upon  the  reservoir  rights  to  be  issued  by  it. 

It  was  further 

Resolved,  That  a  subscription  book  be  prepared  containing  the  report  of  this  execu- 
tive committee,  followed  by  a  statement  that  the  undersigned  approve  the  foregoing 
plan,  and  will  subscribe  for  the  number  of  shares  and  acreage  set  opposite  their 
respective  names,  subject  to  their  approval  of  the  articles  of  incorporation  and  by-laws 
of  the  merger  association  to  be  hereafter  prepared,  and  that  the  said  book  be  pre- 


NEWELL.]  AETICLES    OF   INCORPORATION.  147 

sented  to  the  general  committee  at  its  meeting  on  Thursday,  October  2, 1902,  and  that 
if  the  said  report  of  this  committee  be  adopted  by  the  general  committee  the  sub- 
scription list  should  be  immediately  opened,  and  that  the  members  of  the  executive 
committee  and  general  committee,  and  any  other  persons  desiring  to  do  so  should 
have  the  privilege  of  signing  the  same. 

ARTICLES    OF    INCORPORATION. 

Know  all  men  by  these  articles  of  incorporation  that  we,  the  undersigned,  have 
associated  ourselves  together  under  the  laws  of  the  Territory  of  Arizona  as  a  body 
corporate. 

ARTICLE  I. 

The  name  of  the  corporation  shall  be  and  is  Salt  Eiver  Valley  Water  Users' 
Association. 

ARTICLE  II. 

The  names  of  the  incorporators  are:  Frank  T.  Alkire,  E.  J.  Bennitt,  J.  Wilfred 
Broomell,  A.  J.  Chandler,  Vernon  L.  Clark,  O.  H.  Christy,  William  Christy,  W.  W. 
Dobson,  W.  S.  Dorman,  B.  A.  Fickas,  B.  A.  Fowler,  S.  S.  Green,  C.  R.  Hakes,  James 
G.  Hammels,  C.  T.  Hirst,  H.  A.  Hughes,  C.  C.  Hurley,  P.  T.  Hurley,  James  John- 
son, Emery  Kays,  W.  J.  Kingsbury,  Wallace  A.  MacDonald,  H.  C.  Mann,  M.  W. 
Messinger,  Lin  B.  Orme,  F.  H.  Parker,  Thomas  W.  Pemberton,  Alfred  J.  Peters, 
J.  E.  Price,  L.  J.  Rice,  L.  D.  Rousseau,  H.  Simkins,  M.  A.  Stanford,  C.  S.  Steward, 
J.  A.  Stewart,  S.  S.  Stout,  J.  E.  Sturgeon,  Fred  Tait,  Walter  Talbot,  G.  E.  Tomp- 
kins,  Howard  L.  Underbill,  H.  G.  Van  Fossen,  A.  P.  Walbridge,  W.  H.  Wallace, 
Henry  E.  Ware,  J.  C.  Wasson,  Sam  F.  Webb,  E.  W.  Wilbur,  W.  A.  Wilson,  but 
others  may  become  members  of  said  association  by  subscribing  "to  these  articles  of 
incorporation,  or  a  copy  thereof,  or  by  the  transfer  of  stock  to  them  in  the  regular 
course  of  the  administration  of  the  affairs  of  the  association. 

ARTICLE  III. 

The  principal  place  of  transacting  the  business  of  the  association  shall  be  at  the 
city  of  Phoenix,  in  the  county  of  Maricopa,  in  the  Territory  of  Arizona. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

SECTION  1.  The  objects  for  which  the  association  is  organized  and  the  general 
nature  of  the  business  to  be  transacted  by  it  shall  be  and  are: 

To  provide  for  and  distribute  and  furnish  to  the  lands  of  the  holders  of  shares  of 
said  association  to  which  said  shares  and  the  rights  and  interests  represented  thereby 
are  appurtenant  an  adequate  supply  of  water  for  the  irrigation  of  said  lands. 

To  divert  water  within  the  Territory  of  Arizona  from  the  public  sources  of  water 
supply,  to  impound  water  and  develop  sources  of  water,  to  pump  water  from  under- 
ground sources,  to  carry  and  distribute  water  for  the  irrigation  of  the  lands  aforesaid, 
and  to  construct,  purchase,  lease,  condemn,  or  otherwise  ^n  any  way  whatsoever 
acquire  and  own,  hold,  have,  use,  control,  maintain,  preserve,  manage,  operate, 
and  conduct  the  means  therefor  and  any  and  all  rights,  reservoirs,  dams,  canals, 
ditches,  flumes,  head  gates,  pipes,  machinery,  wells,  pumps,  pumping  plants,  power 
houses,  transmission  lines,  and  property,  both  real  and  personal,  of  every  nature 
and  kind  whatsoever  necessary  or  appropriate  for  the  accomplishment  of  any  of 
the  objects  or  purposes  aforesaid. 

To  divert,  impound,  develop,  pump,  distribute,  deliver,  and  use  water  for  all  bene- 
ficial uses  and  purposes  from  surface  and  subterranean  sources  by  any  means  adapted 


148  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

to  any  of  the  purposes  aforesaid,  and  create,  transmit,  and  use  power  for  the  accom- 
plishment of  any  of  the  purposes  or  objects  of  the  association  as  hereinbefore  set  forth. 

To  have  and  exercise  all  the  powers,  and  do  all  and  everything  necessary,  suitable, 
convenient,  or  proper  for  the  accomplishment  of  any  of  the  purposes  or  the  attain- 
ment of  any  one  or  more  of  the  objects  herein  enumerated  or  incidental  to  the  powers 
herein  named  or  which  shall  at  any  time  appear  conducive  or  expedient  for  the  pro- 
tection or  benefit  of  the  association  or  its  members  as  shareholders  therein. 

SEC.  2.  For  the  accomplishment  or  to  aid  in  and  promote  the  accomplishment  of 
the  aforesaid  purposes  or  objects,  or  any  of  them,  this  association  shall  have  power 
to  enter  into  any  contract  or  other  arrangement  or  undertake  in  whatsoever  manner 
and  by  whatsoever  means  may  be  deemed  proper  or  convenient  therefor,  to  secure 
action  by  or  the  aid  of  the  United  States  Government  in  the  construction,  erection, 
or  acquisition  of  any  dams,  reservoirs,  canals,  wrells,  or  other  works  or  property  or 
appurtenances  necessary  thereunto  for  the  storage,  development,  diversion,  distribu- 
tion, or  delivery  of  water  to  the  lands  of  the  shareholders  of  this  association,  or  to  aid 
therein,  and  to  enter  into  any  agreement  with  said  Government  which  may  be 
approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  or  any  duly  authorized  official  or  repre- 
sentative of  the  Interior  Department  with  reference  to  the  collection  and  payment  to 
the  Government  of  any  and  all  moneys  which  may  be  due  the  Government  under 
or  by  reason  of  rights  issued  by  the  Government  to  members  of  this  association  for 
the  use  of  water  from  any  reservoir  or  irrigation  works  acquired  or  constructed  by 
said  Government,  or  in  the  acquisition  or  construction  of  which  it  may  have  aided, 
and  to  comply  with  any  conditions,  rules,  or  regulations  prescribed  by  Congress  or 
by  any  Executive  Department  or  official  of  said  Government  lawfully  authorized 
thereunto,  concerning  the  storage,  diversion,  delivery,  application,  or  use  of  any  water 
so  stored,  developed,  or  delivered  to  the  shareholders  of  this  association  from  or  by 
means  of  any  works  -constructed  or  acquired  by  the  Government  or  in  the  construc- 
tion or  acquisition  of  which  the  Government  may  have  aided,  or  which  it  may  here- 
after construct  or  acquire,  or  in  the  construction  or  acquisition  of  which  it  may 
hereafter  aid. 

SEC.  3.  The  territory  within  which  are  the  lands  to  be  irrigated  as  aforesaid  shall  be 
known  as  the  Salt  River  Reservoir  District,  and  shall  include  lands  within  the  bound- 
aries described  as  follows,  that  is  to  say:  Commencing  at  a  point  on  the  right  bank 
of  Salt  River  at  the  mouth  of  the  Verde  River;  thence  in  a  southerly  direction  to  the 
head  gates  of  the  Arizona  Canal;  thence  in  a  general  westerly  direction  along  the  north 
line  of  the  right  of  way  of  the  Arizona  Canal  to  the  end  thereof,  at  or  near  the  quarter 
corner  between  sections  5  and  6,  township  3  north,  range  1  east;  thence  west  to  the 
left  bank  of  the  Agua  Fria  River;  thence  in  a  southerly  direction  along  the  left  bank 
of  the  Agua  Fria  River  to  a  point  in  section  14,  township  1  north,  range  1  west, 
where  the  line  of  the  St.  Johns  Canal  intersects  the  Agua  Fria  River;  thence  in  a 
southeasterly  direction  along  the  north  line  of  the  right  of  way  of  the  St.  Johns 
Canal  to  the  north  bank  of  the  Salt  River;  thence  across  the  Salt  River  to  a  point  in 
section  35,  township  1  north,  range  1  east,  where  the  east  line  of  the  Gila  River 
Indian  Reservation  intersects  the  south  bank  of  the  Salt  River;  thence  in  a  southerly 
direction  along  the  east  line  of  the  said  Gila  River  Indian  Reservation  to  the  town- 
ship line  between  townships  1  and  2  south;  thence  following  the  boundary  of  the 
said  Gila  River  Indian  Reservation,  east  along  the  said  township  line  to  the  range 
line  between  ranges  4  and  5  east;  thence  south  between  ranges  4  and  5  east;  thence 
east,  between  townships  2  and  3  south,  to  the  east  line  of  the  right  of  way  of  the  east 
branch  of  the  Consolidated  Canal;  thence  north,  following  the  east  line  of  the  right 
of  way  of  the  east  branch  of  the  Consolidated  Canal  to  the  south  line  of  section  2, 
township  2  south,  range  5  east;  thence  east  to  the  section  corner  common  to  sections 
5,  6,  7,  and  8,  township  2  south,  range  6  east;  thence  north  between  sections  5  and  6 
east,  township  2  south,  range  6  east,  to  the  east  bank  of  the  Highland  Canal;  thence 


NEWELL.]  ARTICLES   OF   INCORPORATION.  149 

in  a  general  northerly  direction  along  the  east  bank  of  said  Highland  Canal  to  the 
left  bank  of  Salt  River;  thence  in  a  general  northerly  direction  along  the  left  bank 
of  Salt  River  to  a  point  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Verde  River  to  the  place  of  begin- 
ning; together  with  any  public  or  other  lands  on  which  rights  to  the  use  of  water 
from  reservoir  or  irrigation  works  referred  to  in  section  2  of  this  article  shall  be 
issued  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

ARTICLE  V. 

SECTION  1.  The  capital  stock  of  the  association  shall  be  $3,750,000,  and  be  divided 
into  250,000  shares  of  the  par  value  of  $15  per  share. 

SEC.  2.  Those  and  those  only  who  are  owners  of  lands,  or  occupants  of  public  lands 
having  initiated  a  right  to  acquire  the  same,  within  the  territory  described  in  Article 
IV  of  these  articles  of  incorporation,  or  within  such  extensions  thereof  as  may  be 
hereafter  made  from  time  to  time  under  the  powers  herein  conferred  for  that  pur- 
pose, shall  be  the  holders  or  owners  of  shares  of  the  capital  stock  of  this  association. 
Eor  each  acre  of  such  lands  shareholders  may  become  the  owner  of  one  share  of  stock 
of  this  association  and  no  more. 

SEC.  3.  As  a  condition  of  continued  ownership  of  said  shares  of  stock,  and  partici- 
pation in  any  of  the  benefits  thereof,  each  subscriber  therefor,  or  transferee  thereof 
in  case  of  transfer,  shall,  as  soon  as  the  right  or  rights  hereinafter  referred  to  become 
subject  to  application  and  acquisition  under  the  rules  and  regulations  prescribed  or 
to  be  prescribed  for  the  purpose  by  Congress  or  any  Executive  Department  of  the 
Government,  apply  for,  and  in  good  faith  comply  promptly  with  all  such  rules  and 
regulations  for  the  acquisition  of,  a  right  to  the  use  of  water  from  any  source  of  sup- 
ply provided  by  the  Government,  or  in  the  provision  of  which  the  Government  has 
aided,  for  the  irrigation  of  the  lands  to  which  said  shares  and  rights  represented 
thereby  are  appurtenant.  Upon  the  failure  of  the  subscriber,  or  holder  otherwise, 
of  any  of  the  shares  of  the  capital  stock  of  this  association  to  apply  for  such  rights,  or, 
having  applied  therefor,  upon  failure  to  promptly  and  in  good  faith  comply  with  all 
rules  and  regulations  prescribed  or  that  may  be  prescribed  by  Congress  or  by  any 
Executive  Department  of  the  Government  relative  thereto,  then  he  shall  forfeit  to  the 
association  such  shares  of  stock  and  all  and  every  right  in  anywise  theretofore  or  then 
incident  thereto,  or  that  might  in  anywise  arise  or  accrue  from  or  exist  by  virtue  of 
such  subscription  or  ownership,  or  that  could  by  any  means  arise  or  be  claimed  there- 
from, and  such  person,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  shall  thereafter  have  no  right  whatso- 
ever as  a  member  of  this  association  by  virtue  thereof. 

SEC.  4.  Any  shares  of  stock  so  forfeited  shall  at  once  be  canceled  and  shall  not 
again,  under  any  circumstances,  be  renewed,  revived,  or  reissued.  Other  stock  in 
lieu  thereof  up  to  the  limit  of  the  total  number  of  shares  authorized  by  these  articles 
may  be  subscribed  for  and  issued,  subject  to  all  the  conditions  of  these  articles  and 
to  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

SEC.  5.  The  ownership  of  each  share  of  stock  of  this  association  shall  carry,  as 
incident  thereto,  a  right  to  have  delivered  to  the  owner  thereof  water,  by  the  asso- 
ciation, for  the  irrigation  of  the  lands  to  which  such  share  is  appurtenant. 

SEC.  6.  The  amount  of  water  so  to  be  delivered  to  such  owner  shall  be  that  pro- 
portionate part  of  all  stored  and  developed  water,  the  storage  or  development  of 
which  is  or  may  be  effected  by  this  association,  or  by  means  of  works  under  its  con- 
trol, management,  or  direction,  or  which  may  become  available  for  distribution  by 
this  association  from  irrigation  works  built  by  the  National  Government,  during  any 
irrigating  season,  as  the  number  of  shares  owned  by  him  shall  bear  to  the  whole 
number  of  valid  and  subsisting  shares  of  the  association  issued  and  then  outstanding, 
to  be  delivered  to  and  upon  said  lands  at  such  times  during  such  season  as  he  may 
direct. 


150  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

SEC.  7.  And  there  shall  also  be  incident  to  such  ownership  of  such  shares  the  right 
to  have  delivered  to  the  owner  thereof,  for  the  irrigation  of  said  lands,  as  the  asso- 
ciation shall  from  time  to  time  acquire  means  for  that  purpose,  the  water  heretofore, 
and  before  the  shareholder  or  his  transferee  became  a  member  of  this  association, 
appropriated  by  him  or  by  his  predecessors  in  interest,  for  the  irrigation  of  said 
lands:  Provided,  however,  that  the  whole  amount  of  water  actually  delivered  from 
all  sources  shall  not  exceed  the  amount  necessary  for  the  proper  cultivation  of  said 
lands. 

SEC.  8.  The  records  of  the  association  and  each  and  every  certificate  or  other  evi- 
dence of  ownership  of  shares  of  stock  in  the  association,  when  issued,  shall  contain  a 
description  of  the  lands  to  be  irrigated,  and  to  which  the  aforesaid  rights  and  shares 
shall  be  perpetually  appurtenant,  and  thereafter  all  rights,  whatever  their  source  or 
whatever  their  manner  of  acquisition,  to  the  use  of  water  for  the  irrigation  of  said  lands, 
shall  forever  be  inseparably  appurtenant  to  said  lands,  together  with  the  said  shares 
of  stock,  and  all  rights  and  interests  represented  thereby  or  existing  or  accruing 
by  reason  thereof,  unless  such  rights  shall  become  forfeited  under  the  provisions  of 
these  articles  of  incorporation,  or  of  by-laws  adopted  in  pursuance  thereof,  or  by 
operation  of  law,  or  by  the  voluntary  abandonment  thereof  by  deed,  grant,  or  other 
instrument,  or  by  nonuser  for  the  term  prescribed  by  law;  but  no  such  abandon- 
ment shall  be  for  the  benefit  of  any  person  designated  by  such  shareholder,  directly 
or  indirectly,  or  to  his  use,  nor  confer  any  right  whatsoever  upon  the  holder  of  any 
grant,  release,  waiver,  or  declaration  of  abandonment  of  whatever  kind  of  such  right: 
Provided,  however,  that  if  for  any  reason  it  should  at  any  time  become  impractica- 
ble to  beneficially  use  water  for  the  irrigation  of  the  land  to  which  the  right  to  the 
use  of  the  same  is  appurtenant  on  the  said  land,  the  said  right  may  be  severed  from 
said  land  and  simultaneously  transferred  and  attached  to  other  lands  to  which 
shares  of  stock  in  this  association  are  or  are  thereby  made  appurtenant,  if  a  petition 
for  leave  to  make  such  transfer  and  showing  the  necessity  therefor  shall  have  first 
been  approved  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  board  of  governors  at  a  regular  meeting 
and  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior;  and  all  the  provisions  and  agreements  herein- 
before in  this  section  contained  shall  be  set  forth  in  the  aforesaid  certificate  or  other 
evidence  of  the  ownership  of  shares  of  stock  in  the  association,  and  such  certificate 
or  other  instrument  shall  be  signed,  executed,  and  acknowledged  by  the  president 
and  secretary  of  the  association,  and  by  the  person  to  whom  it  is  issued  in  the  mari- 
ner required  by  law  for  the  execution  and  acknowledgment  of  deeds  for  the  convey- 
ance of  real  estate,  and  the  council  shall  pass  by-laws  prescribing  the  form  of  such 
certificate  or  other  instrument  not  inconsistent  with  these  articles. 

SEC.  9.  Every  transfer  of  the  title  to  any  lands  to  which  the  said  rights  and  stock 
are  so  appurtenant,  whether  by  grant  or  by  operation  of  law  (except  where  the 
land  may  be  subjected  by  grant  or  involuntarily  under  any  law  to  an  easement, 
the  exercise  of  which  does  not  interfere  with  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  by  the  serv- 
ient  owner)  shall  operate,  whether  it  be  so  expressed  in  the  grant  or  other  means  of 
transfer  or  not,  as  a  transfer  of  all  rights  to  the  use  of  water  for  the  irrigation  of  said 
lands,  and  all  rights  arising  from,  or  incident  to,  the  ownership  of  such  stock,  and 
as  well  as  the  stock  itself,  to  the  grantee  or  successor  in  title  of  said  lands;  and  upon 
presentation  to  this  association  of  proof  of  any  such  transfer  of  land,  to  which  such 
rights  are  appurtenant,  the  proper  officer  shall  transfer  such  stock  upon  its  books  to 
the  successor  in  title  to  said  lands. 

SEC.  10.  Any  transfer,  or  attempted  transfer,  of  any  of  the  shares  of  stock  of  this 
association,  made  or  suffered  by  the  owner  thereof,  unless  simultaneously  a  transfer 
of  the  land  to  which  it  is  appurtenant  is  made  or  suffered,  shall  be  of  no  force  or 
effect  whatsoever  for  any  purpose,  and  shall  confer  no  rights  of  any  kind  whatso- 
ever on  the  person  or  persons  to  whom  such  transfer  may  have  been  attempted  to  be 
made. 


NEWELL.]  ARTICLES    OF   IKCOBPOKATION.  151 

SEC.  11.  No  payments  for  the  capital  stock  of  this  association  shall  be  required 
except  in  the  manner  following: 

Whenever  it  shall  be  announced  or  otherwise  made  known  by  the  Government,  or 
any  of  its  proper  agencies,  to  the  subscribers  to  the  shares  of  said  capital  stock  that 
rights  may  be  initiated  to  the  use  of  water  from  any  works  acquired  or  constructed 
by  it  for  the  storage  or  development  of  water  capable  of  being  used  on  the  lands  of 
the  subscribers  for  said  shares  of  stock,  or  in  the  acquisition  or  construction  of  which 
works  the*  Government  shall  have  aided,  then  the  said  subscribers  shall,  under  the 
rules  and  regulations  prescribed  by  the  Government  therefor,  within  a  reasonable 
time,  apply  to  the  proper  agency  for  such  rights  at  the  rate  of  one  acre  for  each 
share  of  stock  so  subscribed  for,  and  upon  proper  proof  to  this  association  that  such 
rights  have  been  allotted  to  the  subscriber  and  that  he  has  complied  with  the  Gov- 
ernment rules  and  regulations  up  to  that  time,  so  as  to. entitle  him  to  complete  his 
ultimate  acquisition  thereof,  then  such  subscriber  shall  be  deemed  to  have  paid  on 
his  subscription  of  said  stock  the  amount  that  he  shall  have  then  paid  to  or  for  the 
use  of  the  Government  for  such  right,  and  when  all  subsequent  payments  required 
by  the  Government  for  such  rights  shall  have  been  paid  by  him,  or  by  anyone  for 
him,  then  such  stock  shall  be  deemed  and  held  to  have  been  fully  paid  up. 

SEC.  12.  If  it  should  be  determined  by  the  Government  that  the  amount  of  water 
that  may  safely  be  estimated  to  be  capable  of  being  stored,  or  developed  by  works 
acquired  or  constructed  or  to  be  acquired  or  constructed  by  it,  or  by  this  association, 
in  addition  to  the  amount  of  water  now  appropriated  out  of  Salt  Eiver  and  Verde 
River,  for  the  irrigation  of  lands  in  said  reservoir  district,  shall  together  be  insufficient 
to  properly  irrigate  250,000  acres  of  land,  then  the  number  of  shares  of  the  capital 
stock  of  this  association  shall  be  reduced  so  that  the  number  of  such  shares  shall  not 
exceed  the  number  of  acres  estimated  by  the  Government  to  be  capable  of  irrigation 
from  such  combined  sources  of  supply. 

SEC.  13.  If  at  the  time  of  the  determination  by  the  Government  of  the  number  of 
acres  capable  of  such  irrigation  there  shall  have  been  subscribed  for  a  number  of  the 
shares  equal  to  the  number  of  acres  so  estimated  to  be  capable  of  irrigation,  then  no 
subscription  for  more  shares  shall  be  taken.  If  the  number  so  subscribed  for,  how- 
ever, shall  then  exceed  the  estimated  number  of  acres  so  capable  of  irrigation,  then 
there  shall  be  allotted  to  said  subscribers  that  number  of  shares  equal  to  the  estimated 
number  of  acres  capable  of  irrigation.  In  such  allotment  cultivated  lands  shall  have 
the  preference;  and  any  excess  in  the  number  of  shares  subscribed  for  over  the  num- 
ber so  allotted  shall  be  canceled,  and  thereafter  shall  not  be  issued. 

SEC.  14.  In  exercising  the  right  of  preference  to  allotment  of  shares,  provided  for 
in  the  foregoing  section,  the  by-laws  may  prescribe  reasonable  times  within  which 
such  preference  shall  be  declared  and  the  manner  thereof. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

SECTION  1.  The  exercise  of  the  corporate  powers  of  this  association  and  the  manage- 
ment of  its  .affairs  shall  be  vested  in — 

(1)  A  council; 

(2)  A  board  of  governors; 

(3)  One  or  more  local  boards  of  water  commissioners,  and 

(4)  A  president,  vice-president,  treasurer,  secretary,  and  such  other  officers  and 
agents  as  shall  or  may  be,  from  time  to  time,  created  and  established  by  the  council. 

SEC.  2.  The  council  shall  consist  of  30  members,  who  shall  hold  their  offices  for 
three  years.  In  the  event  of  a  vacancy  occurring  from  death,  resignation,  ceasing  to 
be  a  shareholder  of  this  association,  removal  from  the  reservoir  district,  or  other 
cause,  the  unexpired  term  shall  be  filled  at  the  annual  election  next  after  the  vacancy 
shall  have  occurred.  Shareholders  of  this  association  only  shall  be  eligible  to  the 
office  of  member  of  the  council. 


152  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

SEC.  3.  The  annual  election  of  the  members  of  the  council  and  of  the  other  officers 
for  whose  election  these  articles  provide  shall  be  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  April 
in  each  year. 

SEC.  4.  For  the  purpose  of  electing  members  of  the  council  the  territory  described 
.in  Article  IV  of  these  articles  shall  be  divided  by  the  council  into  ten  districts,  which 
districts  shall  severally  consist  of  contiguous  territory,  and  be  as  nearly  uniform  in 
shape,  and  contain  as  nearly  an  equal  number  of  acres  to  which  shares  of  stock  in 
this  association  are  appurtenant,  as  may  be  practicable. 

SEC.  5.  At  each  annual  election,  after  1904,  there  shall  be  elected  one  member  of 
the  council  from  each  of  said  several  districts  by  the  electors  thereof.  Such  member 
shall  at  the  time  of  his  election  be  the  owner  of  lands  situated  within  the  district  for 
which  he  is  elected  to  which  shares  of  stock  of  this  association  are  appurtenant,  and 
shall  also  be  a  resident  of  the  reservoir  district,  and  if  he  should,  during  his  term  of 
office,  cease  to  be  such  owner,  or  a  resident  of  such  reservoir  district,  his  office  shall 
thereupon,  and  by  reason  thereof,  become  vacant. 

SEC.  6.  At  the  annual  election  to  be  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  April,  1904,  there 
shall  be  elected  three  members  of  the  council  from  each  of  said  districts,  one  of  whom 
shall  be  elected  to  serve  for  one,  one  for  two,  and  the  third  for  three  years. 

SEC.  7.  The  term  of  office  of  members  of  the  council  shall  begin  on  the  first  Mon- 
day in  May  following  their  election. 

SEC.  8.  Until  the  election  of  members  of  the  council  at  the  annual  election  in  1904, 
and  until  their  qualification,  the  council  shall  consist  of  the  following-named  persons, 
that  is  to  say:  J.  Wilfred  Broomell,  Vernon  L.  Clark,  O.  H.  Christy,  W.  W.  Dobson, 
B.  A.  Fickas,  S.  S.  Green,  C.  R.  Hakes,  C.  T.  Hirst,  P.  T.  Hurley,  James  Johnson, 
Emery  Kays,  W.  J.  Kingsbury,  Wallace  A.  MacDonald,  H.  C.  Mann,  M.  W.  Mes- 
singer,  Thomas  W.  Pemberton,  Alfred  J.  Peters,  J.  E.  Price,  L.  J.  Rice,  L.  D.  Rous- 
seau, C.  S.  Steward,  J.  A.  Stewart,  J.  E.  Sturgeon,  Fred  Tait,  G.  E.  Tompkins,  Howard 
L.  Underbill,  H.  G.  Van  Fossen,  A.  P.  Walbridge,  Henry  E.  Wrare,  W.  A.  Wilson. 

SEC.  9.  The  council  shall  meet  at  least  once  in  each  year  at  the  city  of  Phoenix,  in 
Maricopa  County,  Ariz.  This  regular  annual  meeting  of  the  council  shall  begin  on 
the  first  Monday  in  May  in  each  year  and  continue  in  session  at  its  pleasure. 

SEC.  10.  Special  meetings  may  be  called  and  held  in  such  manner  and  at  such 
times  and  under  such  provisions  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  by-laws.  The  general 
object  and  nature  of  business  to  be  transacted  at  any  special  meeting  shall  be  made 
known  by  reasonable  public  notice,  such  notice  to  be  that  prescribed  by  the  by-laws 
therefor. 

SEC.  11.  The  members  of  the  council  shall  serve  as  such  without  compensation, 
but  may  receive  mileage  one  way  at  the  rate  of  10  cents  per  mile  for  each  day  of 
actual  attendance. 

SEC.  12.  No  member  of  the  council  shall  be  eligible  to  any  office  of  this  association 
to  which  there  is  attached  any  emolument  or  compensation,  nor  shall  he  be  so  eligi- 
ble until  at  least  two  years  shall  have  elapsed  after  his  term  of  office  as  councilman 
shall  have  expired;  provided,  that  this  inhibition  shall  not  apply  to  any  person  by 
reason  of  his  membership  of  the  first  council. 

SEC.  13.  The  council  shall  have  power  to  enact  and  adopt  and  provide  for  the 
enforcement  thereof  by-laws  for  the  government  of  the  members  of  this  association 
and  the  management  of  its  business,  and  the  conduct  of  its  affairs,  and  to  repeal, 
modify,  and  amend  the  same  from  time  to  time.  But  the .  council  shall  not  have 
power  to  adopt  or  to  enforce  any  by-laws  that  in  anywise  conflict  with  any  rule  or 
regulation  established  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  or  other  agency  of  the  Gov- 
ernment for  the  administration  of  water  from  any  reservoir  or  other  works  acquired 
or  constructed  by  the  National  Government,  or  in  the  acquisition  or  construction  of 
which  it  shall  have  aided,  and  which  may  be  used  for  supplying  water  to  the  lands 
of  the  shareholders  of  this  association. 


KBWELL.]  ARTICLES    OF   INCORPORATION.  153 

SEC.  14.  No  by-laws  shall  be  passed  or  enforced  which  shall  interfere  with  or  affect 
any  present  existing  vested  right  of  any  member  of  this  association  to  the  use  of 
water  for  irrigation. 

SEC.  15.  All  by-laws  shall  be  of  general  application  so  far  as  general  laws  can  be 
made  to  apply. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

SECTION  1?  At  all  elections  the  electors  shall  possess  the  following  qualifications: 

(1)  Shall  be  at  the  time  of  the  election  the  owner  of  at  least  one  share  of  the  cap- 
ital stock  of  this  association,  and  shall  have  been  the  owner  thereof,  as  shown  by 
the  books  of  the  association,  for  at  least  twenty  days  before  such  election. 

(2)  Shall  be  of  the  age  of  21  years  or  more  and  of  sound  mind. 

SEC.  2.  At  all  elections  each  shareholder  shall  be  entitled  to  one  vote  for  each 
share  of  stock  owned  by  him,  not,  however,  to  exceed  in  the  aggregate  160  votes, 
and  no  more. 

SEC.  3.  The  votes  shall  be  by  written  or  printed  ballot,  and  be  voted  only  by  the 
electors  at  the  polls  in  person. 

SEC.  4.  The  council  may  make  reasonable  by-laws  for  the  registration  of  voters 
and  the  method  of  holding  elections. 

SEC.  5.  At  all  elections  the  person  receiving  the  highest  number  of  votes  for  any 
office  shall  be  deemed  elected  to  such  office. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

SECTION  1.  The  board  of  governors  shall  consist  of  the  president,  by  virtue  of  his 
office,  and  ten  other  members.  Each  of  said  ten  members  shall  be  the  owner  of 
lands  situated  within  the  district  for  which  he  is  elected,  to  which  shares  of  stock 
of  this  association  are  appurtenant,  and  shall  also  be  a  resident  of  the  reservoir  dis- 
trict; and  if  he  should,  during  his  term  of  office,  cease  to  be  such  owner  or  a  resi- 
dent of  such  reservoir  district,  his  office  shall  thereupon,  and  by  reason  thereof, 
become  vacant. 

SEC.  2.  One  member  of  said  board  shall  be  elected  at  the  annual  election  to  be 
held  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  April,  1904,  and  at  each  annual  election  thereafter  from 
and  by  the  electors  of  each  of  the  districts  into  which  the  territory  described  in 
Article  IV  of  these  articles  is  or  may  be  divided  for  the  purpose  of  the  election  of 
members  of  the  council. 

SEC.  3.  Until  the  election  of  members  of  the  board  of  governors  at  the  annual  elec- 
tion in  1904,  and  until  their  qualification,  the  board  of  governors  shall  consist  of  the 
following-named  persons,  that  is  to  say:  Frank  T.  Alkire,  A.  J.  Chandler,  William 
Christy,  B.  A.  Fowler,  Lin  B.  Orme,  F.  H.  Parker,  H.  Simkins,  M.  A.  Stanford, 
W.  H.  Wallace,  Sam  F.  Webb,  E.  W.  Wilbur. 

SEC.  4.  If  a  member  of  the  board  of  governors  at  any  time  during  his  term  of  office 
should  cease  to  have  any  of  the  qualifications  prescribed  for  that  office,  such  office 
shall  thereupon  become  vacant,  and  in  the  event  of  a  vacancy  from  that  cause  or  by 
reason  of  the  death,  removal  from  the  reservoir  district,  or  resignation  of  any  member 
of  said  board  of  governors,  the  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  the  council  if  it  occurs  more 
than  sixty  days  prior  to  a  regular  election. 

SEC.  5.  The  board  of  governors  shall  meet  in  regular  Session  at  the  office  of  the 
association  on  the  first  Monday  of  each  month,  unless  it  be  a  legal  holiday,  in  which 
case  the  board  shall  meet  on  the  following  day. 

SEC.  6.  Special  meetings  of  the  board  of  governors  may  be  called  by  the  president, 
or  by  any  six  of  the  members  of  the  board.  Such  call  shall  be  in  writing  and  signed 
by  either  the  president  or  any  six  of  the  members,  and  shall  state  the  time  of  such 
proposed  meeting  and  the  nature  of  the  business  to  be  transacted  thereat.  Such 
written  call  shall  be  filed  with  the  secretary,  who  shall  thereupon  immediately,  and 


154  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93: 

at  least  five  days  before  the  time  fixed  for  such  meeting,  mail,  postpaid,  to  the  presi- 
dent and  each  member  of  the  board  a  copy  of  such  call,  and  shall  publish  the  same 
in  some  newspaper  published  and  of  general  circulation  in  the  territory  described 
in  Article  IV  of  these  articles  on  three  consecutive  days  before  and  exclusive  of  the 
day  fixed  for  such  special  meeting.  If  the  secretary  fail  or  refuse  to  publish  such 
call  or  to  mail  copies  thereof,  as  above  provided,  then  either  the  president,  if  he 
issued  the  call,  or  any  one  of  the  members  who  issued  the  same,  may  make  publica- 
tion and  mail  copies  of  the  call,  with  like  effect  as  if  done  by  the  secretary.  Special 
meetings  of  the  board  of  governors  shall  be  held  at  the  office  of  the  association. 

SEC.  7.  The  members  of  the  board  of  governors  shall  receive  such  compensation  as 
shall  be  prescribed  by  the  council  by  by-laws. 

SEC.  8.  The  board  of  governors  shall  have  the  administration  of  the  corporate 
affairs  and  business  of  the  association,  and  shall  manage  and  conduct  the  same  sub- 
ject to  all  the  provisions  of  these  articles  and  of  the  by-laws. 

SEC.  9.  It  shall  have  the  power  to  appoint,  subject  to  removal  by  it  at  any  time,  a 
general  superintendent,  and  prescribe  his  duties  and  powers,  subject  to  all  rules  and 
regulations  prescribed  by  the  by-laws,  and  to  employ  an  engineer  or  engineers  and 
such  other  employees  as  may  be  proper  and  necessary  to  effect  the  purposes  of  this 
association,  subject  to  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the 
by-laws. 

SEC.  10.  It  shall  have  the  power  to  prosecute,  defend,  and  compromise  all  law- 
suits; to  make  all  contracts,  in  the  name  of  the  association,  necessary  and  proper  for 
the  conduct  of  the  affairs  and  the  carrying  on  of  the  business  of  the  association, 
subject  to  all  limitations  and  regulations  prescribed  by  these  articles  or  the  by-laws. 

SEC.  11.  It  shall  have  the  power  to  estimate,  make,  and  levy  all  assessments  against 
the  shareholders  of  this  association  to  the  extent  and  in  the  manner  authorized  by 
these  articles  and  regulated  and  prescribed  by  the  by-laws. 

SEC.  12.  It  shall  have  the  power  to  make,  publish,  and  enforce  rules  and  regula- 
tions concerning  the  distribution,  use,  and  application  of  water  for  irrigation,  subject 
at  all  times  to  and  not  inconsistent  with  these  articles  or  with  the  by-laws  or  with 
any  rules  or  regulations  established  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  or  other  agency 
of  the  National  Government. 

SEC.  13.  It  shall  keep,  or  cause  to  be  kept,  a  record  of  its  transactions,  which  shall 
at  all  times  remain  in  the  office  of  the  association,  and  shall,  during  office  hours,  be 
open  to  the  inspection  of  the  shareholders  or  their  properly  authorized  agents. 

SEC.  14.  It  shall  hear  and  determine  complaints  of  shareholders  of  nonservice  or 
of  improper  service  or  distribution  of  water  or  of  improper  performance  of  duty  by 
any  employee  of  the  association  relative  to  the  distribution  of  water. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

SECTION  1.  The  lands  under  each  separate  distributing  canal  system  within  the 
territory  described  in  Article  IV  of  these  articles  shall  on  the  petition  of  the  owners 
of  two-thirds  of  the  shares  of  the  capital  stock  of  this  association  appurtenant  to  the 
lands  in  such  proposed  canal  division  be  formed  into  a  canal  division,  and  the 
boundaries  of  such  division  be  fixed  by  the  council.  On  the  petition  of  the  holders 
of  a  majority  of  the  shares  in  this  association  owning  the  lands  affected  thereby,  or 
without  such  petition,  whenever  in  the  judgment  of  the  council  it  will  be  beneficial, 
the  council  may  change  or  modify  the  boundaries  of  any  canal  division. 

SEC.  2.  A  board  of  wrater  commissioners,  to  consist  of  three  members,  shall  be 
appointed  annually  by  the  board  of  governors  for  each  canal  division.  Such  appoint- 
ment shall  be  made  in  the  month  of  May  in  each  year,  and  no  one  shall  be  eligible 
for  such  office  unless  he  be  a  resident  within  the  canal  division  for  which  he  may 
be  appointed,  and  a  qualified  elector  as  provided  in  these  articles.  The  term  of 


NEWELL.]  ARTICLES    OF    INCORPORATION.  155 

office  of  the  members  of  the  boards  of  water  commissioners  shall  be  from  the  time 
of  their  appointment  until  the  first  day  of  May  in  the  following  year,  and  until  their 
successors  shall  have  been  appointed  and  have  qualified,  and  they  may  be  removed 
for  cause  by  the  board  of  governors,  who  may  fill  any  vacancy  in  any  board  of  water 
commissioners  for  the  unexpired  term. 

SEC.  3.  If  a  petition  signed  by  shareholders  in  this  association,  constituting  a 
majority  of  qualified  electors,  residing  in  any  canal  division,  shall  be  presented  to 
the  board  of  governors  at  their  first  meeting,  in  May,  naming  three  persons  eligible 
for  appointment  as  water  commissioners,  in  said  canal  division,  and  asking  for  their 
appointment  to  such  office,  such  persons  shall  be  appointed  as  such  water  commis- 
sioners. 

SEC.  4.  In  each  canal  division  the  board  of  water  commissioners  thereof  shall  have 
the  control  and  management  of  the  local  affairs  of  the  canal  system  therein,  and  of 
the  distribution  of  water  therefrom,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  these  articles,  and  to 
the  by-laws,  and  to  the  rules  and  regulations  established  by  the  council,  or  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior,  or  any  agency  of  the  National  Government. 

SEC.  5.  The  board  of  water  commissioners  in  each  canal  division  may  appoint  a 
secretary  of  the  board  and  employ  a  division  superintendent,  removable  at  their 
pleasure. 

SEC.  6.  The  board  of  water  commissioners  may  call  a  meeting  at  any  time  of  all 
the  landowners  in  their  canal  division  who  are  shareholders  in  this  association,  to 
consider  and  determine  whether  an  assessment  or  assessments  for  their  special  benefit 
should  be  levied  on  the  shareholders  in  said  division.  At  least  ten  days'  notice  of 
such-  meeting  shall  be  given  by  the  secretary  of  said  board,  by  posting  a  notice 
thereof  in  three  public  places  in  said  canal  division,  and  mailing  a  copy  of  such 
notice,  with  postage  prepaid,  to  each  shareholder  residing  in  said  canal  division. 

SEC.  7.  If  a  majority  of  such  shareholders  who  are  the  holders  of  a  majority  of  the 
shares  of  this  association  appurtenant  to  lands  in  said  canal  division  shall  at  said 
meeting  approve  the  levy  of  such  special  assessment  or  assessments  and  sign  a  peti- 
tion to  the  board  of  governors  that  the  same  be  levied  on  the  shareholders  in  this 
association,  owning  lands  in  said  division,  and  specifying  the  amount  of  said  pro- 
posed assessment  and  the  purpose  for  which  it  should  be  levied,  and  said  board  of 
water  commissioners  should  recommend  it  in  writing,  indorsed  on  said  petition,  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  of  governors  to  levy  said  special  assessment  on  all  the 
shareholders  in  this  association  owning  lands  in  said  canal  division. 

SEC.  8.  When  so  levied  the  said  assessment  may  when  collected  be  disbursed  by 
the  board  of  water  commissioners  of  said  canal  division  for  the  purpose  specified  in 
its  levy,  and  shall  be  paid  out  by  the  treasurer  on  warrants  drawn  on  him  by  the 
said  board  of  water  commissioners;  provided,  however,  that  nothing  in  this  article 
shall  limit  or  abridge  the  right  of  the  association  to  make,  levy,  and  collect  assess- 
ments, as  elsewhere  in  these  articles  provided. 

ARTICLE  X. 

SECTION  1.  A  president  and  a  vice-president  of  the  association  shall  be  elected  at  the 
annual  election  to  be  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  April,  1904,  and  every  two  years 
thereafter,  and  shall  serve  two  years  from  and  after  the^Srst  Monday  of  May  follow- 
ing their  election  and  until  their  successors  are  elected  and  qualified.  Until  the  elec- 
tion of  a  president  and  vice-president,  as  above  provided,  B.  A.  Fowler  shall  be  the 
president  and  E.  W.  Wilbur  shall  be  the  vice-president  of  this  association. 

SEC.  2.  A  treasurer  and  a  secretary  of  the  association  shall  be  appointed  by  the 
board  of  governors  at  its  first  regular  meeting  in  each  year,  and  shall  serve  for  one 
year  thereafter  and  until  their  successors  have  been  appointed  and  have  qualified. 

SEC.  3.  The  treasurer  and  secretary  shall  give  such  bond  as  may  be  prescribed  by 


156  FIRST   RECLAMATION"    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

the  by-laws;  provided  that  no  member  of  the  board  of  governors  nor  the  secretary 
shall  be  accepted  as  a  surety  on  the  bond  of  the  treasurer. 

SEC.  4.  The  president,  vice-president,  treasurer,  and  secretary  shall  perform  such 
duties  as  are  prescribed  by  these  articles  and  by  the  by-laws,  wherein  such  by-laws 
shall  not  be  inconsistent  with  law  or  with  these  articles,  and  shall  receive  such  com- 
pensation as  may  be  fixed  by  the  by-laws,  which  compensation  shall  be  neither 
increased  nor  diminished  during  their  respective  terms  of  office. 

SEC.  5.  In  case  of  the  absence,  illness,  or  inability  of  the  president  to  act  from  any 
cause,  or  in  case  of  a  vacancy  in  that  office,  the  vice-president  shall  act  in  the  place 
and  stead  of  the  president.  In  the  event  of  a  vacancy  in  the  offices  of  both  the 
president  and  vice-president,  the  council  shall  call  a  special  election  to  fill  the  unex- 
pired  terms  for  both  offices;  provided,  however,  that  such  vacancies,  if  occurring 
within  sixty  days  before  the  next  annual  election,  shall  be  filled  by  appointment  by 
the  council. 

SEC.  6.  The  president  shall  be  the  chief  executive  officer  of  the  association,  and 
shall  have  general  supervision  over  all  other  officers  of  the  association  in  the  per- 
formance of  their  duties  as  such,  and  of  the  conduct  of  the  business  and  affairs  of  the 
association.  He  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the  board  of  governors  and  shall  be 
ex  officio  a  member  of  that  board,  and  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  devolved 
upon  him  by  the  by-laws. 

SEC.  7.  All  certificates  or  other  evidences  of  the  ownership  of  shares  of  stock  in  the 
association  issued  by  the  association  shall  be  signed  by  the  president  and  secretary 
of  the  association  and  shall  have  the  seal  of  the  association  affixed  thereto. 

SEC.  8.  All  contracts  and  instruments  in  writing  executed  for  or  in  behalf  of  the 
association  shall  be  so  executed  in  the  name  of  the  association  by  the  president  and 
secretary,  and  shall  have  the  seal  of  the  association  affixed  thereto. 

SEC.  9.  The  treasurer  shall  receive  and  be  the  custodian  of  all  moneys  and  other 
funds  of  the  association.  No  moneys  shall  be  paid  out  by  the  treasurer  unless  upon 
warrants  drawn  on  him  by  the  president  and  secretary,  except  as  provided  in  Article 
IX,  section  8,  of  these  articles.  No  warrants  shall  be  drawn  on  the  treasurer  by  the 
president  and  secretary  except  upon  the  order  of  the  board  of  governors,  recorded 
in  the  minutes  of  the  board,  and  in  a  warrant  record  to  be  kept  by  the  secretary. 

SEC.  10.  The  treasurer  shall  keep  a  full,  complete,  and  accurate  account  of  all 
moneys  of  the  association  received  and  disbursed  by  him,  in  books  belonging  to 
the  association,  and  shall  present  a  report  and  account  thereof  for  the  last  preceding 
month  to  the  board  of  governors  at  every  regular  monthly  meeting  of  said  board,  and 
shall,  at  the  expiration  of  each  quarter,  prepare  and  publish,  in  such  manner  as  the 
by-laws  may  prescribe,  a  quarterly  statement  to  shareholders  showing  all  such  receipts 
and  disbursements  during  the  last  preceding  quarter;  and  the  treasurer  shall  perform 
such  other  duties  as  may  be  devolved  upon  him  by  the  by-laws. 

SEC.  11.  The  secretary  shall  act  as  the  clerk  of  the  board  of  governors,  and  keep  a 
record  of  all  their  proceedings.  He  shall  be  the  custodian  of  the  seal  of  the  associa- 
tion, and  of  all  its  books, .  papers,  and  records.  He  shall  immediately  upon  their 
adoption  and  certification  to  him  by  the  council,  record  in  a  book  of  by-laws  to  be 
kept  by  him  in  his  office,  all  by-laws  adopted  by  the  council,  and  shall  keep  such 
book  open  to  the  inspection  of  any  member  of  the  association  at  all  times  during 
business  hours.  And  the  secretary  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be 
devolved  upon  him  by  the  by-laws. 

ARTICLE  XI. 

The  council  may  create  such  other  offices  as  ma)'  be  necessary  for  the  carrying  on 
of  the  business  and  affairs  of  this  association,  and  prescribe  the  manner  of  appoint- 
ment, powers,  duties,  terms  of  office,  eligibility,  and  compensation  thereof  by  by-laws 
not  inconsistent  with  these  articles. 


NEWELL.]  ARTICLES    OF    INCORPORATION.  157 

ARTICLE  XII. 

Upon  proper  complaint  thereof  by  the  board  of  governors,  duly  sustained,  the 
council  may  remove  from  office  the  president,  vice-president,  treasurer,  secretary, 
or  the  incumbent  of  any  office  created  by  the  council,  for  incompetence,  neglect  of 
duty,  misappropriation  of  funds  of  the  association,  or  for  violation  of  any  of  the 
provisions  qf  these  articles  or  of  any  by-law.  The  council  shall  prescribe  by  by-laws 
the  procedure  for  such  removal. 

ARTICLE  XIII. 

SECTION  1.  Revenues  necessary  for  the  accomplishment  of  the  purposes  of  this 
association  shall  be  raised  by  an  assessment  thereof,  from  time  to  time  as  required, 
upon  and  against  the  shareholders. 

SEC.  2.  The  council  shall  have  power  to  make  and  enforce  necessary  by-laws  for 
the  making,  levying,  collecting,  and  enforcing  of  such  assessments. 

SEC.  3.  Assessments  for  the  ordinary  cost  of  operation,  maintenance,  and  repair 
of  the  works  of  the  association,  or  of  those  the  maintenance  and  control  of  which 
are,  or  may  be  hereafter,  lodged  in  the  association,  shall  be  equally  assessed  against 
all  the  shareholders  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  shares  held  by  them,  respectively. 

SEC.  4.  Assessments  for  the  purpose  of  constructing  or  acquiring,  or  for  the  better- 
ment, improvement,  renewal,  replacement,  or  preservation  of  any  works,  property, 
or  rights  of  the  association,  or  for  the  purpose  of  preserving,  or  increasing,  or  more 
efficiently  or  economically  distributing  the  water  supplies  available  for  distribution 
by  the  association,  or  for  the  fulfillment  of  any  obligation  undertaken  by  the  associa- 
tion in  any  contract,  agreement,  or  other  arrangement  with  the  United  States 
Government,  or  necessary  for  the  accomplishment  or  carrying  out  of  any  of  the 
purposes  of  the  association,  may  be  equally  assessed  against  all  the  shareholders  in 
proportion  to  the  number  of  shares  owned  by  them,  respectively. 

SEC.  5.  Assessments  for  expenditures  for  purposes  that  are  of  benefit  to  a  part  only 
of  the  shareholders  may  be  specially  assessed  in  proportion  to  such  benefits  against 
such  shareholders,  but  no  expenditure  to  be  provided  for  or  covered  by  such  special 
assessment  shall  be  made,  or  obligation  to  expend  the  same  incurred,  except  upon 
the  petition  of  the  holders  of  two-thirds  of  the  shares  to  be  so  specially  benefited 
thereby. 

SEC.  6.  Assessments  shall  become,  from  time  to  time  as  they  are  made  and  levied, 
and  until  they  are  paid  or  otherwise  discharged  shall  be  and  remain  a  lien  on  the 
lands  of  the  shareholder  against  which  they  are  levfed  and  upon  the  shares  of  stock 
appurtenant  to  said  lands  and  all  rights  and  interests  represented  by  such  shares. 
The  manner  of  fixing  the  lien  and  enforcing  the  same  shall  be  prescribed  in  the 
by-laws. 

SEC.  7.  Except  for  the  ordinary  operation,  maintenance,  and  repair,  no  work  shall 
be  undertaken,  purchase  made,  or  indebtedness  incurred  or  be  authorized  during  any 
one  year  whereof  the  cost  or  amount  thereof  shall  exceed  $50,000  until  it  shall  have 
first  been  ratified  by  at  least  two-thirds  of  the  votes  cast  at  an  election  to  be  called 
for  that  purpose.  Special  elections  may  be  called  and  held  for  such  purpose  under 
such  by-laws  as  the  council  may  prescribe  not  inconsistent  with  these  articles. 

ARTICLE  XIV. 

Nothing  in  these  articles  of  incorporation,  or  in  the  fact  of  becoming  a  member  of 
this  association,  shall  be  construed  as  affecting,  or  intended  to  affect,  or  in  anyway 
interfere  with  the  p'resent  vested  rights  of  any  person  to  the  prior  use  or  delivery  of 
the  natural  appropriated  flow  of  the  waters  of  the  Salt  and  Verde  rivers. 


158  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

ARTICLE  XV. 

The  individual  property  of  the  shareholders  shall  be  exempt  from  liability  for 
incorporate  indebtedness  of  this  association. 

ARTICLE  XVI. 

The  incorporate  indebtedness  shall  not  exceed  two-thirds  of  the  amount  of  the 
capital  stock. 

ARTICLE  XVII. 

This  corporation  shall  endure  for  the  term  of  twenty-five  years. 

ARTICLE  XVIII. 

These  articles  of  incorporation  can  only  be  amended  by  the  shareholders  at  a  reg- 
ular annual  election  or  at  a  special  election  called  for  that  purpose.  No  proposed 
amendment  shall  be  submitted  to  the  shareholders  until  it  shall  have  first  received 
the  approval  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  of  the  council  at  a  regular  or  duly  called 
session  thereof,  nor  shall  any  such  proposed  amendment  be  so  submitted  until  it 
shall  have  been  published  in  full  at  least  once  in  each  week  for  four  consecutive 
weeks  in  at  least  three  newspapers  published  and  of  general  circulation  within  the 
territory  described  in  Article  IV  of  these  articles,  the  last  of  which  such  publications 
shall  be  not  less  than  ten  nor  more  than  twenty  days  before  any  such  election. 

ARTICLE  XIX. 

This  association  may  accept  and  avail  itself  of,  or  subject  itself  to,  the  provisions 
of  any  law  or  laws  enacted  or  that  may  be  enacted  by  Congress  or  the  legislative 
assembly  of  the  Territory  or  State,  when  it  becomes  a  State,  of  Arizona,  relative  to 
corporations  which  may  be  applicable  to  corporations  organized  for  like  purposes  as 
this  association.  Such  acceptance  or  subjection  shall  be  valid  when  ratified  by  at 
least  two-thirds  of  the  votes  cast  at  any  annual  election,  or  at  any  special  election 
called  for  the  ratification  thereof. 

ARTICLE  XX. 

The  seal  of  this  association  shall  be  a  figure  of  two  concentric  circles,  the  outer 
being  2  inches  and  the  inner  1^  inches  in  diameter.  In  the  space  between  the  two 
shall  be  the  words  "Salt  River  Valley  Water  Users'  Association,"  and  bearing 
within  the  center  space  an  unrolled  scroll  with  the  words  and  figures  thereon, 
' '  Incorporated ,  1903,  Arizona. ' ' 

Witness  our  hands  hereto  this  4th  day  of  February,  A.  D.  1903. 

RECI^AMATIOX  WORK  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

By  Hon.  GEORGE  C.  PARDEE,  Governor  of  California. 

I  am  glad  to  have  this  opportunity  to  tell  you  that  I  am  pleased 
to  note  the  intelligent  and  scientific  manner  in  which  }7our  department 
is  taking  up  the  development  of  irrigation  in  the  arid  West,  particu- 
larly in  California,  where,  of  course,  my  interest  centers.  I  realize 
that  your  work  will  be  of  the  greatest  benefit  to  my  State,  and  hold 
myself  in  readiness,  and  the  State  of  California  is  ready,  now  as  in  the 
past,  to  cooperate  with  you  in  every  way  to  develop  as  soon  as  possible 
the  irrigation  water  supply  of  California. 


NEWELL.]  RECLAMATION    IN    CALIFORNIA.  159 

I  believe  this  to  be  as  proper  Government  work  as  is  that  of  pre- 
serving the  navigability  of  our  rivers,  and,  in  fact,  that  it  will  produce, 
at  this  stage  of  our  national  growth,  greater  results  than  will  the  pro- 
motion of  navigation  by  the  Government.  To  my  mind  the  national 
work  for  irrigation  in  the  West  should  take  precedence  over  river 
and  harbor  improvements,  and  both  should  be,  for  many  reasons, 
Government  charges.  What  California  needs,  even  when  her  rainfall 
amounts  to  15  or  20  inches  per  annum,  is  the  power  to  regulate  the 
distribution  of  rainfall  on  the  land  at  such  times  and  in  such  amounts 
as  will  best  serve  the  needs  of  the  crops  to  be  produced,  and  the  only 
way  to  do  this  is,  of  course,  to  irrigate.  While  irrigation  is  not  so 
absolutely  necessary  in  northern  as  in  southern  California,  all  sections 
of  the  State  would  be  greatly  benefited  by  its  application.  Inasmuch 
as  your  department  has  not  yet  filed  a  report  of  the  progress  of  your 
work,  which  is  being  done  in  cooperation  with  the  State  of  California, 
I  can  not  judge  accurately  of  its  full  scope,  but  from  the  reports  that 
have  been  made  from  time  to  time  by  your  engineers  in  the  field  and 
by  the  statements  filed  by  the  board  of  examiners  I  think  a  vast 
amount  of  good  must  come  from  the  records  being  gathered  by  }^our 
department. 

The  measurement  of  streams  and  run-off  from  the  different  drainage 
areas  being  taken  by  your  hydrographers  is  furnishing  a  fund  of 
information  that  will  be  of  very  great  service  when  irrigation  is 
developed  and  water  becomes  of  greater  value  in  all  parts  of  the  State. 
I  confess  that  I  am  getting  eager  to  see  the  actual  construction  work 
begin  in  California.  A  conference  with  Messrs.  Savage  and  Bien,  of 
your  department,  after  they  had  reviewed  the  proposed  projects  on 
Colorado  River,  on  King  River,  and  at  Clear  Lake,  gives  hope  that 
such  construction  may  be  expected  in  the  near  future.  In  our  efforts 
at  cooperation,  both  in  the  hydrographic  and  topographic,  as  well  as 
in  the  forestry  departments,  it  has  been  the  aim  of  myself  and  my 
administration  to  leave  the  United  States  Government  absolutely 
unhampered,  so  as  to  get  the  very  best  for  the  whole  State.  So,  in 
the  reclamation  service,  whether  you  gentlemen,  in  your  scientific 
wisdom,  find  it  best  to  begin  actual  construction  in  the  southern,  cen- 
tral, or  northern  part  of  the  State,  we  hope  that  the  very  best  place 
will  be  selected,  and  that  the  wisdom  of  the  President's  policy  for 
national  irrigation  may  be  put  in  concrete  form  at  an  early  date  in 
California. 

More  and  more  am  I  impressed  with  the  vastness  of  the  resources 
of  California  and  of  its  limitless  possibilities  when  irrigation  and  cul- 
tivation are  brought  to  that  high  state  which  will  doubtless  be  attained. 
Therefore  1  regard  your  work  in  the  Geological  Survey  as  of  the 
greatest  importance  to  California. 


160  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

WORK  IN  COLORADO. 

By  A.  L.  FELLOWS. 

PROJECTS  CONSIDERED. 

During  the  last  year  investigations  made  with  a  view  to  reclaiming 
arid  lands  in  Colorado  have  been  carried  on  at  four  localities.  Three 
of  these  will  be  mentioned  very  briefly,  but  the  fourth  will  be  described 
in  detail. 

The  first  investigation  made  was  in  northeastern  Colorado,  on  South 
Platte  River,  in  the  vicinity  of  Sterling.     This  project  was  not  favor 
ably  considered,  and  a  report  has  been  made  adverse  to  construction  on 
the  ground  that  the  water  supply  of  the  South  Platte  is  insufficient. 

Second,  ma}T  be  mentioned  the  investigations  made  in  northwestern 
Colorado,  which  are  still  under  way.  These  investigations  have  been 
carried  on  more  particularly  on  Yampa  and  White  rivers.  Those  on 
the  Yampa  have  been  merely  reconnaissance  surveys,  while  those  on 
the  White  have  been  made  in  greater  detail.  I  may  say  that  I  am 
favorably  impressed  with  the  possibilities  in  this  locality,  but  it  is  too 
early  to  make  detailed  statements  concerning  these  projects. 

Third,  I  may  mention  the  investigation  on  Grand  River  near  Grand 
Junction,  made  with  a  view  to  reclaiming  arid  lands  in  that  locality. 
It  was  hoped  at  first  that  it  might  be  possible  to  take  out  the  water  of 
Grand  River  at  an  elevation  sufficient  to  irrigate  the  plains  in  eastern 
Utah,  "but  the  investigation  showed  that  this  plan  was  not  feasible. 
There  seems,  however,  to  be  a  possibility  of  developing  a  large  tract 
of  land— about  60,000  acres — in  the  vicinity  of  Grand  Junction  b}^  a 
lower  line.  No  detailed  examination  has  been  made  of  this  low-line 
project,  although  the  people  of  Grand  Junction  are  desirous  that  it 
shall  be  investigated. 

The  project  that  will  be  of  greatest  interest  to  you,  I  believe,  is  that 
which  is  generally  known  as  the  Uncompahgre  Valley  project,  which 
contemplates  the  taking  of  water  from  Gunnison  River  at  a  point  in 
the  Grand  Canyon  of  the  Gunnison  about  16  miles  northeast  of  the 
town  of  Montrose.  Gunnison  River  rises  in  south-central  Colorado 
and  flows  in  a  westerly  and  northwesterly  direction  to  its  junction 
with  the  Grand.  For  about  60  miles  it  flows  through  a  valley  which 
is  usually  narrow,  but  which  at  times  broadens  to  such  an  extent  that 
some  irrigation  is  practiced  on  the  bottom  lands.  For  the  last  20  miles 
of  this  course,  however,  it  runs  through  what  is  known  as  the  Black 
Canyon  of  the  Gunnison,  which  ends  at  the  mouth  of  Cimarron 
River  where  the  Grand  Canyon  of  the  Gunnison  commences.  In  this 
deep  and  rugged  canyon,  which  is  almost  inaccessible  to  man,  at  a 
point  about  20  miles  below  its  head,  it  is  intended  that  water  shall  be 
taken  for  the  reclamation  of  the  Uncompahgre  Valley. 


NEWELL.]  THE    UNCOMPAHGRE    PKOJECT.  161 

The  Uncompahgre  Valley  is  broad  and  level,"  although  the  surface  of 
the  ground  is  rolling  in  places.  The  discharge  of  the  river  varies  from 
60  second-feet  at  low  water  to  1,000  second-feet  at  high  water,  an 
amount  totally  inadequate  to  irrigate  successfully  the  entire  valley, 
which  comprises  about  175,000  acres,  of  which  120,000  acres  are  in 
private  ownership.  The  best  lands  of  the  valley  have  been  settled  upon 
for  some  time,  but,  owing  to  the  inadequate  water  supply,  have  not 
been  irrigated,  the  Uncompahgre  furnishing  at  its  normal  stage  only 
about  enough  water  to  irrigate  10,000  acres. 

The  present  project  contemplates  the  diversion  of  the  waters  of  the 
Gunnison  by  means  of  a  tunnel  about  6  miles  in  length,  with  a  cross- 
section  12  by  12  feet,  capable  of  carrying  approximately  1,200  second- 
feet  of  water.  This  amount  will  be  discharged  into  the  Uncompahgre 
Valley  at  an  elevation  sufficiently  high  to  irrigate  the  entire  valley. 
The  people  there"  have  formed  a  water-users'  association  similar  to  that 
organized  in  the  Salt  River  Valley  in  Arizona,  and  have  subscribed  for 
about  70,000  acres  of  land.  The  amount  for  which  it  is  necessary  to 
subscribe,  as  informally  stated,  is  85,000  acres.  The  maximum  amount 
to  which  stock  may  be  assessed  is  $25  per  share.  This  is  a  high  rate, 
but  the  lands  of  the  Uncompahgre  Valley  can  well  stand  it  from  their 
adaptability  to  fruit  raising  and  the  value  of  its  other  crops.  Good 
fruit  lands  are  easily  worth  from  $300  to  $400  an  acre,  and  in  some 
places  where  there  is  a  satisfactory  water  supply,  their  cost  is  much 
greater. 

It  is  expected  that  the  total  cost  of  constructing  the  tunnel  and  dis- 
tributing canals  will  be  about  $2,500,000. 

DENVER  OFFICE. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  Denver  is  so  admirably  located  with  reference 
to  the  work  of  the  reclamation  service  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region, 
it  was  decided  in  the  winter  of  1902-3  that  a  permanent  office  should 
be  established  at  that  point.  Until  April  1,  1903,  office  room  was 
obtained  through  the  courtesy  of  the  State  engineer  of  Colorado,  as 
had  been  the  case  for  the  last  four  years,  and  with  his  cooperation  and 
that  of  his  assistants  great  expense  had  been  saved.  Owing,  however, 
to  the  fact  that  the  work  of  the  reclamation  service  was  growing  so 
rapidly,  and  that  the  quarters  furnished  by  the  State  engineer,  although 
as  commodious  as  possible,  were  still  too  crarmoed  to  permit  satisfac- 
tory results,  it  was  decided  that  rooms  should  be  rented  elsewhere. 
Accordingly,  on  April  1,  three  rooms  were  rented  in  the  Majestic 
Building,  Denver,  and  these  rooms  were  occupied  by  the  engineers 
and  assistants  of  the  hydrographic  branch  until  July  1,  when  it  was 
again  found  necessary  to  move,  for  the  same  reasons  that  had  prevailed 
in  the  former  instance.  More  commodious  quarters  were  then  found  in 
IRE  93—04 11 


162  FIRST   RECLAMATION   SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO,  93. 

the  Chamber  of  Commerce  building,  at  the  corner  of  Fourteenth  and 
Lawrence  streets,  and  the  office  of  the  hydrographic  branch  was 
installed  at  that  point,  and  there  it  has  remained  ever  since. 

These  rooms  have  been  supplied  with  the  necessary  furniture  in  the 
way  of  drawing  tables,  desks,  and  other  equipment,  and  it  is  expected 
that  this  office  will  be  made  to  some  extent  the  center  of  the  work  of 
the  reclamation  service  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  particularly  in 
the  winter  time,  in  order  to  avoid  such  crowding  in  the  headquarters 
at  Washington  as  otherwise  would  be  necessary. 

The  work  at  this  point  is  under  the  immediate  supervision  of  Mr. 
A.  L.  Fellows,  district  engineer.  Messrs.  H.  A.  Storrs,  John  E.  Field, 
Raymond  F.  Walter,  and  M.  C.  Hinderlider,  engineers,  and  a  number 
of  assistants  have  their  headquarters  at  this  point  also. 

TOPOGRAPHIC   WORK    IN    THE   GRAND   CANYON   OF    THE 

GUNNISON. 

By  I.  W.  McCoNNELL,  C.  E.,  Resident  Engineer. 

Under  authority  of  the  reclamation  act  of  June  17,  1902,  the  engi- 
neers of  the  Geological  Survey  are  preparing  plans  for  the  study  of 
the  problem  of  furnishing  an  additional  supply  of  water  to  the 
Uncompahgre  Valley  in  Colorado.  The  valley  contains  in  its  cultivable 
parts  about  150,000  acres  of  highly  fertile  land.  A  large  portion  of 
this  is  under  cultivation,  and  in  many  places  splendid  orchards  and 
fields  give  unmistakable  evidence  of  the  richness  of  the  soil.  The 
water  for  the  present  cultivation  comes  from  Uncompahgre  River, 
which  furnishes  less  than  one-tenth  the  quantity  that  could  be  used. 
Many  entries  have  been  entirely  abandoned  and  the  land  covered  by 
them  has  been  allowed  to  revert  to  desert  conditions  owing  to  lack  of 
water.  The  productive  capacity-  of  all  of  the  lands  that  are  now  under 
cultivation  is  curtailed  from  one-half  to  one-fourth  on  account  of  the 
shortage  in  the  water  supply  during  the  late  summer  and  early  fall. 
To  remedy  this  condition  it  is  proposed  to  divert  water  from  Gunnison 
River  into  the  Uncompahgre  Valley. 

Gunnison  River  rises  in  central  southern  Colorado  and  flows  west- 
northwest  into  Grand  River  at  Grand  Junction,  not  far  from  the  Utah 
border.  It  is  a  stream  whose  volume  varies  from  600  to  20,000 
second-feet  or  more,  the  minimum  flow  coming  in  the  winter  season. 
It  is  proposed  to  divert  1,200  second-feet  into  the  Uncompahgre 
Valley.  From  Sapinero,  Colo. ,  to  the  State  bridge  in  Delta  County, 
a  distance  of  about  60  miles,  the  Gunnison  flows  through  a  pro- 
found canyon,  a  chasm  with  almost  vertical  walls  varying  in  depth 
from  1,000  feet  to  nearly  3,000  feet.  The  width  is  not  great,  being 
in  some  places  only  1,700  feet,  so  that  one  standing  on  the  rim  has 
spread  before  him  the  great  rent  in  the  earth  with  its  frightful  crags 


NEWELL.]  GRAND    CANYON    OF   THE    GUNNISON.  163 

and  its  wonderful  spires,  all  so  near  that  its  grotesque  details  and  its 
awful  sublimity  make  a  direct  appeal  to  the  eye.  The  Denver  and  Rio 
Grande  Railway  follows  the  river  in  the  canyon  down  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Cimarron.  Here  the  obstacles  become  too  great,  and  the  rail- 
road climbs  out  of  the  canyon  and  into  the  Uncompahgre  Valley  by 
way  of  Cerro  Summit.  From  Cimarron  to  the  State  bridge  the 
Gunnison  flows  through  the  deepest  part  of  its  canyon,  which  is  diffi- 
cult of  access  and  is  in  a  country  unknown  to  any  except  adventurous 
hunters,  range  riders,  and  exploring  engineers.  In  the  depths  of  this 
can}^on  the  Government  engineers  propose  to  locate  controlling  works 
for  the  diversion  of  the  water  that  is  to  transform  the  Uncompahgre 
Valley.  The  diversion  is  to  be  made  by  a  tunnel  about  6  miles  long, 
driven  through  the  hills  that  separate  the  Gunnison  from  the  Uncom- 
pahgre. To  determine  the  details  of  topography  necessary  for  the 
location  of  dams,  head  gates,  and  other  controlling  works,  and  to  intel- 
ligently present  the  project  to  the  executive  officers  of  the  Geological 
Survey,  has  been  one  of  the  problems  confronting  the  engineers 
intrusted  with  the  work. 

The  surveys  and  explorations  now  complete  bring  out  the  following 
facts: 

First.  The  bottom  of  the  main  canyon  is  accessible  at  intervals  by 
trails  leading  into  it  through  cross  canyons  or  rock  slides. 

Second.  The  bottom  of  the  main  canyon  is  covered  with  debris 
from  the  cliffs  above,  the  fragments  varying  in  size  from  pebbles  to 
enormous  bowlders  containing  200  cubic  yards  or  more.  Bed  rock  is 
nowhere  visible  in  the  floor  of  the  canyon,  but  the  whole  course  of 
the  stream  is  over  bowlder  beds. 

Third.  The  river  is  confined  at  the  bottom  of  the  canyon  to  a  chan- 
nel which  is  never  more  than  300  feet  wide  from  vertical  wall  to  ver- 
tical wall,  and  which  narrows  up  in  places  to  a  width  of  less  than  50 
feet.  Usually,  where  the  space  between  vertical  walls  is  more  than 
100  feet  the  stream  flows  against  the  rock  wall  on  one  side,  the  other 
side  being  occupied  by  a  talus  slope.  The  river  may  be  traversed  at 
low  water  by  working  back  and  forth  across  the  stream  from  talus 
slope  to  talus  slope.  A  boat  is  useful  only  for  crossing,  the  stretches 
of  water  where  a  boat  may  be  used  being  very  infrequent  and  very 
small. 

Fourth.  The  fall  of  the  river  amounts  to  800  feet  in  4  miles.  This 
fall  is  somewhat  regularly  distributed,  considering  the  character  of 
the  stream.  Vertical  plunges  of  more  than  10  or  12  feet  are  rare,  the 
principal  rapid  being  at  Torrence  Falls,  where  a  drop  of  96  feet  is 
encountered  in  1,100  feet  of  horizontal  distance.  The  impression 
most  strongly  made  upon  the  observer  is  that  these  falls  or  rapids 
are  the  result  of  enormous  rock-falls  from  the  cliffs  above,  which  block 
the  channel.  In  the  course  of  time  the  pools  so  formed  silt  up  and 


164  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

the  water  tumbling  over  the  lower  edges  of  the  bowlders  produces  the 
fall.  In  this  way  the  entire  bed  of  the  river  is  formed.  If  bed  rock 
be  anywhere  near  the  surface,  it  is  so  thoroughly  concealed  as  to  be 
nowhere  visible. 

Fifth.  It  is  possible  to  traverse  the  stream  only  at  low  water.  A 
very  small  increase  in  the  flow  makes  crossing  impossible,  and  since 
the  torrent  flows  first  against  one  cliff  and  then  against  the  other,  any 
progress  along  the  stream  bed  is  out  of  the  question. 

The  information  now  in  the  hands  of  the  engineers  of  the  Geological 
Survey  has  been  derived  from  the  following  sources: 

First.  Messrs.  John  E.  Pelton,  of  Montrose,  Colo.,  and  J.  A.  Curtis, 
of  Delta,  Colo.,  conducted  a  party  of  five  into  the  canyon  in  1900. 
'This  party  started  from  Cimarron  and  traversed  the  canyon  for  about 
20  miles.  At  a  point  just  above  the  dam  site  proposed  in  the  present 
work  they  abandoned  the  trip,  and  sought  a  trail  by  which  to  escape 
from  the  canyon.  They  found  a  side  gorge  by  which,  after  a  whole 
day  spent  in  arduous  climbing,  they  reached  the  rim  on  the  north  side. 
Here  they  found  themselves  in  an  arid  region  without  food  or  water, 
as  they  had  found  it  impossible  to  carry  anything  out  of  the  canyon. 
After  a  memorable  struggle  they  reached  some  ranches,  where  their 
wants  were  supplied.  This  party  carried  an  aneroid  barometer,  a 
pocket  compass,  and  a  surveyor's  chain.  Their  measurements  were 
only  approximate,  however,  so  the  work  can  not  be  ranked  as  a  survey. 
They  started  in  with  two  boats,  both  of  which  were  lost  before  the 
trip  was  ended.  The  results  of  this  trip  were  valuable  mainly  in 
demonstrating  the  fact  that  the  canyon  was  not  totally  inaccessible. 

Second.  In  1901  Mr.  A.  L.  Fellows,  now  district  engineer,  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  Denver,  Colo.,  taking  a  single  companion,  Mr. 
William  W.  Torrence,  who  had  been  a  member  of  the  Pelton  party, 
made  an  exploring  trip  from  Cimarron  to  Red  Rock  Canyon.  This 
trip,  made  under  great  difficulty  and  involving  prodigious  labor  on 
the  part  of  the  explorers,  covered  practically  all  that  part  of  the  canyon 
not  traversed  by  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railway. 

Third.  Mr.  Fellows,  assisted  by  Messrs.  W.  P.  Edwards  and  L.  E. 
Foster,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  with  two  rodmen,  ran  a  traverse 
and  level  line  from  Beaver  Camp  to  Red  Rock  Canyon.  This  was  the 
first  accurate  survey  made  in  the  canyon.  It  covered  about  4  miles. 
It  is  a  striking  comment  upon  the  ability  and  fidelity  of  the  men  who 
made  this  survey  that  all  the  subsequent  checks  which  have  been 
applied  to  this  line  have  failed  to  reveal  any  inaccuracy.  When  it  is 
remembered  that  this  line  consisted  of  a  closed  circuit  carried  down 
a  gulch  dropping  2,000  feet  in  half  a  mile,  thence  down  the  river  and 
out  again  over  a  similar  gulch,  the  circuit  being  closed  at  the  top,  and 
that  twenty-seven  days  were  consumed  in  the  task,  some  appreciation 
of  the  difficulties  may  be  had.  The  traverse  work  was  done  with  a 


NEWELL.]  TOPOGRAPHY    OF    THE    GTJNNISON.  165 

No.  1  C  Buff  &  Berger  transit  and  a  500-foot  tape.  The  leveling  was 
done  with  a  15-inch  and  a  20-inch  Gurley  level,  with  Philadelphia  and 
New  York  rods.  A  folding  canoe  was  used  for  such  boating  as  was 
possible.  The  major  portion  of  the  distance,  however,  was  covered  on 
foot  by  climbing  steep  slopes,  scrambling  over  enormous  bowlders, 
and  wading  the  icy  stream,  all  the  while  carrying  heavy  packs  of  camp 
equipment  or  instruments.  During  the  trip  one  transit  was  lost  by 
the  overturning  of  the  float  on  which  it  was  being  taken  across  the 
stream. 

Fourth.  During  the  month  of  July,  1903,  the  topography  of  the 
canyon  above  and  below  the  dam  site  was  surveyed  by  parties  working 
under  the  immediate  supervision  of  the  writer.  This  work  made 
necessary  the  projection  into  the  canyon  of  the  main  triangulation 
controlling  the  valley  and  the  establishment  of  such  bases  as  were 
required  for  the  sketching  of  details.  The  assistants  on  the  work 
were  Joseph  A.  Sargent,  W.  P.  Edwards,  and  L.  E.  Foster,  assistant 
engineers,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  An  ordinary  transit,  reading  to 
twenty  seconds,  was  used  on  the  triangulation,  the  contours  being 
taken  by  plane-table  methods. 

An  inspection  of  the  detail  map  (p.  166)  will  show  that  the  river 
runs  through  a  narrow  cut  only  40  feet  wide  at  the  proposed  dam  site. 
For  the  location  of  controlling  works  the  topography  was  wanted  both 
upstream  and  downstream  from  this  point  for  a  distance  of  1,500  feet. 
Above  the  dam  site  talus  slopes  lie  alternately,  first  on  one  side  of  the 
stream  and  then  on  the  other,  but  so  cut  off  from  one  another  that  a 
person  standing  on  one  talus  slope  is  completely  isolated  from  any 
other  on  the  same  side  of  the  stream  unless  he  climbs  out  of  the  canyon 
and  descends  to  the  other  slope  from  the  rim.  This  is  sometimes  a  task 
equivalent  to  a  day's  work,  and  is  possible  at  all  only  in  those  few 
instances  where  a  rock  slide  leads  from  the  rim  of  the  canyon  down 
to  the  slope.  Slopes  on  the  north  side  of  the  canyon  could  be  reached 
from  slopes  on  the  south  side  only  by  making  a  detour  of  150  miles 
and  climbing  into  the  canyon  from  the  north  rim,  the  stage  of  the 
water  being  such  as  to  make  crossing  the  stream  on  floats  an  impossi- 
bility. 

In  this  survey  it  was  necessary  to  make  use  of  four  trails  leading 
into  the  canyon.  Trail  A  leads  into  the  canyon  below  the  dam  site 
from  the  south  rim.  It  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Fellows  in  1900.  From 
the  slopes  at  the  foot  of  this  trail  all  the  topography  below  the  dam 
site  was  taken.  Trail  B  is  a  trail,  discovered  on  July  4,  leading  into 
the  canyon  from  the  south  rim  about  1,000  feet  above  the  dam  site. 
This  trail  leads  on  to  the  main  talus  slope  above  the  dam  site  on  the 
south  side  of  the  river,  and  from  it  most  of  the  topography  above  the 
dam  site  was  sketched.  Trail  C  is  midway  between  trails  A  and  B  and 
leads  on  to  an  otherwise  inaccessible  talus  slope  or  gravel  bar  imme- 


166 


FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE. 


diately  above  the  dam  site  designated  as  Fosters  Slide.  It  can  be 
reached  by  descending  trail  A  to  the  water's  edge,  going  upstream  to 
a  rift,  and  climbing  up  this  rift  for  about  1,000  feet  of  vertical  distance 
until  the  shoulder  above  Fosters  Slide  is  reached.  From  there  the 
descent  to  the  slope  must  be  made  by  climbing  down  the  vertical  face  of 


FIG.  1.— Diagram  showing  method  of  survey  of  Gunnison  Canyon. 

the  cliff,  the  final  300  feet  being  almost  perpendicular,  to  be  overcome 
by  the  aid  of  a  rope  anchored  at  the  top.  Trail  D  leads  on  to  the  main 
talus  slope  on  the  north  side  of  the  river.  Trails  A  and  B  are  not 
dangerous,  requiring  only  a  due  amount  of  hard  work  and  caution 
to  traverse  them.  Trail  C,  as  noted  before,  is  a  difficult  trail,  and  can 


NEWELL.]  TOPOGRAPHY    OF   THE    GUNNISON.  167 

be  passed  over  by  none  but  the  best  climbers,  men  strong  of  limb  and 
of  steady  nerves.  It  would  be  an  impossibility  to  carry  instruments 
into  the  canyon  over  this  trail.  Trail  D  is  als©  a  difficult  trail.  In 
many  places  it  must  be  traversed  with  extreme  caution.  Over  300 
feet  of  rope  was  left  in  this  trail  as  an  aid  in  scaling  the  vertical 
drops.  Throughout  almost  the  whole  length  an  incautious  step  may 
send  the  climber  rolling  over  precipices  to  certain  destruction,  or  a 
careless  move  may  loosen  bowlders,  to  go  crashing  down  upon  the 
party  below. 

In  very  few  places  can  the  bottom  of  the  canyon  be  seen  from  the 
rim  on  the  south  side,  and  triangulation  stations  were  therefore  estab- 
lished on  the  north  side  of  the  canyon.  From  these  north  side  stations 
it  was  found  possible  to  locate  signals  in  the  bottom  which  could  be 
joined  into  the  main  triangulation  scheme.  Signals  69A  and  69H  are 
in  the  bottom  of  the  canyon  on  the  south  side  of  the  stream.  Signal 
69C  is  in  the  bottom  of  the  canyon  on  the  north  side  of  the  stream. 
Signals  72,  73,  and  74  are  on  the  north  rim  of  the  canyon.  All  other 
signals  are  on  the  south  rim  of  the  canyon.  The  triangulation  plan 
will  show  the  observed  angles  and  the  computed  distances. 

In  sketching  contours,  stations  69C,  69H,  and  69A  were  located,  and 
from  these  a  secondary  system  of  triangles  was  laid  out  in  the  canyon. 
Contours  in  inaccessible  places  were  then  located  by  means  of  inter- 
sections, in  accessible  places  by  means  of  direct  stadia  readings,  the 
work  being  plotted  on  the  plane-table  sheet  as  fast  as  taken.  This 
detailed  topography  is  on  a  scale  of  50  feet  to  an  inch,  with  a  contour 
interval  of  5  feet.  The  topography  on  Foster's  Slide  was  taken  by 
transit  intersections  from  a  base  located  on  the  main  talus  slope  on 
the  north  side.  In  order  to  get  the  proper  points  on  the  slide  a  party 
was  sent  down  over  trail  C  to  set  signals.  Levels  were  carried  into 
the  canyon  on  the  Fellows  Traverse  by  leveling  down  trail  A  and  by 
vertical  angles. 

On  account  of  the  excessive  vertical  angles  and  the  somewhat  dan- 
gerous nature  of  the  work  it  was  feared  that  the  results  might  not  be 
so  accurate  as  would  be  desired.  The  topography  was  taken  on  three 
different  sheets,  and  when  the  sheets  were  assembled  a  most  gratifying 
agreement  was  found.  The  traverse  line,  the  triangulation,  and  the 
plane-table  work  checked  each  other  closely.  Triangulation  angles 
were  read  and  doubled,  direct  and  reverse,  the  vernier  reading  to  20 
seconds.  Instruments  were  not  shaded  from  the  sun.  The  largest 
error  of  closure  in  any  triangle  was  13  seconds.  The  levels  checked 
\yy  the  various  lines  within  0.15  foot.  Taking  into  account  the  short 
sights  and  the  extreme  vertical  angles  involved  these  results  are  con- 
sidered fairly  good.  From  stations  69H  and  69C  the  vertical  angles 
to  stations  on  the  rim  were  sometimes  as  great  as  70  degrees,  making 
the  use  of  diagonal  eyepieces  necessary. 


108  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

COLORADO   RIVER. 

By  J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT. 

The  drainage  basin  of  Colorado  River,  2,000  miles  in  length,  con- 
tains 225,000  square  miles  above  Yuma,  and  includes  portions  of  five 
States  and  two  Territories.  In  area  it  is  one-fifth  that  of  the  Nile 
Basin,  and  second  in  size  among  the  rivers  of  arid  America,  the  Mis- 
souri being  first  and  the  Columbia  third.  The  upper  two-thirds  of  the 
basin  consists  of  high  plateaus  and  snow-capped  mountains,  while  the 
lower  one-third  includes  the  Grand  Canyon  of  the  Colorado  and  desert 
regions. 

In  the  lower  course  of  the  river  there  is  a  series  of  canyon-like  valleys 
from  5  to  15  miles  in  width,  which  annually  are  inundated  by  the  high 
water  of  the  summer  floods.  The  grade  of  the  river  from  Needles  to 
Yuma  is  1.4  feet  per  mile.  Below  Yuma  the  river  has  built  up  a  delta, 
and  by  its  great  deposits  of  silt  has  cut  off  a  northern  arm  of  the  Gulf 
of  California,  which  is  now  dry  land  below  the  sea  level,  and  is  known 
as  the  Salton  Sink. 

The  river  was  discovered  by  Alarcon,  a  Spanish  explorer,  in  1540, 
who  sailed  up  the  stream  from  the  gulf  for  fifteen  days,  probably  reach- 
ing the  present  site  of  Ehrenberg,  Ariz.  The  first  Americans  who 
appeared  on  the  lower  Colorado  were  trappers  in  1825,  and  the  first 
scientific  account  of  its  lower  courses  was  given  b}^  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell, 
in  1869. 

WATER  SUPPLY. 

The  annual  variations  of  the  river  have  a  marked  constancy.  The 
spring  rise,  caused  by  the  melting  of  the  snow  in  the  high  northern 
mountains,  appears  in  the  lower  Colorado  about  March  15,  culminates  in 
June,  and  reaches  a  minimum  stage  in  midwinter,  when  the  northern 
portion  of  the  basin  is  largely  frozen  up.  The  river  thus  furnishes 
the  greater  flow  when  it  is  most  needed.  In  January  the  low-water 
flow  is  about  3,000  cubic  feet  per  second,  but  during  the  June  rise  the 
discharge  will  probabty  average  about  40,000  cubic  feet  per  second. 
The  river  is  believed  to  have  been  about  normal  during  1902,  the  esti- 
mated flow  being  7,960,000  acre-feet,  whereas  the  discharge  for  1903 
was  11,329,132  acre-feet,  these  being  the  only  two  years  of  complete 
record.  It  is  estimated  that  the  duty  of  water  on  the  lower  Colorado 
is  1  second-foot  to  91  acres  in  July  and  1  second-foot  to  14T  acres  in 
September,  though  it  is  claimed  that  larger  quantities  are  being  used. 
September  is  the  controlling  month  of  the  year,  as  the  supply  is  then 
low  and  the  duty  high.  The  total  depth  for  the  year  is  taken  at  5.5 
feet.  In  September,  1902,  with  the  above  duty,  there  would  have 
been  sufficient  water  to  have  irrigated  561,000  acres. 

There  are  400,000  acres  of  irrigable  land  along  the  lower  Colorado 


NEWELL.]  THE    COLORADO    RIVER.  169 

Valley  in  the  United  States,  requiring  a  continuous  supply  of  2,720 
second-feet  of  water  in  September.  In  addition  it  is  estimated  that 
there  is  as  much  more  irrigable  land  in  the  Sal  ton  sink  or  Imperial 
country.  About  300,000  acres  of  the  valley  lands  are  above  Yuma  and 
seepage  water  returning  therefrom  will  be  available  for  the  Yuma  and 
ImperiaJ  projects.  If  we  assume  50  per  cent  of  the  water  applied  as 
returning  in  a  continuous  flow  these  300,000  acres  would  yield  1,150 
square  feet  and  irrigate  in  September  169,000  acres  in  addition  to  the 
561,000  acres  given  above,  or  730,000  acres  in  all.  The  seepage  basis 
in  the  short  canals  for  the  valleys  being  less  and  the  return  waters 
therefrom  being  great  thc}^  should  be  first  supplied.  On  this  basis 
there  would  be  available  for  the  lands  near  Imperial  water  for  330,000 
acres,  less  such  seepage  losses  as  may  occur,  which  may  be  as  great  as 
one-third  to  one-half.  This  indicates  an  urgent  necessity  for  storage, 
ultimately,  to  meet  the  late  summer  drouth.  This  water  will  not  have 
to  be  held  for  a  greater  period  than  one  hundred  days  subsequent  to 
the  June  floods.  The  amount  of  water  required  to  be  stored  in  order 
that  all  the  lands  may  be  irrigated  will  be  about  500,000  acre-feet  for 
August  and  September  uses. 

Two  storage  reservoir  sites  were  surveyed  by  the  reclamation  serv- 
ice during  last  season.  At  one  point  a  dam  75  feet  high  will  impound 
400,000  acre-feet  of  water.  At  another  a  dam  75  feet  high  will  store 
1,300,000  acre-feet,  making  1,700,000  acre-feet  for  the  two,  and,  if 
they  are  built,  all  the  irrigable  lands  in  the  United  States  along  the 
Colorado  River  may  be  reclaimed.  Explorations  made  at  these  points 
to  date  indicate  that  the  bed-rock  conditions  are  not  satisfactory. 
These  are  not  the  only  reservoir  sites  known  to  exist  along  the  Colo- 
rado. Other  sites  are  situated  higher  up  the  stream,  but  are  not  yet 
surveyed.  As  the  Colorado  River  carries  a  high  percentage  of  silt,  the 
life  of  these  reservoirs  would  not  be  long,  but  the  last-mentioned  site 
would  hold  all  the  silt  that  the  river  carries  in  forty  years.  These 
reservoirs  are  situated  where  the  valkvys  are  broken  and  where  the 
land  is  not  well  adapted  to  agriculture. 

NAVIGATION. 

Prior  to  the  construction  of  railroads  to  the  lower  Colorado,  the 
river  afforded  the  only  feasible  means  of  entrance  into  the  desert 
regions  of  southeastern  California  and  western  Arizona,  and  there- 
fore great  efforts  were  made  to  navigate  it?  Subsequently,  however, 
navigation  on  the  river  practically  ceased.  The  shifting,  shallow 
character  of  the  bed  of  the  stream  prevents  the  maintenance  of  a  per- 
manent channel,  particularly  during  periods  of  high  water  and  when 
the  river  is  falling.  The  improvement  of  the  river  for  navigation 
has  been  considered  on  several  occasions  by  army  engineers,  and  has 
always  been  condemned. 


170  FIRST    .RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

CLIMATE. 

The  temperature  on  the  lower  Colorado  is  popularly  supposed  to 
be  almost  unendurable  in  summer  time,  but  our  best  authority  on  the 
climatic  conditions  of  the  arid  regions,  Prof.  Willis  L.  Moore,  Chief 
of  the  Weather  Bureau,  in  a  most  interesting  communication  which 
he  presented  at  the  fifth  annual  session  of  the  National  Irrigation  Con- 
gress, held  in  Phoenix  in  1896,  demonstrates  that  as  far  as  the  effect 
of  summer  heat  on  the  human  system  is  concerned,  Yuma  is  more 
favorably  situated  than  Topeka,  Cincinnati,  Washington,  Baltimore, 
Philadelphia,  New  York,  or  localities  south  thereof.  He  reaches  this 
conclusion  by  showing  that  the  true  effect  of  temperature  on  the  human 
system  is  measured  by  the  wet  bulb  rather  than  the  standard  ther- 
mometer, and  that  the  rapid  rate  of  evaporation  in  this  desert  region 
reduces,  by  cooling,  the  effect  of  heat  upon  the  bodies  of  animals. 
During  eight  months  of  the  year  this  desert  climate  is  very  pleasant. 
The  rainfall  at  Yuma  is  about  5  inches,  the  average  annual  tempera- 
ture with  dry  bulb  thermometer  is  72  degrees,  and  the  humidity  is 
43  per  cent. 

SILT. 

Prof.  R.  H.  Forbes,  of  the  Tucson  Experiment  Station,  Arizona,  is 
the  best  authority  on  the  character  and  value  of  the  silt  and  minerals 
in  the  waters  of  Colorado  River.  The  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey is  now  cooperating  with  him  in  these  observations.  He  finds  that 
the  silt  comes  from  the  lower  third  of  the  drainage  basin,  and  ranges 
from  62  parts  per  100,000  in  January  to  374  parts  to  each  100,000 
during  the  summer  floods.  The  maximum  amount  of  silt  occurs  in 
the  water  that  enters  the  river  after  the  summer  thunderstorms  of 
Arizona,  the  amount  reaching  2  per  cent  dry  weight. 

Professor  Forbes  estimates  that  with  a  duty  of  water  of  4  feet  in 
depth  annually  there  will  be  deposited  one-tenth  of  an  inch  of  solid 
soil  each  year,  and  that  in  one  year  the  river  discharges  enough  silt  to 
cover  53  square  miles  1  foot  deep.  The  fertilizing  values  in  the  sedi- 
ment are  largely  nitrogen,  estimated  to  be  worth  as  fertilizer  $1  per 
acre-foot  of  water.  The  soils  of  the  lower  Colorado  valleys  are  prac- 
tically all  composed  of  these  river  silts.  There  is  also  rolled  down 
along  the  bottom  of  the  river  a  continuous  procession  of  sand.  Con- 
sequently the  river,  in  shifting  its  channel  from  one  point  to  another, 
leaves  numerous  deposits  of  sand  throughout  the  finer  silts:  These 
sands  will  assist  in  draining  the  bottom  lands  when  they  are  irrigated 
in  the  future. 

There  is  about  one-third  as  much  silt  in  the  upper  stratum  of  the 
water  of  the  flowing  river  as  in  the  lower,  indicating  that  diversions 
into  canals  should  be  by  a  skimming  process  from  the  surface  of  the 


NEWELL.]  THE    COLORADO    RIVER.  171 

river,  aided  by  flushing  the  deposits  that  oc.cur  in  basins  at  the  head 
of  the  canal.  The  silt  problem  is  a  difficult  one,  and  will  have  to  be 
met,  but  it  is  believed  that  it  should  result  in  a  benefit  rather  than  an 
injury.  The  slit  is  exceedingly  fine,  plastering  the  sides  of  the  canal 
as  smoothly  as  could  be  done  with  cement,  and  offering  as  little  resist- 
ance to  flow. 

SALT  CONTENT. 

The  amount  of  mineral  matter  held  in  solution  in  the  river  is  rela- 
tively high  in  the  low  stage  and  low  in  the  high  stage.  During  the 
winter  the  salt  will  reach  100  parts  in  100,000,  and  in  the  summer 
flood  stage  32  parts  in  100,000.  At  no  time  does  the  river  contain  an 
excess  of  sodium  carbonate  (black  alkali),  but  it  does  contain  extensive 
quantities  of  calcium  sulphate,  which  is  beneficial  to  the  land,  and  a 
neutralize!-  of  the  carbonates.  Both  the  sediment  in  suspension  and 
the  salts  in  solution  in  Colorado  River  are  pronounced  beneficial  for 
irrigating  purposes,  and  it  is  believed  that  they  will  relieve  alkaline 
conditions  rather  than  aggravate  them  in  lands  bordering  the  river. 

IRRIGABLE  LANDS. 

Along  Colorado  River  and  below  the  mesas  it  is  estimated  that  there 
are  400,000  acres  of  irrigable  lands.  There  are  at  present,  in  addition, 
approximately  500,000  acres  commanded  by  the  Imperial  Canal 
System,  making  within  the  United  States  at  least  900,000  acres  of 
land  that  may  be  reclaimed  by  this  great  river.  In  Egypt  there 
are  6,250,000  acres  of  irrigable  lands  in  the  valley  and  delta  of  the  Nile. 

CROP  VALUES. 

Under  the  Imperial  Canal,  which  covers  the  Salton  Sink  from  the 
lower  Colorado,  a  first  charge  of  $30  per  acre  is  made  for  a  water 
right,  and  an  additional  $2  per  acre  annually.  A  charge  of  at  least 
50  cents  per  acre  is  made  for  lands  under  the  canal  for  which  a  water 
right  has  been  purchased  in  case  the  water  is  not  used.  In  the  district 
below  Yuma  a  start  has  been  made  in  irrigating  some  of  the  river 
bottom  land,  which  yields  seven  crops  of  alfalfa  in  a  year,  averaging 
1£  tons  per  acre  for  each  crop,  worth  annually  $50  per  acre.  With 
grain  it  is  customary  to  grow  a  crop  of  barley  during  the  spring 
months  and  follow  this  on  the  same  land  with  a  crop  of  maize  or  corn 
the  same  year.  Millet,  kaffir  corn,  and  alfalfa  are  particular^  suita- 
ble to  this  locality.  Stock  raising  is  probably  the  best  natural  method 
of  disposing  of  standard  crops.  Experiments  are  being  made  with 
cotton,  date  palms,  and  other  semitropical  crops.  On  the  mesa  lands 
the  soil  and  climatic  conditions  are  fitted  for  vegetable  and  fruit  grow- 
ing, including  citrus  varieties,  which  ripen  approximately  six  weeks 


172  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

earlier  than  like  crops  on  the  coast  near  Los  Angeles.  It  is  believed 
that  with  a  substantial  irrigating  system  these  lands  should  become 
worth  $100  an  acre  within  a  short  period  of  time. 

WORK  OF  RECLAMATION  SERVICE. 

The  first  irrigation  investigation  along  this  river  for  the  Govern- 
ment was  made  by  the  writer  in  the  winter  of  1901  and  1902,  and  sur- 
veys were  begun  with  vigor  in  the  fall  of  1902.  Mr.  E.  T.  Perkins  is 
engineer  in  immediate  charge.  Triangulation  and  precise  levels  have 
been  extended  from  the  Mexican  line  to  the  canyon,  a  distance  of  400 
miles.  Topographic  maps  upon  the  scale  of  2  inches  to  the  mile  and 
with  a  10-foot  contour  interval  have  been  made  for  this  entire  distance. 
These  surveys  show  relative  elevations,  reservoir  sites,  irrigable  lands, 
and  overflow  conditions.  Diamond-core-drill  work  has  been  done  at 
four  of  the  reservoir  sites.  The  flow  of  the  river  has  been  measured 
continuously  at  Yuma,  and  records  have  been  kept  of  the  amounts 
diverted  by  canals.  Evaporation  has  been  observed,  and  silt  values 
have  been  determined. 

An  effort  has  been  made  to  study  this  river  as  a  whole  and  to  so  plan 
the  work  thereon  that  each  project  may  be  in  harmony  with  a  complete 
scheme  for  its  utilization.  The  public  lands  along  this  river  were 
withdrawn  upon  the  passage  of  the  reclamation  act,  pending  these  sur- 
veys, to  the  extent  of  3,000,000  acres.  There  have  also  been  withdrawn 
for  reservoir  sites  350,000  acres. 

CONDITIONS  IN  IDAHO. 

By  Governor  JOHN  T.  MORRISON,  of  Idaho. 

Idaho,  the  State  which  I  represent,  is  deeply  concerned  in  the  matter 
of  irrigation,  and  is  especially  interested  in  the  work  of  the  reclamation 
service.  I  realize  fully  the  importance  of  the  work  of  this  bureau  of 
the  Government,  and  shall,  as  far  as  possible,  cooperate  with  the  engi- 
neers of  the  service  engaged  upon  the  work  in  my  State.  To  that  end 
I  invite  a  greater  comity.  The  State  engineering  and  land  departments, 
in  the  discharge  of  their  respective  duties  under  our  laws,  are  dail}T 
confronted  with  problems  which  have  close  relationship  to  the  work  of 
the  Government.  Their  action,  in  many  instances,  should  be,  and  I 
am  sure  would  be,  guided  in  important  particulars  were  a  knowledge 
of  the  Government's  plans  available.  In  many  instances  to  act  with- 
out such  comit}r  will  lead  to  future  embarrassment  and  will  curtail  the 
useful  possibilities  of  the  bureau.  You  will  appreciate  that  Idaho  is  a 
new  State  and  that  there  are  many  problems  coming  up  to  the  depart- 
ments for  original  settlement.  Very  man}^  of  these  are  related  to  the 
problem  of  irrigation. 


NEWELL.]  CONDITIONS    IN    IDA.HO.  173 

I  realize  that  the  future  agricultural  development  of  a  very  large 
part  of  Idaho  depends  upon  the  development  of  irrigation  in  the  State 
and  that  with  these  matters  your  bureau  is  directly  concerned.  The 
action  which  your  bureau  may  or  may  not  take  in  connection  with  any 
particular  enterprise,  looking  to  the  development  of  a  section  of  the 
State  fro.m  an  irrigation  standpoint,  has  a  direct  bearing  and  influence 
upon  the  action  which  the  State  through  its  departments  may  or  may 
not  take  in  connection  with  enterprises  directly  related  to  yours.  We 
know  that  your  work  will  be  of  inestimable  value  to  the  State  and  are 
therefore  very  much  interested  in  its  progress. 

The  reclaimable  area  in  Idaho  is,  I  believe,  larger  than  that  in  any 
other  State  in  the  arid  belt,  and  we  have  an  abundant  water  supply,  if 
properly  conserved,  to  meet  the  requirements.  I  believe  Idaho  is  the 
best  watered  State  in  the  arid  belt.  The  field  is  a  most  inviting  one 
from  an  engineering  point  of  view,  and  I  am  glad  to  congratulate  those 
who  are  employed  in  the  service  in  Idaho  upon  the  splendid  opportu- 
nities for  marked  achievement. 

There  is  one  point  which  I  would  emphasize.  We  need  the  help  of 
the  Government  in  those  sections  where  the  human  element  of  the 
problem  is  conspicuous.  That  is,  where  the  State  departments  meet 
with  embarrassment  and  where  the  greatest  good  can  be  accomplished. 
We  have  beautiful  valleys,  where  climate  and  soil  conspire  to  make 
ideal  homes  for  men.  Naturally  these  valleys  have  attracted  settle- 
ment, and  to  some  extent,  under  present  conditions,  the  population  is 
already  congested.  Large  investments  have  been  made  and  splendid 
properties  have  been  developed.  These  valleys  are  susceptible  of 
wider  cultivation,  and  the  promise  of  profit  is  most  inviting.  There 
is  one  drawback — the  available  water  supply  is  limited  in  comparison  to 
the  opportunities  for  its  use.  In  consequence  annoyance  and  friction 
has  arisen  in  some  communities,  and  our  courts  and  departments  -of 
State  are  embarrassed  by  this.  This  is  where  we  need  help.  Keen  force 
our  water  supply  for  those  communities  where  homes  are  established 
and  property  interests  are  involved.  I  believe  this  to  be  more  important 
than  any  other  phase  of  the  work  under  consideration  by  your  bureau, 
and  certainly  the  interests  of  the  people  whose  property  rights  are 
involved  claim  attention  rather  than  new  enterprises  in  territory  not 
yet  settled.  I  do  not  doubt  the  splendid  opportunities  in  the  new  fields 
nor  discredit  the  investigations  being  made.  They  look  to  future 
development,  and  quite  properly.  I  ask  Hfelp  for  the  pioneer  who  is 
struggling  with  the  developed  problem  of  the  present. 

In  conclusion,  let  me  say  we  have  the  keenest  interest  in  your  work, 
and  look  with  ever- increasing  hope  upon  all  you  do.  I  invite  you  to 
Idaho,  and  assure  you  of  a  sincere  disposition  on  the  part  of  our  people 
to  cooperate  with  you.  I  thank  you  for  the  courtesy  extended  in  asking 
a  word  from  me. 


174  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

INVESTIGATIONS  IN  IDAHO. 

By  D.  W.  Ross. 

Idaho  has  an  area  of  about  84,000  square  miles,  of  which  about  65 
per  cent,  or  35,000,000  acres,  the  southern  portion,  is  arid.  With 
the  exception  of  a  small  area  lying  in  the  Salt  Lake  Basin,  this  arid 
portion  is  within  the  drainage  basin  of  Snake  River,  so  the  future  of 
agriculture  in  this  part  of  Idaho — in  fact,  the  future  of  the  State  itself— 
is  linked  with  the  possibility  of  irrigation  development  in  the  Snake 
River  Valley. 

The  area  drained  directly  by  this  stream  is  about  13,000  square  miles. 
Several  large  areas  are  drained  by  streams  that  were  evidently  at  one 
time  tributaries  of  the  Snake,  but  the  courses  of  these  are  intercepted 
by  the  great  lava  flow,  which  fills  and  levels  up  the  valley  over  an  area 
of  nearly  12,000  square  miles.  All  of  the  run-off  that  is  not  used  for 
irrigation  in  the  upper  valley  of  these  streams  sinks  below  the  surface 
near  the  outer  edge  of  the  lava  fields,  disappearing  completely,  but 
reappears  again  in  the  form  of  great  springs  which  break  out  from 
the  sides  of  the  canyons  of  the  Snake  River  more  than  100  miles  below. 
Thousands  of  acres  of  this  vast  plain  have  a  most  fertile  soil  of  great 
depth,  and  could  be  easily  irrigated  if  water  could  be  brought  to  them. 

Snake  River  rises  in  western  Wyoming,  and  flows  in  a  westerly 
direction  through  this  valley,  having  cut  its  channel  into  the  great  floor 
of  lava  to  a  depth  in  places  of  nearly  1,000  feet,  its  work  being  marked 
by  canyons  and  waterfalls,  all  on  the  most  magnificent  scale  imaginable. 
The  work  of  developing  the  agricultural  resources  of  this  varlley  is  in 
some  places  extremely  simple,  in  others  very  difficult.  Up  to  the  pres- 
ent time  development  has  moved  along  lines  of  least  resistance,  but 
practically  all  has  been  accomplished  that  can  be  done  by  communities 
acting  through  the  methods  usually  employed,  and  everything  that 
can  be  safely  left  to  the  efforts  of  private  capital,  actuated  by  the  hopes 
of  large  profits,  has  also  been  done.  The  former  agency  has  about 
reached  its  limits,  on  account  of  the  magnitude  of  the  undertakings 
themselves;  the  latter  for  the  reason  that  sound  public  policy  demands 
the  carrying  out  of  plans  broad  enough  to  provide  for  the  needs  of  vast 
interests  in  addition  to,  but  widely  separated  from,  the  projects  directly 
involved,  in  order  that  serious  conflicts  between  communities  having 
interests  in  common  may  be  obviated,  and  the  endless  complications 
which  follow  in  the  wake  of  irrigation  extension  by  this  agency  may 
be  prevented.  So  the  chance  of  enlisting  the  assistance  of  the  Govern- 
ment in  the  work  of  further  development  of  this  State  comes  at  a  most 
opportune  time. 

The  largest  bodies  of  irrigable  public  lands  in  Idaho  are  situated  in 
the  eastern,  central,  and  western  portions  of  Snake  River  Valley. 


NEWELL.]  SNAKE    KIVER   VALLEY.  175 

The  reclamation  of  these  lands  requires  solution  of  serious  engineer- 
ing problems  involved  in  the  construction  of  the  necessary  works, 
besides  necessitating  the  almost  complete  control  of  the  discharge  of 
Snake  River  and  nearly  all  of  its  principal  tributaries.  The  area  of 
these  tracts  and  of  those  already  partly  reclaimed  is  so  large  that  the 
storage  -facilities  of  this  great  drainage  system  will  be  taxed  to  its 
limits,  while  the  consummation  of  all  the  plans  will  require  the  expend- 
iture of  many  millions  of  dollars. 

Investigations  made  with  a  view  to  the  reclamation  of  public  lands 
have  been  in  progress  under  the  provisions  of  the  reclamation  act  for 
more  than  a  year.  More  than  1,600  miles  of  preliminary  surveys  for 
canals  and  reservoirs  have  been  made  during  this  time,  and  work  is  now 
being  energetically  pushed  forward.  The  surveys  made  to-day  show 
the  entire  feasibility  of  reclaiming  about  600,000  acres  of  desert  land, 
400,000  of  which  are  public,  and  of  controlling  the  flood  discharge  of 
nearly  all  the  principal  streams  used  for  irrigation.  Estimates  of  the 
cost  of  constructing  the  necessary  works  are  being  prepared  as  rapidly 
as  possible  and  will  all  be  submitted  to  the  Department  before  the  close 
of  the  year. 

The  economic  benefits  that  may  result  from  the  reclamation  of  arid 
lands  depend  very  largely  upon  the  location  and  area  of  the  tracts 
to  be  reclaimed;  that  is,  whether  a  dense  population  will  some  day 
be  sustained  and  centers  of  wealth  and  influence  be  established,  or 
whether  scattered  and  sparsely  settled  and  small  communities  only 
will  result.  Idaho,  from  the  standpoint  of  an  arid  country,  is  remarka- 
bly fortunate  in  the  nature  of  her  irrigation  possibilities.  Practically 
all  the  reclaimable  land  is  situated  at  an  altitude  where  farming  is 
extremely  profitable  and  where  the  value  of  land,  based  upon  its 
products  alone,  is  already  very  high.  The  climatic  conditions,  the 
extreme  fertility  of  the  soil,  and  the  splendid  water  supply  promise  a 
dense  population  over  all  the  large  areas  to  be  reclaimed. 

The  upper  Snake  River  Valley  contains  more  than  700,000  acres  of 
irrigable  land,  more  than  240,000  of  which  has  been  reclaimed  since 
1890.  This  land  is  in  one  solid  body,  all  of  excellent  quality,  and  all 
easily  irrigable.  In  order  that  this  figure  may  not  appear  mean  and 
small  to  those  who,  during  the  past  few  years,  have  been  feasting 
their  imaginations  on  reclamation  projects  involving  nothing  less  than 
millions  of  acres  each,  I  will  state  that  the  area  mentioned  is  equal 
to  one-half  of  all  the  land  now  irrigated  m  the  State  of  California, 
to  nearly  one-half  the  amount  irrigated  in  Colorado,  and  more  than 
is  now  irrigated  in  any  of  the  other  States  and  Territories  except 
Montana.  The  Boise,  Payette,  and  Weiser  valleys,  contiguous  dis- 
tricts in  Idaho,  contain  over  450,000  acres  of  irrigable  land — a  larger 
area  than  is  now  irrigated  in  many  of  the  arid  States.  The  central 
portion  of  the  Snake  River  Valley  contains  about  400,000  acres  of 


176  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

irrigable  land  lying  practically  in  one  body,  and  there  are  other  large 
t  nicts  well  situated  that  are  full  of  promise  for  the  future  so  far  as 
population  and  wealth  are  concerned. 

In  this  brief  outline  of  the  conditions  surrounding  irrigation  in 
Idaho  and  of  the  work  which  is  being  done  for  its  extension  under  the 
provisions  of  the  reclamation  act,  it  is  not  possible  to  state  definitely 
the  amount  of  land  that  may  be  gained  for  agriculture  by  irrigation. 
On  a  conservative  estimate  it  is  very  great.  There  are  not,  however, 
15,000,000  acres  of  irrigable  land  in  the  Snake  River  Valley,  as  many 
of  our  citizens  are  in  the  habit  of  stating.  It  will  perhaps  never  be 
practicable  to  irrigate  more  than  3,000,000  acres,  as  the  amount  of 
water  available  will  not  supply  more  than  that  area.  But  there  are 
probably  more  large  bodies  of  first-class  irrigable  land  in  Idaho  than 
in  any  other  State  in  the  West,  and  when  it  is  all  reclaimed,  and  its 
great  resources  are  properly  developed,  there  is  no  reason  why  Idaho 
should  not,  in  a  very  few  years,  stand  in  the  first  rank  of  the  western 
States  in  population  and  wealth. 

LIMITS  OF  AN  IRRIGATION  PROJECT. 
By  D.  W.  Ross. 

Shall  the  flood  or  low-water  discharge  of  a  stream  determine  the  capacity  of  a 
canal  and  limit  the  dimensions  of  an  irrigation  project? 

Normal  development  of  .irrigation. — Like  all  undertakings  prompted 
by  selfish  interests,  irrigation  development  in  most  of  the  arid  States 
has  moved  along  lines  of  least  resistance.  The  pioneer  settlers,  who 
were  few  in  number,  usually  occupied  lands  along  the  first  bottoms  of 
streams,  and  diverted  the  water  for  irrigation,  in  many  cases  by  con- 
structing simple  brush  dams,  sufficient  to  raise  it  nearly  to  the  level 
of  their  lands,  to  which  it  was  usually  conducted  by  a  ditch  built  at 
trifling  cost.  Other  settlers,  who  followed,  reclaimed  small  tracts  by 
means  of  the  same  simple  works,  until  all  the  land  that  could  be 
reached  in  this  inexpensive  way  was  placed  under  cultivation. 

But  still  other  settlers  continued  to  arrive,  demanding  homes,  and 
willing  to  overcome  greater  obstacles  than  those  met  by  the  pioneers. 
Canals  were  constructed  that  led  the  waters  out  onto  the  lower  bench 
lands,  and  these  were  gradually  enlarged  and  extended.  But  there 
still  remained,  in  many  cases,  the  broad  acres  of  the  upper  benches, 
to  reach  which  required  the  expenditure  of  vast  sums  of  money  to  pay 
for  blasting  channels  through  solid  rock  or  constructing,  in  many 
places,  miles  of  expensive  flumes  along  steep  canyon  walls.  The  indi- 
vidual, and  in  most  cases  the  community,  lacked  sufficient  strength  to 
overcome  these  or  other  natural  difficulties  and,  as  a  result,  irrigation 
development  came  to  a  standstill  in  the  locality. 


NEWELL.]  LIMITATIONS    ON   PROJECTS.  177 

Questions  to  be  considered  by  the  engineers  of  the  Government. — While 
the  irrigation  development  already  accomplished  by  individual  effort, 
especially  by  the  landowners,  really  furnished  the  foundation  of  civili- 
zation in  the  West,  it  is  the  execution  of  the  greater  projects — the 
ones  beyond  the  means  of  the  agencies  mentioned — that  is  regarded 
as  of  greatest  importance  to  the  community,  and  these  are  the  under- 
takings which  in  most  of  the  arid  States  and  Territories  the  Govern- 
ment is  expected  to  take  up  and  carry  to  completion.  It  is  the  prob- 
lems connected  with  these  enterprises  that  the  engineers  of  the 
reclamation  service  are  now  required  to  consider.  These  problems 
are  as  varied  in  nature  as  the  variable  combinations  of  the  physical 
features  of  the  enterprises  themselves,  ranging  from  the  adjudication 
of  the  rights  of  a  water  user  to  the  utilization  of  a  storage  site.  In 
fact,  the  legal  and  economic  questions  are  likely  to  be  much  more 
important  in  many  cases  in  determining  the  feasibility  of  a  project  than 
are  the  engineering  problems.  In  no  case  would  it  be  safe  to  decide 
as  to  the  feasibility  of  any  undertaking  without  first  ascertaining  what 
relation  it  will  bear  when  completed  to  all  other  enterprises  of  a  like 
nature  in  the  locality. 

Practically  all  the  questions  which  have  to  be  considered  in  connec- 
tion with  undertakings  of  this  kind  are  raised  when  the  subject  of 
water  supply  is  considered,  and  two  of  these  questions — the  ones 
most  intimately  connected  with  all  others,  both  economic  and  engi- 
neering, namely,  the  capacity  of  the  canal  and  the  magnitude  of  the 
undertaking — form  the  subject  of  this  discussion. 

The  conditions  under  which  these  questions  will  be  considered  are 
the  average  conditions  existing  in  connection  with  many  of  the  projects 
now  under  consideration  by  the  Government,  especially  in  the  North- 
western States,  and  are  as  follows: 

(1)  A  stream  of  great  flood  flow;  (2)  an  area  of  desert  land  that  may 
be  put  under  canal  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  water  supply  available 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  irrigation  season;  and  (3)  storage  facili- 
ties, if  they  exist  at  all,  entirely  inadequate  for  the  purpose  of  control- 
ling the  natural  flow.  Under  such  conditions  the  question  is,  What 
other  factors  must  be  considered,  and  what  weight  shall  be  given  to 
each  in  fixing  the  capacity  of  the  canal?  Which  means,  in  the  end, 
fixing  the  limit  of  the  undertaking. 

Climate  and  range  of  products. — Knowing  the  nature  of  the  avail- 
able water  supply,  we  should  next  consider  tile  climate,  the  length  of 
the  growing  season,  the  kinds  of  crops  grown,  the  average  date  of 
harvest,  the  number  of  cuttings  of  hay  that  can  be  made  during  each 
season,  and  the  part  of  the  growing  season  in  which  occurs  the  flood 
discharge  of  the  stream  whose  waters  are  to  be  used.  It  happens  that 
the  flood  waters  of  the  streams  of  most  of  the  States  and  Territories 
IER  93—04 12 


178  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

can  be  utilized  for  irrigation  during  some  period  of  the  growing 
season,  generally  at  the  beginning.  In  altitudes  so  high  that  but  one 
cutting  of  hay  can  be  grown,  this  flood  discharge  is  usually  available 
during  the  maturing  of  both  hay  and  grain.  When  two  or  more  cut- 
tings can  be  made,  it  is  generally  available  for  the  first  and  second, 
and  for  the  irrigation  of  all  kinds  of  grain  crops,  but  ma}^  not  be 
available  for  the  third  cutting  of  hay  nor  for  the  irrigation  of  a  large 
acreage  of  orchard  land. 

In  places  where  the  climatic  conditions  admit  of  but  one  cutting  of 
hay  the  problem  is  very  simple.  The.  irrigating  season  would  begin 
early  and  be  short,  all  or  nearly  all  of  the  waters  being  used  during  a 
period  of  perhaps  sixty  days.  In  such  cases,  however,  water  must  be 
used  generously,  and  since  practically  all  the  land  would  require  irri- 
gation at  the  same  time,  the  capacity  of  the  canal  must  be  very  large. 
Assuming  that  the  area  of  irrigable  land  is  greater  than  the  stream 
can  serve,  the  average  discharge  of  the  stream  during  the  period  men- 
tioned— provided  it  is  regular  in  its  habits — is  the  volume  that  should 
be  diverted,  and  this  factor  will  fix  the  limits  of  the  undertaking,  both 
as  to  the  size  of  the  canals  and  the  area  to  be  reclaimed.  The  exact 
capacity  of  the  canal  will  depend  upon  the  average  depth  of  water 
required  each  day  on  the  land  to  be  reclaimed  during  the  period  of 
greatest  use. 

Value  of  flood  water. — When  two  or  more  cuttings  of  hay-  can  be 
made  from  the  land,  and  when  there  is  a  great  disproportion  between 
high  and  low  water,  both  stages  occurring  during  the  growing  season, 
and  when  the  storage  facilities  are  entirely  inadequate  the  question 
becomes  complex.  A  water  right  in  most  cases  is  understood  to  be 
the  right  to  use  water  during  the  entire  growing  season  of  crops,  and 
land  values  will  be  found  to  be  based  upon  this  kind  of  a  right.  The 
question  to  be  decided  in  fixing  the  capacity  of  the  canal  under  such 
conditions  is,  in  realit}^,  What  kind  of  a  water  right  shall  be  given  to 
the  land?  Shall  it  be  given  a  "full  season's  right"  or  shall  it  be  a 
"flood  right"?  which  means:  Shall  we  limit  th&  area  of  land  to  be 
developed  to  the  unused  portion  of  the  low- water  discharge  of  the 
stream  or  shall  it  bear  a  certain  relation  to  the  flood  discharge? 

A  great  many  people  have  an  idea  that  by  some  means  or  other  the 
Government  will  be  able  to  increase  the  water  supply;  and  that  they 
may  settle  any  lands  under  irrigation  with  the  certainty  of  being  sup- 
plied. It  is  contended,  therefore,  that  it  is  not  good  policy  to  invite 
settlement  unless  the  water  is  adequate  throughout  the  entire  irrigating 
season;  in  other  words,  it  is  contended  that  no  more  land  should  be 
put  under  canal  than  can  be  supplied  during  the  entire  season.  This 
sounds  very  safe  and  conservative,  but  I  do  not  believe  it  is  a  broad 
view  to  take  of  the  possibilities  of  irrigation  under  the  reclamation 


NEWELL.]  CAPACITY    OF    CANALS.  179 

act.  The  question  to  be  considered  is,  not  what  is  the  most  conserva- 
tive plan  for  to-day,  but  what  policy  will  lead  to  the  development  of 
each  locality  to  the  full  extent  of  its  possibilities.  In  undertakings 
proposed  to  be  carried  out  by  the  Government  the  line  of  least  resist- 
ance will  not  be  found  in  the  " conservative"  plan  referred  to,  but 
will  be  found  in  the  scheme  that  is  so  broad  and  comprehensive  that 
future  generations  will  not  think  of  supplementing  it. 

One  important  factor  in  determining  the  limit  to  be  placed  on  the 
magnitude  of  undertakings  of  this  kind  is  the  value  of  the  land  after 
it  has  been  put  under  irrigation.  Will  the  land,  after  its  irrigation, 
be  worth  the  expense  of  its  reclamation?  The  consideration  of  this 
question  leads  us  to  inquire  as  to  the  kinds  and  quantity  of  crops  that 
can  be  produced  on  the  land  during  the  different  periods  of  the  grow- 
ing season,  and  finally  resolves  itself  into  a  question  relating  to  the 
value  of  the  crops  produced  rather  than  to  the  length  of  the  irrigat- 
ing season. 

If  the  value  of  the  crops  that  can  be  produced  by  early  irrigation, 
for  example,  the  first  and  second  cuttings  of  ha}^,  or  a  crop  of  grain, 
gives  a  value  to  the  land  greater  than  the  cost  of  its  reclamation,  the 
project  should  be  regarded  as  feasible,  though  other  lands  in  the  same 
locality  may  happen  to  have  a  water  right  which  makes  possible  three 
or  four  cuttings  of  hay  or  renders  the  adjacent  highways  impassable 
by  mud  during  the  month  of  August. 

If  we  must  decide  as  to  the  capacity  of  a  canal  under  the  conditions 
stated,  and  have  nothing  more  on  which  to  base  our  judgment  than  the 
fact  that  with  certain  climatic  conditions  we  would  be  enabled  to 
mature  by  a  certain  date  a  full  crop  of  grain  and  one  or  two  crops  of 
hay,  the  magnitude  of  the  project  would  be  measured  by  the  supply 
of  water  that  would  be  available  up  to  the  last  irrigation  of  such 
crops,  and  no  attention  whatever  need  be  paid  to  the  available 
supply  of  late  water.  For  example,  if  the  climatic  conditions  ren- 
der it  possible  to  make  four  cuttings  of  hay  during  the  season  on 
lands  irrigated  from  a  certain  stream  (the  first  and  second  cuttings  as 
well  as  the  harvesting  of  grain  occurring  before  August  15)  then,  if 
the  mean  flow  of  the  stream  up  to  July  20,  say,  is  2,000  second-feet 
and  the  available  supply  during  the  months  of  August  and  September 
is  500  second- feet,  the  computation  of  possibilities  of  land  reclamation 
from  this  stream  should  be  based  upon  the  for^ner  and  not  the  latter 
amount,  and  the  capacity  of  the  canal  in  this  case  should  be  2,000 
second-feet,  the  number  of  acres  to  be  irrigated  being  determined  by 
the  average  quantity  of  water  required  by  each  acre  during  the  period 
when  most  water  is  needed.  If  it  is  found  that  it  will  be  necessary  to 
apply  water  to  an  average  depth  of  1  foot  during  a  period  of  thirty 
days  over  all  the  land  to  be  irrigated  the  canal  should  have  a  capacity 


180  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

of  1  second-foot  for  each  60  acres.  The  water  supply  would  then  be 
sufficient  for  the  irrigation  of  120,000  acres  and  the  project  should, 
under  these  conditions,  be  limited  to  that  acreage. 

Value  of  low-water  supply  based  upon  the  utilization  of  the  flood 
waters. — Making  use  of  the  foregoing  example  we  will  inquire  into 
the  efficiency  of  the  late  water,  or  the  supply  of  500  second-feet  availa- 
ble for  use  during  August  and  September.  Of  this  tract  of  120,000 
acres  fully  30  per  cent,  under  the  conditions  referred  to,  would  be  cul- 
tivated to  grain;  about  50  per  cent  to  meadow,  and  the  remainder,  20 
per  cent,  would  be  planted  to  orchards  and  gardens.  The  grain  land, 
or  30  per  cent  of  the  total  area,  would  not  require  irrigation  after,  say, 
July  20,  which  would  leave  70  per  cent,  or  84,000  acres,  to  be  pro- 
vided for  during  August  and  September.  With  a  canal  of  generous 
capacity,  such  as  has  been  provided,  the  entire  acreage  could  be  thor- 
oughly irrigated,  and  would  be  in  the  best  possible  condition  at  the 
beginning  of  the  dry  season.  In  fact,  the  most  favorable  conditions 
imaginable  would  exist  for  giving  the  small  supply  of  500  second-feet 
a  high  duty.  This  small  supply  would  be  prorated  among  the  irri- 
gators,  each  landowner  having  25  per  cent  of  his  flood  head,  which 
must  now  do  for  the  irrigation  of  70  per  cent  of  his  land,  or  a  duty 
of  about  170  acres  must  be  given  for  each  second-foot.  This  extreme 
duty  would  probably  not  be  attained  in  all  cases,  but  if  the  land  and 
crops  were  in  good  condition  at  the  beginning  of  the  dry  season  and 
every  landowner  had  the  same  interests  at  stake  there  is  no  doubt  that 
a  very  high  duty  could  be  reached  in  a  few  years'  time,  and  that  finally 
every  acre  of  the  70  per  cent  would  be  producing  a  full  crop  up  to  the 
end  of  the  growing  season. 

Results  following  the  use  of  low  water  alone. — Now,  what  would  be 
the  results  following  a  more  "conservative"  plan,  one  in  which  the 
area  to  be  developed  is  based  on  the  supply  of  500  second-feet  avail- 
able during  the  low  stage  of  the  stream  ?  Under  this  plan  the  area  to 
be  developed  would  probably  not  exceed  50,000  acres,  which  would 
require  a  canal  having  a  capacity  of  1  second-foot  for,  say,  each  100 
acres  of  land.  With  this  small  capacity^  per  acre,  if  the  principal  crops 
were  hay  and  grain,  the  greatest  economy  would  have  to  be  practiced 
from  the  very  beginning  of  the  irrigation  season,  and  it  is  not  likely 
that  during  the  period  of  greatest  use  enough  water  could  be  delivered 
to  insure  the  best  results.  It  is  extremely  doubtful  whether  the  aver- 
age yield  per  acre  would  be  as  great  as  if  a  canal  with  greater  capacity 
had  been  provided.  Indeed,  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  results  of  a 
full  season's  irrigation  under,  these  conditions  would  be  as  profitable, 
acre  for  acre,  as  those  obtained  by  early  irrigation  alone  under  the 
plan  first  considered.  One  thing  is  quite  certain,  neither  the  soil  nor 
crops  would  be  in  as  good  condition  at  the  beginning  of  the  dry  season. 
The  temptation  under  this  plan  is  to  arbitrarily  fix  the  duty  of  water 


NEWELL.  J  CAPACITY    OF    CANALS.  181 

by  limiting  the  size  of  the  canal.  The  effect  of  this  plan  is  usually  just 
the  opposite  of  what  is  expected.  I  have  never  known  nor  heard  of  a 
canal  with  a  capacity  too  great,  but  hundreds  of  them  have  been  built 
too  small  for  the  lands  dependent  upon  them.  Nothing  is  more  exas- 
perating to  the  irrigator  than  to  be  restricted  in  the  use  of  water  at  a 
time  when  oceans  of  it  is  wasting  down  a  stream  from  which  his  canal 
is  diverted.  If  the  mistake  is  his  own,  he  remedies  the  defect  by 
enlarging  his  ditch.  If  the  canal  belongs  to  a  company,  he  has  been 
known  to  construct  one  of  his  own  according  to  his  own  ideas. 

Conclusion — In  conclusion,  a  word  might  be  said  regarding  the 
breadth  or  comprehensiveness  of  these  plans.  The  difference  between 
the  two  plans  outlined  is  this:  The  first  provides  for  the  irrigation  of 
the  maximum  acreage  upon  which  it  is  possible  to  produce  one  full 
crop  each  and  every  season,  which  is  more  than  can  be  counted  on  for 
a  certainty  on  90  per  cent  of  the  agricultural  land  of  the  United 
States.  We  provide  a  canal  with  large  capacity  for  the  irrigation  of 
this  land,  because  the  irrigation  season  will  be  short  and  every  acre 
must  be  supplied  during  this  period.  This  provision  insures  the 
largest  possible  returns  from  grain  crops  and  the  first  cutting  of  hay, 
and  produces  a  favorable  condition  of  soil  at  the  approach  of  the  dry 
season,  thus  minimizing  the  possibility  of  loss  during  that  period. 
The  same  quantity  of  water  will  be  available  during  the  latter  part  of 
the  season  under  this  plan  as  under  the  other,  but  all  the  land  will  be 
in  first-class  condition  at  the  beginning  of  the  period  of  low  water  and 
the  highest  possible  duty  of  water  can  be  attained;  which  means  that 
while  more  than  double  the  area  will  be  irrigated  during  the  early 
part  of  the  season,  a  much  greater  area  will  be  served  during  the 
period  of  low  water.  The  first  plan  is  the  plan  for  all  time.  All  will 
have  been  accomplished  that  will  ever  be  possible  under  the  natural 
conditions  which  exist  and  which  can  not  be  changed. 

Under  the  second  plan  we  dedicate  the  use  of  the  low- water  supply 
to  a  limited  area,  just  as  the  early  settlers  have  done  in  every  valley 
throughout  the  West.  This  will  become  a  vested  right,  and  the  use 
of  this  limited  supply  of  water  will  not,  as  a  result,  be  extended  to 
other  lands.  It  is  true  these  lands  will  have  a  "first-class  water 
right,"  but  a  much  larger  area  under  the  first  plan  would  have  as 
good  a  right  with  as  much  more  in  addition  thereto  rescued  from  the 
desert,  capable  of  producing  one  full  crop  every  season,  an  area  which 
under  the  last  plan  would  likely  be  condemned  to  everlasting  sterility. 

One  good  crop  a  year  is  far  more  than  the  average  returns  from  the 
labor  of  the  agriculturist,  taking  the  world  over.  This,  in  my  opinion, 
would  be  a  very  conservative  basis  upon  which  to  estimate  the  possi- 
bilities of  a  reclamation  project  and  should  fix  the  limits  of  our  plans 
arid  expectations.  With  these  limits  fixed,  the  flood  waters  should 
be  utilized  first,  and  upon  the  wealth  thus  created  we  should  levy 


182  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

for  the  construction  of  storage  works,  if  the  proper  facilities  exist. 
If  such  facilities  do  not  exist,  then  we  shall  have  fully  utilized  the 
resources  at  hand  and  left  no  complications  or  problems  to  be  solved 
by  the  next  generation. 

INVESTIGATIONS  IN  MONTANA. 

By  CYKUS  C.  BABB. 

MILK  RIVER  PROJECTS. 
NATURAL   CONDITIONS. 

In  the  northern  part  of  Montana,  close  to  the  international  bound- 
ary, is  a  section  of  mountainous  country  unsurpassed  for  its  scenic 
beauties.  Here  are  peaks  covered  with  snow  the  year  round,  and  a 
Jittle  lower  down  there  are  glaciers,  the  largest  in  the  United  States. 
Numerous  streams,  receiving  a  plenteous  supply  from  the  heavy 
winter  snowfall  in  this  basin,  descend  the  slopes  of  these  mountains 
and  their  waters  are  collected  in  St.  Mary  Lakes,  which  are  drained 
northward  by  the  river  of  the  same  name  into  the  Saskatchewan,  and 
are  finally  lost  in  Hudson  Bay. 

Milk  River,  heading  in  the  low,  rolling  country  lying  immediately 
east  of  this  basin,  runs  in  a  general  northeasterly  direction,  the  prin- 
cipal branches,  North  Fork  and  South  Fork,  uniting  after  crossing 
the  Canadian  line.  The  stream  thus  formed  flows  eastward  for  150 
miles  or  more,  when  it  bends  southward  and  again  enters  Montana, 
finally  emptying  into  Missouri  River.  The  broad  Milk  River  Valley 
in  Montana  consists  of  gently  rolling  country,  well  adapted  to  irriga- 
tion. The  water  supply  from  Milk  River,  however,  is  deficient,  owing 
to  lack  of  high  mountain  catchment  area  at  its  head. 

The  Milk  River  or  St.  Mary  project  is  designed  to  store  flood  water 
in  the  St.  Mary  Lakes  and  conduct  it  eastward  by  a  canal  cutting 
through  gravelly  ridges  to  the  head  of  Milk  River,  so  as  to  connect 
a  mountain  catchment  area  with  that  stream. 

In  1900  a  reconnaissance  of  the  St.  Mary  country  was  made,  and  has 
been  followed,  during  the  last  three  years,  by  more  detailed  surveys. 
The  investigation  has  brought  out  four  projects  for  consideration: 

1 .  Carry  water  from  the  St.  Mary  Lakes  to  the  North  or  South  Fork 
of  Milk  River,  and  allow  it  to  run  through  Canada  to  the  lower  Milk 
River  Valley  in  Montana. 

2.  Cariy  the  St.  Mary  Lakes  water  in  a  long  canal  across  country, 
keeping  it  in  the  United  States  for  the  entire  distance,  to  Sage  Creek, 
a  tributary  of  lower  Milk  River. 

3.  Make  the  project  a  more  local  one;  that  is,  irrigate  the  lands  oi 
the  eastern  portion  of  the  Blackfoot  Indian  Reservation  and  those 
immediately  adjacent  eastward. 


NEWELL.]  MILK    RIVER    PROJECTS.  183 

4.  Carry  water  from  St.  Mary  Lakes  across  both  the  North  and 
South  Fork  of  Milk  River  to  Cutbank  Creek,  down  which  it  will  flow 
for  50  miles  or  more  to  Marias  River,  and  then  divert  the  latter  and 
carry  water  in  an  artificial  channel  again  to  Big  Sandy  Creek,  a  tribu- 
tary of  lower  Milk  River. 

DESCRIPTION   OF   WORKS. 

Under  the  first  project,  it  is  proposed  to  build  a  low  earthen  storage 
dam  at  a  point  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  below  the  present  out- 
let of  lower  St.  Mary  Lake.  This  dam  will  have  a  maximum  elevation 
of  55  feet  above  the  bottom  of  the  river,  and  will  form  a  reservoir 
having  a  capacity  of  250,000  acre-feet. 

During  the  year  1902  an  examination  was  made  at  the  dam  site  to 
determine  the  depth  at  bed  rock  and  the  character  of  the  rock.  Sand- 
stone rock  outcrops  at  the  surface  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  dam, 
whence  it  drops  rapidly  to  138  feet  below  the  surface  at  1,600  feet  from 
the  eastern  end.  Borings  this  year  show  a  depth  of  187  feet  at  one 
point. 

The  top  of  the  earthen  dam  will  be  at  an  elevation  of  4,513  feet 
above  sea  level;  the  total  length  of  the  earth  embankment  will  be 
2,650  feet;  both  inner  and  outer  slopes  will  be  3  to  1.  It  is  the  inten- 
tion to  use  the  hydraulic-fill  method  of  dam  construction.  Most  of 
the  material  will  come  from  the  hill  west  of  the  dam,  as  the  water  to 
wash  it  down  can  be  easily  obtained  from  Swiftcurrent  Creek  by 
means  of  a  short  diversion  canal.  A  concrete-core  wall  will  extend 
from  the  east  abutment  of  the  dam  across  the  river  for  a  distance  of 
475  feet,  where  the  present  depth  of  bed  rock  below  the  surface  of 
the  ground  is  33  feet.  From  this  point  to  the  western  end  of  the  dam 
a  puddle  trench  will  be  first  excavated  and  sheet  piling  driven  as  far 
as  practicable.  This  trench  will  then  be  filled  with  selected  material 
by  the  hydraulic  method,  and  the  earth  to  form  the  remainder  of  the 
dam  will  be  deposited  on  both  sides.  The  lower  toe  of  the  dam  will 
be  of  riprap  in  order  to  prevent  the  sliding  of  the  material  due  to  any 
percolation  of  water  under  the  dam.  The  upper  face  will  be  rip- 
rapped  as  a  protection  against  wave  action. 

From  the  reservoir  thus  formed  water  will  be  diverted  through  an 
open  cut  in  rock  around  the  eastern  end  of  the  dam.  The  head  gates 
of  the  reservoir  outlet  will  be  located  opposite  the  end  of  the  dam  and 
connected  with  the  concrete  core  wall.  Thfcse  head  gates  consist  of  a 
curved  wall  of  30  feet  radius  placed  on  four  concrete  piers.  Jn  this 
wall  there  will  be  two  series  of  circular  openings;  an  upper  series, 
consisting  of  three  openings  20  feet  below  the  top,  and  a  lower  series, 
consisting  of  four  openings  30  feet  below  the  top,  each  opening:  being 
4  feet  in  diameter.  There  will  be  five  additional  openings,  each  5  feet 


184  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

wide  by  9  feet  high,  at  the  bottom  or  between  the  piers.  Water  pass- 
ing through  all  the  openings  will  be  controlled  by  cast-iron  sluice  gates 
operated  by  proper  gearing. 

In  the  canal,  850  feet  beyond  these  reservoir  gates,  there  is  to  be  a 
concrete  spillway  for  discharging  the  waste  water  back  into  the  river 
by  suitable  regulating  gates. 

DESCRIPTION   OF   CANAL. 

The  canal  proper  will  begin  immediately  below  the  head-gates.  The 
grade  was  assumed  at  two  one-hundredths  of  1  per  cent,  or  a  fall  of  1.056 
feet  to  the  mile.  It  is  proposed  to  make  the  bottom  width  30  feet, 
with  a  10-foot  depth  of  water,  and  with  side  slopes  of  1  to  1.  It  is 
assumed  that  in  a  canal  of  these  dimensions  the  mean  discharge  at  the 
head  will  be  1,350  second-feet.  From  the  dam  the  canal  will  continue 
down  the  east  bank  of  the  river  for  va  distance  of  7  miles,  then  turn 
eastward  and  pass  through  a  gap  known  as  Spider  Lake  Gap. 
Thence  it  will  continue  in  a  general  northeasterly  direction  for  a  dis- 
tance of  27.4  miles,  or  to  the  North  Fork  of  Milk  River.  The  last 
step  in  the  construction  of  the  canal  to  reach  the  North  Fork  of  Milk 
River  will  be  the  dropping  of  the  water  180  feet  to  the  level  of  the 
creek. 

The  following  table  gives  the  estimated  cost  of  construction  of  this 
portion  of  the  line,  the  water  to  be  dropped  into  the  North  Fork  as 
described: 

Cost  of  St.  Mary  dam  and  canal  from  head  to  North  Fork. 

Earthen  dam,  outlet  canal,  and  head-gates $250,  000 

Head  to  Spider  Lake 245, 100 

Spider  Lake  to  drop  at  North  Fork  of  Milk  Kiver 288, 400 

Drop  at  North  Fork 16,040 

Two  sets  of  waste  gates  on  line 4, 000 

Engineering  and  contingencies 120, 530 


Total 924,070 

LOWER   MILK   RIVER. 

Milk  River  crosses  the  international  boundary,  flows  for  about  150 
miles  in  Canada,  and  comes  back  into  the  United  States  at  an  elevation 
of  2,680  feet.  It  continues  in  a  southeasterly  direction  for  about  60 
miles,  whence  it  bends  eastward,  which  general  course  it  holds  to 
about  Hinsdale,  where  it  again  bends  southward  until  it  reaches  the 
Missouri.  At  Havre  the  elevation  of  the  river  is  2,467  feet,  showing 
a  fall  from  the  international  line  of  213  feet  in  the  distance  of  60  miles, 
or  a  fall  of  3.7  feet  to  the  mile.  This  portion  of  the  stream  is  in  a 
deep  valley,  ranging  from  1  to  2  miles  in  width,  with  bluffs  on  either 


NEWELL.]  JNfILK    RIVER    PROJECTS.  185 

side  about  200  feet  high.  A  canal  taken  out  at  the  international 
boundary  at  the  grade  of  the  river  would  continue  down  for  about  60 
miles  until  Havre  was  reached,  and  then  would  not  be  out  of  the 
bluffs.  Throughout  nearly  all  of  this  distance  it  would  be  carried 
along  sidehill,  and  in  view  of  this  fact  and  the  great  length  of  the 
canal  the  proposition  is  hardly  feasible.  Ten  miles  below  Havre  the 
valley  widens  and  here  the  first  diversion  of  Milk  River  can  be  accom- 
plished. 

At  the  present  time  (1903)  a  survey  is  being  made  for  a  canal  heading 
at  Yantic,  on  the  north  side  of  the  river,  and  continuing  downstream 
for  60  miles.  This  will  cover  about  50,000  acres,  a  portion  of  which  is 
at  present  irrigated  from  private  ditches  taken  from  Milk  River.  This 
canal  will  be  a  later  development  of  the  one  described  below,  and  no 
estimates  of  cost  have  yet  been  made. 

MALTA    PROJECT. 

The  original  plans  for  the  St.  Mary  Canal,  made  at  the  end  of  the 
field  season  of  1901,  contemplated  a  system  of  storage  in  the  lower 
Milk  River  Valley,  and  investigations  were  made  here  in  1902  with 
this  object  in  view. 

Eight  miles  east  of  Malta  there  is  an  alkaline  body  of  water,  known 
as  Lake  Bowdoin,  having  an  area  of  6.8  square  miles.  The  lake  lies 
in  a  depression  that  is  surrounded  by  hills.  A  survey  was  made  here 
with  the  idea  of  using  the  lake  site  as  a  possible  reservoir.  The  plan 
contemplates  a  diversion  of  Milk  River  from  its  south  side  at  a  point  23 
miles  aboye  Malta,  whence  the  water  will  be  carried  to  the  reservoir. 

The  feed  canal  will  be  34  miles  long  and  is  estimated  to  carry  2,000 
second-feet  of  water.  It  will  have  a  bottom  width  of  50  feet,  a  depth 
of  12  feet,  a  slope  of  1.5  to  1,  and  a  grade  of  0.0001,  or  about  6  inches 
to  the  mile. 

Between  Malta  and  the  reservoir  there  is  a  divide  50  feet  above  the 
lake.  At  this  point  a  drop  of  25  feet  is  made  to  the  top  surface  of  the 
reservoir,  as  only  25  feet  of  water  is  to  be  stored,  but  from  this  drop 
a  high-line  lateral  will  be  carried  southward  around  Beaver  Creek, 
and  irrigation  lands  in  the  valley  of  this  stream. 

For  a  storage  depth  of  25  feet,  the  capacity  of  the  reservoir  will  be 
298,900  acre -feet,  and  the  surface  area  will  be  15,000  acres. 

In  order  to  create  Lake  Bowdoin  reservoir,  it  will  be  necessary  to 
build  a  series  of  earth  embankments  across  various  gaps — eight  in  all. 
The  total  length  will  be  19,050  feet  and  the  total  quantity  of  excava- 
tion will  be  599,961  cubic  yards.  The  top  width  of  the  canal  will  be  10 
feet,  the  slope  on  water  face  will  be  2.5  to  1,  and  on  lower  face  2  to 
1.  Water  will  be  drawn  from  this  reservoir  and  served  to  the  lands 
lying  eastward,  both  north  and  south  of  the  river. 


186  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

Engineering  surveys  are  being  prosecuted  and  will  be  practically 
completed  on  this  project  this  season.  Topographical  surveys  are  also 
being  made  on  two  different  scales,  one  the  regular  field  scale  of  the 
survey,  that  is  1 :  45,000  or  1  inch  to  3,750  feet,  and  a  larger  one,  1 
inch  to  2,000  feet,  that  will  show  all  the  agricultural  lands  that  can 
be  covered  by  the  project,  which  is  now  estimated  at  250,000  acres. 

CONSTRUCTION  IN  NEVADA. 

By  L.  H.  TAYLOR. 

In  Nevada  the  work  of  the  reclamation  law  has  advanced  to  a  point 
where  construction  has  already  been  begun.  The  preliminary  work  has 
been  described  in  the  First  Annual  Report  of  the  Reclamation  Service, 
so  that  it  is  unnecessary  to  go  into  details  in  this  matter.  It  is,  how- 
ever, of  interest  to  all  to  know  the  conditions  under  which  the  work  is 
being  done,  and  for  this  reason  special  attention  is  called  to  the  speci- 
fications and  bids  for  construction  of  the  Truckee  canal,  taking  water 
from  Truckee  River  to  the  lower  Carson  reservoir  site. 

There  is  presented  here  a  copy  of  the  original  advertisement,  the 
specifications,  abstract  of  the  bids,  and  copy  of  the  agreement  made 
with  one  of  the  firms  of  contractors.  The  work  was  advertised  in 
three  divisions,  the  successful  bidders  for  the  first  and  second  divisions 
being  C.  A.  Warren  &  Co.,  and  for  the  third  division  the  E.  B.  & 
A.  L.  Stone  Company. 

ADVERTISEMENT. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 

Washington,  D.  C.,  May  15,  1903. 

Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  this  Department  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.  July  15, 
1903,  for  the  construction  of  about  15  miles  of  canals,  with  diverting  dam,  head- 
works,  spillways,  and  tunnels,  for  the  diversion  and  conveyance  of  1,400  cubic  feet  of 
water  per  second  from  the  Truckee  River,  between  Clarks  Station  and  Wads  worth, 
Nev.,  to  irrigable  lands  in  the  Truckee  and  Carson  valleys.  Plans  and  specifications 
will  be  open  for  inspection,  and  blank  forms  upon  which  all  bids  must  be  made  can 
be  procured  at  the  office  of  the  Geological  Survey,  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  Reno, 
Nev.,  on  and  after  June  20,  1903.  Each  bid  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certified 
check  for  2  per  cent  of  the  amount  of  the  bid,  as  a  guaranty  that  the  bidder  will 
enter  into  a  written  contract  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  within  ten  days  after 
the  award  is  made,  and  furnish  bond  in  the  sum  of  50  per  cent  of  the  contract  price 
for  the  faithful  performance  of  the  work.  The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  reserves  the 
right  to  reject  any  and  all  bids.  Detailed  information  can  be  obtained  on  the  ground 
from  L.  H.  Taylor,  resident  engineer,  Reno,  Nev.  Proposals  should  be  addressed 
to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  endorsed  on  envelope 
"Proposals  for  Irrigation  Work,  Truckee  River,  Nevada." 

E.  A.  HITCHCOCK,  Secretary. 


NEWELL.]  CONSTRUCTION    IN    NEVADA.  187 

FORM   OF   PROPOSAL. 

RECLAMATION  SERVICE  U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY,  TRUCKEE  PROJECT — NEVADA. 

Proposal  for  excavating  main  canal,  and  building  headworks,  spillways,  sluice 
and  wasteways,  reduction  chambers,  tunnels,  and  highway  bridge. 

NOTE. — Bids  will  be  received  on  one  or  more  divisions  or  on  all  the  work.  Bid- 
ders desiring  to  bid  on  one  division  only  will  fill  out  their  figures  on  printed  schedule 
opposite  that  division  only.  Those. desiring  to  bid  on  all  the  work  will  fill  out  the 
.figures  opposite  all  the  divisions. 

To  SECRETARY  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

SIR:  The  undersigned  propose  to  do  all  the  work,  and  furnish  all  the  material, 
except  the  cement,  in  accordance  with  the  printed  form  of  general  specifications, 
a  copy  of  which  is  herewith  annexed,  and  bind  —  — ,  on  the  accept- 

ance of  this  proposal,  to  enter  into  and  execute  a  contract,  with  necessary  bond,  of 
which  the  inclosed  general  specifications  shall  be  made  a  part,  for  the  execution  of 
said  work  at  the  prices  named  in  the  schedule  below. 

— —  furthermore  agree,  that  in  case  of default  in  executing  such  contract, 

with  necessary  bond,  the  check  accompanying  this  bid,  and  the  money  payable 
thereon,  shall  be,  and  remain  the  property  of  the  United  States. 

GENERAL   SPECIFICATIONS. 

1. — Purpose  of  work. 

The  completed  work  has  for  its  purpose  the  conveyance  of  fourteen  hundred  (1400) 
second-feet  of  water  from  Truckee  River  to  the  head  of  Pyramid  Branch,  a  distance 
of  about  six  (6)  miles;  thence  the  conveyance  of  twelve  hundred  (1200)  second-feet 
of  water  to  the  lower  Carson  River  reservoir,  a  farther  distance  of  about  twenty-four 
(24)  miles. 

2. — Plan  of  work. 

The  general  plan  of  the  work  requires  the  construction  of  a  concrete  weir  and 
headworks  and  earth  embankment,  also  temporary  dam  and  diversion  channel  on 
Truckee  River  about  four  (4)  miles  below  Clarks  station  on  the  Central  Pacific  Rail- 
road; two  or  more  spillways  or  overflow  weirs,  one  or  more  sluice  and  waste  ways, 
headworks  for  Pyramid  Branch,  six  or  more  reduction  chambers,  and  one  small 
bridge  to  carry  highway  across  the  canal,  and  excavating  and  completing  the  main 
canal,  including  the  construction  and  completion  of  three  or  more  tunnels,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  accompanying  plans,  which  show  general  type  of  each  structure. 

3. — Plans  and  drawings. 

The  plans  which  accompany  and  which  are  made  a  part  of  these  specifications  are 
numbered  and  named  as  follows: 

Drawing  No.  1.  Cross-section  of  main  canal  and'tunjiel. 
Drawing  No.  2.  General  plan  for  combined  sluice  and  waste  way. 
Drawing  No.  3.  Details  of  gates  for  head  works  and  waste  ways,  wrought  iron. 
Drawing  No.  3a.  Details  of  gates  for  head  works  and  waste  ways,  cast  iron. 
Drawing  No.  4.  Plan  for  head  works  for  Pyramid  Branch. 
Drawing  No.  5.  General  plan  for  spillways  in  main  canal. 
Drawing  No.  6.  General  plan  for  reducing  chambers,  canal  to  tunnel. 
Drawing  No.  7.  Plan  for  headworks  for  main  canal. 


188  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

Drawing  No.  8.  Plan  showing  location  of  head  works  and  diversion  of  river  during 
construction. 

Drawing  No.  9.  Design  for  highway  bridge  crossing  canal. 
Drawing  No.  10.  Profile  of  final  location  of  canal. 
Drawing  No.  11.  Plan  showing  general  location  of  canal;  small  scale. 

4- — Special  and  general  specifications. 

Special  specifications  will  be  furnished  the  contractor  for  each  structure  as  the 
work  proceeds. 

The  general  specifications  shall  apply  to  all  work  done  or  materials  furnished,  and 
shall  control  the  special  specifications  where  they  are  silent.  In  case  of  conflict 
between  the  general  specifications  and  the  special  specifications  the  latter  shall  con- 
trol in  the  particular  work  to  which  they  apply. 

5. — Manner  of  doing  work. 

All  work  shall  be  done  in  a  thorough  and  workman-like  manner,  notwithstanding 
any  omission  from  the  drawings  or  specifications,  and  anything  mentioned  in  the 
specifications  and  not  shown  in  the  drawings,  or  shown  in  the  drawings  and  not 
mentioned  in  the  specifications,  must  be  done  as  though  shown  or  mentioned  in  both. 

6. — Engineer  and  contractor. 

Where  the  word  "engineer"  is  used  in  the  general  or  special  specifications  or  in 
the  contract  it  shall  be  and  is  mutually  understood  to  refer  to  the  chief  engineer  of 
the  reclamation  service,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  or  any  of  his  authorized 
assistants  or  inspectors,  limited  by  the  particular  duties  entrusted  to  them. 

Wherever  the  word  "  contractor "  is  used  in  the  general  or  special  specifications 
or  in  the  contract  it  shall  be  and  is  mutually  understood  to  refer  to  the  party  or 
parties  contracting  to  perform  the  work  to  be  done  under  this  contract  or  to  their 
legal  representatives. 

7. — Time  of  commencement,  and  prosecution  and  completion  of  work. 

On  the  acceptance  of  the  proposal  the  chief  engineer  will  give  written  notice 
thereof  to  the  party  or  parties  proposing  personally  or  by  letter  or  wire  to  their 
stated  address;  and  in  ten  days  from  the  date  of  such  notice  the  contractor  shall 
execute  his  contract,  and  bond  by  a  surety  company,  and  the  work  shall  be  begun 
promptly,  with  adequate  force,  according  to  the  terms  of  the  contract.  The  work 
shall  be  prosecuted  continuously  and  vigorously,  with  such  force  and  in  such  manner 
as  to  secure  its  completion  within  fourteen  months  of  date  of  signing  the  contract. 
If  at  any  time  the  work  is  not  progressing  satisfactorily  the  attention  of  the  con- 
tractor shall  be  called  in  writing  by  the  engineer  to  the  fact  that  the  progress  being 
made  is  not  such  as  to  enable  the  contractor  to  finish  the  work  in  the  specified  time. 
On  receipt  of  such  notice  the  contractor  must  put  on  more  force  and  make  such 
showing  as  will  satisfy  the  engineer  that  the  work  can  be  finished  in  the  specified 
time.  The  amount  of  work  done  at  the  end  of  any  month,  except  the  first,  must 
bear  at  least  the  same  proportion  to  the  total  work  to  be  done  that  one  month  does 
to  the  number  of  months  fixed  for  the  completion  of  the  work. 

8. — Putting  on  more  force. 

If  the  contractor,  in  a  reasonable  time  after  receiving  such  notice  from  the  engi- 
neer, does  not  put  on  additional  force,  the  chief  engineer  shall  have  the  right  to 
declare  the  contract  null  and  void  or  to  hire  such  force  and  buy  such  tools,  at  the 
contractor's  expense,  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  proper  conduct  of  the  work  and 
for  finishing  it  in  the  time  agreed  upon. 


NEWELL.]  SPECIFICATIONS    FOB   TKUCKEE    CANAL.  189 

9. — Character  of  workmen. 

The  contractor  shall  discharge  from  his  service,  when  required  by  the  engineer, 
any  disorderly,  dangerous,  insubordinate,  or  incompetent  person.  None  but  skilled 
foremen  shall  be  employed  on  the  tunnels  and  concrete  work.  As  required  by  law, 
no  Mongolian  labor  shall  be  employed  on  construction  work. 

10. — Methods  and  appliances. 

The  methods  and  appliances  adopted  by  the  contractor  must  be  such  as  will  secure 
a  satisfactory  quality  of  work  and  enable  him  to  complete  the  work  in  the  time 
agreed  upon.  If  at  any  time  such  methods  and  appliances  appear  inadequate  the 
engineer  may  order  the  contractor  to  improve  their  character  or  increase  their  effi- 
ciency, and  the  contractor  must  conform  to  such  order;  but  the  failure  of  the  engi- 
neer to  order  such  improvement  of  methods  or  increase  of  efficiency  will  not  relieve 
the  contractor  from  his  obligations  to  perform  good  work  or  finish  it  in  the  time 
agreed  upon. 

11. — Measurements,  estimates,  and  payments. 

At  the  end  of  each  calendar  month  the  engineer  shall  make  an  approximate 
measurement  of  all  the  work  done  up  to  that  date  and  an  estimate  of  the  value  of 
the  same  at  the  prices  agreed  upon  in  the  contract.  A  deduction  of  twenty-five  (25) 
per  cent  shall  be  made  from  this  estimated  amount,  and  from  the  balance  shall  be 
deducted  the  amount  of  all  previous  payments.  The  remainder  shall  be  paid  to  the 
contractor  upon  the  presentation  of  proper  vouchers  endorsed  and  approved  by  the 
chief  engineer.  The  twenty-five  per  cent  deducted  shall  be  retained  by  the  Gov- 
ernment until  the  work  shall  have  been  completed  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  the 
chief  engineer. 

12. — Engineers'  authority,  and  appeals,  etc. 

The  engineer  in  charge  shall  decide  as  to  the  meaning  and  intent  of  any  portion 
of  the  plans  and  specifications.  He  shall  have  the  right  to  correct  any  errors  or 
omissions  therein  where  such  errors  or  omissions  might  cause  a  misunderstanding  of 
the  meaning  and  intent  of  said  plans  or  specifications.  The  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
reserves  the  right,  at  any  time  during  the  progress  of  the  work,  to  change  the  align- 
ment, grades,  and  width  of  the  canal,  or  any  portion  thereof,  or  to  alter  the  charac- 
ter, vary  the  dimensions,  or  change  the  location  of  structures,  or  substitute  one  kind 
of  material  for  another,  or  to  omit  entirely,  where  found  necessary,  or  require  to  be 
built  where  not  now  contemplated;  and  the  contractor  shall  carry  into  effect  all  such 
alterations,  at  the  unit  prices  mentioned  in  the  contract.  Should  such  change, 
however,  be  made  after  the  commencement  of  any  particular  piece  of  work,  and 
result  thereby  in  any  extra  cost  to  the  contractor,  the  engineer  in  charge  shall  certify 
to  the  amount  to  be  allowed  therefor  which  he  shall  consider  as  fair  and  equitable 
between  the  parties,  and  his  decision,  when  approved  by  the  chief  engineer,  shall 
be  final  and  conclusive. 

13. — Inspection  of  work. 

The  engineers  and  inspectors  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall  at 
all  times  have  the  right  to  inspect  the  work  and  mSfcterials.  The  contractor  shall 
furnish  such  persons  reasonable  facilities  for  obtaining  such  information  as  they 
desire  respecting  the  progress  and  manner  of  the  work  and  the  character  of  the 
material. 

14. — Quantities,  approximate  in  schedule. 

The  quantities  of  the  work  presented  in  the  schedule  are  only  approximate,  and 
the  information  given  on  maps  and  profiles  as  to  summary  of  material  is  according  to 
the  best  present  knowledge. 


190  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

15. — Removal  of  defective  work. 

The  contractor  shall  remove  at  his  own  expense  all  material  which  is  condemned 
by  the  engineer  or  his  inspectors,  and  shall  remove  and  rebuild  at  his  own  expense 
any  part  of  the  work  which  has  been  improperly  executed,  even  though  such  work 
should  have  been  already  allowed  for  in  the  monthly  estimates.  The  engineer  shall 
give  notice  in  writing  to  the  contractor  of  such  defective  work,  when  found.  If  the 
contractor  refuses  or  neglects  to  replace  such  defective  work  it  may  be  replaced  by 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  at  the  contractor's  expense. 

16. — Protection  of  finished  work. 

The  contractor  will  be  held  responsible  for  the  material  furnished  to  him,  and  for 
the  care  of  the  finished  work  until  final  completion  of  the  same,  and  will  be  required 
to  make  good,  at  his  own  cost,  any  damage  or  injury  it  may  sustain  from  any  cause. 
He  shall  take  all  risks  from  floods  and  from  casualities  of  every  description,  and 
make  no  charge  for  detention  from  such  causes.  He  may,  however,  be  allowed  a 
reasonable  extension  of  time  on  account  of  such  detention. 

17. — Damage  and  trespass. 

The  contractor  will  be  held  responsible  for  all  damages  to  persons  or  property 
which  may  result  from  his  acts  or  neglect,  or  that  of  his  agents,  employees,  or  work- 
men. He  will  not  allow  any  of  his  agents,  employees,  or  workmen  to  trespass  upon 
the  premises  or  lands  of  persons  in  the  vicinity  of  the  works,  and  will  discharge,  at 
the  request  of  the  engineer,  anyone  in  his  employment  who  may  be  guilty  of-  com- 
mitting damage  in  this  respect. 

18.—  Delays. 

The  contractor  shall  not  be  entitled  to  any  compensation  for  delays  or  hindrances 
to  the  work  from  any  cause  whatever.  If  such  delay  or  hindrance  is  caused  by  fail- 
ure to  provide  material  sufficient  to  carry  on  the  work,  or  failure  to  give  such  instruc- 
tions as  may  be  necessary  for  the  same,  on  the  part  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
or  his  engineers,  then  such  delay  will  entitle  the  contractor  to  an  extension  of  time 
equivalent  to  the  time  lost  by  such  delay.  The  engineer  must  receive  from  the  con- 
tractor notice,  in  writing,  of  such  delay  before  allowing  any  extension  of  time. 

19.  — Responsibility. 

The  contractor  will  not  assign  or  sublet  the  work,  or  any  part  thereof,  without  the 
written  consent  of  the  chief  engineer,  indorsed  upon  his  contract.  No  subcontract 
shall,  under  any  circumstances,  relieve  the  contractor  of  his  liabilities  and  obligations 
under  the  contract,  and  should  the  subcontractor  fail  to  perform  the  work  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  engineer  the  contractor  will  be  held  responsible,  and  if  he  fails  or 
refuses  to  make  satisfactory  the  work  done  by  the  subcontractor  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  may,  at  his  option,  end  and  terminate  his  contract. 

%0. — Extra  work. 

No'  claim  for  extra  work  or  work  unprovided  for  in  the  contract  shall  be  consid- 
ered or  allowed  unless  previously  ordered  in  writing  by  the  engineer.  If  such  extra 
work  is  ordered,  payment  will  be  made  only  upon  the  certificate  of  the  engineer  that 
such  work  has  been  satisfactorily  performed,  and  demand  for  this  payment  must 
be  accompanied  by  such  certificate  and  made  at  the  time  of  the  next  monthly  pay- 
ment after  the  extra  work  has  been  finished. 


NEWELL.]  SPECIFICATIONS    FOB    TRUCKEE    CANAL.  191 

21. — Foreman  and  copy  of  plans,,  clc. 

The  contractor  shall  keep  at  all  times  upon  the  work  a  copy  of  the  plans  and  spec- 
ifications, so  that  reference  may  be  made  thereto  by  the  engineer,  in  case  of  misun- 
derstanding or  misconstruction.  Instructions  given  to  the  contractors,  foremen,  or 
agents  on  the  work  by  the  engineer  shall  be  considered  as  having  been  given  to  the 
contractor  himself. 

22. — Roads  and  fences. 

All  roads  crossing  the  canal  must  be  kept  open  until  proper  bridges  or  crossings 
are  provided,  and  all  fences  crossing  the  canal  must  be  kept  up  by  the  contractor 
until  the  work  is  finished. 

23. — Bench  marks,  stakes,  etc. 

All  bench  marks  and  side  slope  stakes  must  be  carefully  preserved  by  the  con- 
tractor, and  in  case  of  their  willful  or  careless  destruction  or  removal  by  him,  or  any 
of  his  employees,  such  stakes  shall  be  replaced  by  the  engineer  at  the  contractor's 
expense. 

24- — Classification  of  material. 

The  classification  of  the  material  excavated  shall  be  made  by  the  engineer  in 
charge,  and  his  judgment  will  be  final  and  conclusive  in  such  matter,  as  well  as  in  the 
inspection  of  material  used  in  the  structures. 

25. — Right  of  way. 

The  right  of  way  for  the  land  necessary  for  the  canal  and  for  all  borrow  pits,  chan- 
nels, spoil  banks,  ditches,  roads,  etc.,  will  be  provided  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior. 

26. — Maps  and  plans. 

The  engineer  will  stake  out  all  the  work  for  the  contractor  and  furnish  him,  from 
time  to  time,  with  such  detail  drawings,  plans,  profiles,  and  special  specifications  as 
may  be  necessary  to  enable  him  to  complete  the  work  in  a  satisfactory  manner.  All 
such  plans,  profiles,  maps,  and  drawings  must  be  returned  to  the  engineer  on  com- 
pletion of  the  work. 

27. —  Unpaid  claims. 

The  contractor  shall  pay  all  workmen  employed  on  the  work  punctually,  at  least 
once  a  month,  and  also  pay  regularly  for  all  material  furnished  under  his  contract. 
He  will  furnish  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  with  satisfactory  evidence  that  all  per- 
sons who  have  done  work  or  furnished  material  and  who  shall  have  filed  claims  for 
the  same  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  have  been  fully  paid  or  are  not  entitled 
to  any  lien  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Nevada.  In  case  such  evidence  is  not  fur- 
nished such  amount  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  may  consider  necessary  to  meet 
the  lawful  claims  of  such  persons  shall  be  deducted  from  the  money  due  the  con- 
tractor and  held  until  the  liabilities  shall  have  been  fully  discharged  and  evidence  of 
the  same  furnished  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  ancl  if  such  evidence  is  not  fur- 
nished before  the  final  payment  under  this  contract  falls  due,  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  may  pay  such  claims,  and  charge  the  amount  thus  paid  to  the  contractor, 
who  shall  accept  the  same  as  payment,  to  the  amount  of  the  claims  on  his  contract. 

28. — Failure  to  complete  work  in  time  agreed  upon. 

In  case  the  contractor  should  fail  to  complete  the  work  in  the  time  agreed  upon  in 
the  contract,  or  in  such  extra  time  as  may  have  been  allowed  for  reasonable  delays 


192  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

incident  to  the  work,  the  engineer  shall  compute  and  appraise  the  direct  damages  for 
the  loss  sustained  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  on  account  of  further  employment 
of  engineers,  inspectors,  and  other  employees,  including  all  disbursements  on  the 
engineering  account  properly  chargeable  to  the  work.  The  amount  so  appraised  and 
computed  shall  be  deducted  from  any  money  due  the  contractor  under  his  contract. 
The  decision  of  the  chief  engineer  as  to  the  appraisal  of  such  damages  shall  be  final 
and  binding  on  both  parties. 

29. — Slopes  and  batters. 

Whenever,  in  these  specifications  and  plans,  the  word  "slope"  or  "batter"  is  used 
they  will  be  understood  to  mean  the  ratio  of  horizontal  to  vertical.  Thus  a  slope  of 
three  to  one  would  ^mean  three  horizontal  to  one  vertical,  or  a  batter  of  2  inches  to  1 
foot,  2  inches  horizontal  to  1  foot  vertical. 

30. — Bidders  to  examine  ground  before  bidding. 

Bidders  must  satisfy  themselves  of  the  nature  of  the  material  and  of  all  local  con- 
ditions affecting  the  work,  and  no  information  derived  from  the  maps,  plans,  specifi- 
cations, profiles,  or  drawings,  or  from  the  engineer  or  his  assistants,  will  in  any  way 
relieve  the  contractor  from  all  risks,  or  from  fulfilling  all  the  terms  of  his  contract. 

31. —  Use  and  sale  of  liquor. 

The  use  or  sale  of  intoxicating  liquor  will  be  absolutely  prohibited  on  the  work 
except  under  the  direct  supervision  of  the  contractor  or  his  agent;  and,  if  possible,  such 
arrangements  will  be  made  with  the  local  authorities  as  will  prevent  the  issue  of 
license  to  sell  intoxicating  liquors  to  anyone  else  than  the  contractor,  at  any  point 
within  5  miles  of  the  work  where  liquor  is  not  now  sold. 

82. — General  conditions. 

The  above  general  conditions  shall  apply  to  every  part  of  the  work  to  be  done 
under  these  specifications. 

33. — Grading. 

Under  this  head  will  be  included  clearing  and  grubbing  where  required;  all  exca- 
vations and  embankments  required  for  the  completion  of  the  main  canal  or  any  of  its 
branches,  for  all  temporary  work,  and  for  permanent  dam  at  the  head  works;  all 
excavations  for  ditches  or  drains  necessary  for  cross  drainage;  excavations  for  all 
foundations  for  bridges,  culverts,  or  walls,  and  all  excavations  and  embankments 
for  road  crossings,  where  they  have  been  interfered  with  in  the  construction  of  the 
canal.  All  material  moved  in  grading  shall  be  measured  in  excavation  only,  and  esti- 
mated by  the  cubic  yard  under  the  following  classes.  (Excepted  herefrom  is  the 
excavation  in  water,  at  the  head  works,  which  is  specially  provided  for  in  schedule. ) 

Class  1.  All  material  that  can  be  ploughed  by  an  average  eight-mule  team,  each 
animal  weighing  not  less  than  twelve  hundred  (1,200)  pounds,  attached  to  a  suitable 
ten-inch  breaking  plough;  all  well  handled,  by  at  least  four  men.  Also  all  loose 
material  that  can,  without  ploughing,  be  loaded  into  a  scraper  by  two  men. 

Class  2.  Indurated  material  of  all  kinds,  which  cannot  be  ploughed  as  in  class  1, 
but  which  requires  loosening  by  powder,  and  can  then  be  removed  by  scraper. 

Class  3.  All  detached  masses  of  rock,  more  than  two,  and  less  than  ten  cubic  feet 
in  volume,  and  all  slate  or  other  rocks,  soft  or  loose  enough  to  be  removed  without 
blasting. 

Class  4.  All  rock,  not  included  in  the  above  classes,  which  requires  drilling  and 
blasting. 

The  canal  will  be  excavated  accurately  to  sections  and  forms  similar  to  those  shown 
in  drawing  No.  1,  and  to  the  lines,  grades,  and  slope  stakes,  as  established  every  50  feet 


NEWELL.]  SPECIFICATIONS    FOR    TRUCKEE    CANAL.  193 

by  the  engineer.  The  side  slopes  may  be  varied  to  suit  the  material,  but  in  all  cases 
will  be  staked  out  by  the  engineer.  All  material  taken  from  the  excavation  will  be 
deposited,  when  the  canal  is  on  sloping  ground,  on  the  lower  side  of  the  canal, 
unless  otherwise  directed  by  the  engineer.  When  the  canal  is  on  level  ground,  the 
material  from  the  excavation  will  be  deposited  on  both  sides,  to  form  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  waterway.  If  there  is  an  excess  of  material  in  excavation  on  sloping 
ground,  over  and  above  that  which  is  necessary  to  complete  the  waterway  to  the 
level  given  by  the  engineer,  it  will  be  deposited  on  the  lower  side  of  the  finished 
bank,  and  on  the  same  level  with  the  top  of  the  bank  of  waterway,  and  if  there  is 
an  excess  of  material  in  excavation  on  level,  or  nearly  level  ground,  it  will  be  used 
to  widen  the  banks  on  each  side,  as  may  be  directed.  All  suitable  material  taken 
from  the  excavations  must  be  placed  where  directed  by  the  engineer,  within  a  limit 
of  average  haul  of  600  linear  feet.  All  haul  over  600  linear  feet  will  be  paid  for  at 
the  rate  agreed  upon  in  the  contract.  Wherever  banks  are  made  on  the  side  of  the 
canal,  to  form  part  of  the  waterway,  the  ground  under  such  banks  must  be  entirely 
stripped  of  all  brush  and  vegetable  matter  of  every  kind,  and,  if  necessary,  the  roots 
grubbed  out  and  burned  writh  the  other  material  removed.  All  work  of  this  nature 
shall  be  included  in  the  price  paid  for  excavation.  All  banks,  where  required  for 
forming  part  of  the  waterway,  shall  be  built  in  layers  of  about  1  foot  in  depth,  and 
to  the  elevations  given  by  the  engineer  to  allow  for  settlement.  Where  there  is  not 
sufficient  material  for  banks  inside  the  lines  of  the  canal,  the  engineer  will  designate 
the  place  where  such  material  is  to  be  procured  and  will  measure  and  allow  for  such 
material  in  excavation  only,  with  allowance  for  overhaul,  if  any.  Where  any 
material  suitable  for  use  in  structures,  such  as  sand,  gravel,  or  stone,  is  found  in  the 
excavations,  it  will  be  laid  aside  in  some  convenient  place,  if  so  ordered  by  the 
engineer.  No  extra  allowance  will  be  made  for  this  work,  if  the  material  is  deposited 
within  600  feet  of  the  place  where  it  is  excavated.  All  embankments  at  or  near 
structures  shall  be  made  at  such  times,  in  such  manner,  and  of  such  materials  as  the 
engineer  may  direct.  No  banks  intended  to  hold  water  shall  be  made  in  freezing 
weather. 

The  excavations  and  embankments  shall  be  finished  in  a  careful  and  workmanlike 
manner,  true  to  line  and  grade  as  given  by  the  engineer's  finishing  stakes.  The 
bottom  and  side  slopes  must  be  made  even  and  regular,  fit  for  the  passage  of  water, 
and  any  blasting  in  soft  material  which  would  injure  the  slopes  or  bottom  will  not 
be  permitted.  If  the  slopes  or  bottom  are  shattered  or  broken  up  by  careless  blasting, 
such  soft  places  must  be  excavated  to  firm  material  and  the  holes  thus  made  filled 
up  to  grade  and  line  with  concrete  composed  of  one  part  of  cement  to  three  parts  of 
sand  and  five  parts  of  gravel  or  broken  rock,  all  at  the  expense  of  the  contractor. 
In  hard  material,  where  excavation  is  lined  with  concrete  or  plastered  with  mortar, 
all  such  holes  must  be  filled  up  to  the  neat  line  of  the  back  of  lining,  as  specified,  all 
excess  over  the  specified  thickness  of  lining  being  at  the  contractor's  expense. 

34-—  Puddling. 

Where  the  nature  of  the  material  in  the  banks  is  such  as  to  require  puddling  by 
hand,  the  engineer  will  decide  upon  the  depth  of  puddled  material  required  on  the 
face  of  the  bank  and  stake  out  the  foot  of  the  bank  at  the  proper  distance  from  the 
edge  of  the  excavation,  to  allow  of  the  puddled  material  being  placed  afterward. 
The  excavation  in  all  cases  to  be  made  complete  and  the  material  required  for  puddling 
piled  upon  the  bank  ready  for  use,  when  a  little  \vater  can  be  let  into  the  canal. 

35. — Tunnels. 

There  will  be  at  least  three  tunnels  on  this  work,  one  of  400,  one  of  900,  and  one 
of  1,400  feet  in  length,  approximately.     As  the  material  encountered  is  variable,  three 
methods  of  lining  are  proposed,  as  shown  in  the  cross  sections  on  drawing  No.  1. 
IKR  93—04 13 


194  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

1.  Where  the  material  requires  temporary  timbering  during  excavation  and  perma- 
nent lining  with  concrete  afterwards,  the  timbers  remaining  in  the  concrete. 

2.  Where  the  material  is  of  such  nature  as  to  stand  until  lined,  or  to  allow  of  the 
timbers  being  moved  when  the  lining  of  concrete  is  put  in. 

3.  When  the  material  is  hard  rock,  and  can  be  plastered  with  a  coat  of  cement 
plaster. 

Any  or  all  of  these  methods  may  be  used  in  any  one  tunnel,  or  in  all  of  the  tunnels, 
as  the  varying,  nature  of  the  material  may  require. 

The  object  to  be  attained  is  the  completion  of  a  smoothly  plastered  chamber  of 
concrete,  12  by  13  feet  in  section,  in  all  the  tunnels,  to  be  made  safe  and  secure 
against  falls  or  "caves,"  and  in  order  to  effect  this  object,  the  use  of  any  one  of  these 
methods  may  be  insisted  on  by  the  engineer. 

Any  excess  of  excavation  over  the  neat  lines  of  excavation  as  shown  on  the  draw- 
ings must  be  filled  up  with  timber  or  concrete,  as  the  engineer  may  direct.  All 
caves  or  falls  in  the  roof  or  sides  must  be  supported  by  temporary  timbering  immedi- 
ately after  they  occur,  and  the  engineer  will  positively  not  allow  the  work  to  proceed 
until  such  places  are  made  perfectly  safe  and  secure.  If  more  timber  or  concrete 
than  is  provided  for  in  the  drawings  is  required  to  make  the  work  absolutely  safe 
and  secure,  in  the  opinion  of  the  engineer,  such  extra  material  shall  be  furnished  by 
the  contractor  and  allowed  for  by  the  engineer,  at  the  rate  of  $30  per  thousand  feet, 
board  measure,  of  lumber,  and  $12  per  cubic  yard  of  concrete,  both  measured  in 
place;  but  no  allowance  shall  be  made  for  extra  material  used  in  the  tunnel  unless 
the  engineer  shall  have  previously  given  a  written  order  for  the  use  of  the  same. 
The  frames,  as  shown  in  the  drawings,  are  of  8  by  8  timber  throughout,  and  set  3 
feet  apart  from  center  to  center.  The  lagging  is  of  2  by  6  inch  timber.  The  concrete 
lining  on  sides  and  arch  is  12  inches  thick  between  timber  frames,  and  4  inches" 
thick  inside  of  frames.  The  concrete  lining  on  the  bottom  is  4  inches  thick.  The 
concrete  lining,  where  timbering  is  unnecessary,  is  8  inches  thick  on  an  average,  and 
the  plastering  on  hard  rock  an  average  of  2  inches  thick. 

The  contractor  shall  be  fully  responsible  for  the  safety  and  good  condition  of  the 
tunnels  until  the  completion  of  his  contract  as  a  whole.  None  but  skilled  tunnel 
men  shall  be  employed  as  foremen  or  carpenters,  and  of  this  the  engineer  must  have 
satisfactory  evidence  beforehand.  All  losses  resulting  from  damage  or  injury  to 
person  or  property,  through  carelessness,  neglect,  or  want  of  due  precaution  on  the 
part  of  the  contractor  or  any  of  his  agents  or  employees,  must  be  borne  by  him,  and 
under  no  circumstances  shall  compensation  for  such  losses  be  allowed  to  the  con- 
tractor by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

36 .  — Exp  losii  >es . 

The  use  of  explosives  is  positively  prohibited  in  any  of  the  tunnels,  except  w^here 
hard  rock  occurs,  and  in  that  case  the  blasting  must  be  done  in  such  a  way  as  not  to 
shatter  the  roof  or  sides  unnecessarily. 

37. — Centering. 

The  centering  must  be  strong  and  solidly  braced,  and  conform  to  the  true  outline 
of  the  tunnels  as  shown  on  the  plans.  It  will  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  engi- 
neer, who  may  at  any  time  prohibit  the  use  of  centering  which,  in  his  opinion,  is  not 
strong  enough,  or  which  may  have  deteriorated  from  use,  or  shown  by  actual  trial 
that  it  is  not  fit  for  the  purpose  intended.  The  faces  of  the  boards  used  on  centering, 
for  the  sides  of  the  tunnel,  must  be  surfaced  and  laid  true  to  line  so  as  to  give  a  plane, 
even  surface  of  concrete  for  the  plastering. 


NEWELL.]  SPECIFICATIONS    FOE    TEUCKEE    CANAL.  195 

38. — Plastering. 

When  the  concrete  lining  in  any  of  the  tunnels  is  completed,  and  the  centering 
removed,  the  floor  for  the  full  width  and  the  walls  and  arch  for  a  height  of  13  feet 
above  the  finished  floor,  shall  be  covered  with  a  coat  of  plaster  composed  of  sand, 
cement,  and  lime  paste  in  the  proportion  of  3£  cubic  feet  of  sand  to  1  cubic  foot  of 
loose  cement  and  half  a  cubic  foot  of  lime  paste,  which  has  been  cooled  for  at  least 
twenty-four  hours.  The  average  thickness  of  this  plaster  will  Ue  half  an  inch,  for 
which  due  allowance  will  be  made  in  setting  the  forms  for  the  concrete;  and  it  must 
be  troweled  down  on  floor  and  sides  to  a  perfectly  smooth  and  true  surface.  The 
walls  and  floor  must  be  thoroughly  washed  clean  of  all  loose  or  friable  material  due 
to  contact  with  centering  boards,  and  then  wet  again  to  receive  the  plaster. 

39.— Concrete. 

The  cement  will  be  furnished  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  The  concrete  to 
be  used  on  all  the  structures  and  tunnels  on  this  canal  will  be  composed  of  Portland 
cement,  sand,  and  gravel  or  broken  stone,  in  the  proportion  of  1  barrel  of  cement, 
in  the  packed  condition  in  which  it  is  sold,  to  7  full  barrels  of  the  same  size  of  the 
aggregates  when  mixed  together.  To  facilitate  the  work  experiments  will  be  made 
by  the  contractor  with  the  carriers,  whether  wheelbarrows,  boxes,  or  cars,  used  by 
him,  so  that  this  proportion  of  cement  to  aggregates  may  be  maintained  as  nearly  as 
possible,  and  the  engineer  will  supervise  these  experiments  and  fix  said  proportion 
for  the  kind  of  carrier  used  at  each  piece  of  work.  He  will  also  make  experiments 
with  the  aggregates  themselves  so  as  to  get  the  most  compact  mass  that  can  be  made 
from  them,  and  for  such  experiments  no  extra  allowance  will  be  made  to  the  con- 
tractor. If  the  cement  comes  in  sacks,  then  380  pounds  net  of  cement  will  constitute 
a  barrel,  and  any  ordinary  cement  barrel  open  at  one  end,  containing  not  more  than 
3.7  cubic  feet,  will  be  used  for  measuring  the  aggregates.  If  broken  stone  is  used,  it 
must  be  hard  and  compact  and  satisfactory  to  the  engineer.  The  entire  product  of 
the  crusher  will  be  taken,  provided  there  is  not  more  than  10  per  cent  of  the  volume 
composed  of  dust  or  screenings.  All  of  the  rock  must  be  of  such  sizes  as  will  pass 
through  a  screen  with  2-inch  square  mesh.  If  gravel  is  used,  it  must  be  clean,  hard, 
and  heavy,  having  at  least  a  specific  gravity  of  2,  and  screened  into  three  different 
sizes.  None  of  the  gravel  is  to  exceed  2  inches  in  diameter.  The  mixture  of  such 
sizes  will  be  made  in  the  proportion  fixed  by  the  engineer.  A  promiscuous  mixture 
of  sand  and  gravel  will  not  be  accepted.  The  sand  must  be  clean  and  sharp  and  free 
from  any  clayey  matter. 

The  mixing  of  the  concrete,  if  hand  labor  is  used,  will  be  done  in  the  following 
manner:  A  tight  floor  of  either  planks  or  sheet  iron  will  be  used  for  the  mixing  in  all 
cases.  The  sand,  which  must  be  dry,  will  first  be  piled  on  the  floor  with  the  cement, 
in  the  proper  proportions;  the  mass  will  then  be  shoveled  over  as  many  times  as  are 
necessary  to  make  a  thorough  mixture  of  sand  and  cement;  sufficient  water  will  then 
be  added  to  make  a  stiff  mortar,  and  the  mass  shoveled  over  twice  or  more,  as  may 
be  necessary.  The  stone  or  gravel,  which  should  be  well  wet,  will  then  be  added, 
and  the  entire  mass  shoveled  over  twice  or  more  before  shoveling  into  the  carriers. 
This  mixing  must  be  done  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  inspector.  If  the  mixing  is  done 
by  machine,  the  latter  will  be  subject  to  approval  by  the  engineer.  If  at  any  time 
the  machine  fails  to  perform  the  mixing  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  the  engineer,  it 
must  be  made  satisfactory  or  removed  and  another  machine  substituted,  or  mixing 
by  hand  be  resorted  to. 

The  water  used  for  mixing  must  be  clean  and  free  from  vegetable  matter.  The 
amount  of  water  used,  both  in  the  mixing  and  in  seasoning  the  concrete  after  it  is 
placed  in  the  work,  must  be  satisfactory  to  the  engineer. 


196  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

The  cement  will  be  delivered  to  the  contractor  on  board  the  cars  at  the  nearest 
station  to  the  work.  The  contractor  will  be  responsible  for  demurrage  to  the  railroad 
company,  and  will  haul  the  cement  from  the  depot  to  the  work.  He  will  furnish 
suitable  warehouses  or  sheds  for  storing  the  same  until  used,  and  will  be  held 
responsible  for  any  loss  of  cement  after  its  delivery  at  the  railroad  station.  The  con- 
tractor must  give  the  engineer  at  least  thirty  days'  notice  as  to  when  and  where  he 
wants  the  cement  delivered,  and  will  state  the  amount  required,  which  must  be 
expressed  in  even  carloads. 

In  all  concrete  walls  over  2  feet  thick  hard  bowlders  or  fragments  of  hard,  sound 
rock  not  exceeding  1  foot  or  less  than  6  inches  in  any  dimension  may  be  placed  by 
hand  in  the  soft  concrete,  provided  no  such  stone  comes  nearer  than  6  inches  to  the 
exterior  surface  of  the  wall  or  to  any  other  bowlder  or  stone  so  placed.  Under  no 
circumstances  is  concrete  to  be  laid  in  water  or  in  a  muddy  foundation,  and  it  must 
always  be  mixed  and  laid  in  the  presence  of  an  inspector  and  to  his  satisfaction.  All 
concrete  must  be  placed  in  the  work  as  soon  as  possible  after  being  mixed,  and  any 
portion  of  a  batch  which  may  remain  in  the  place  of  mixing  longer  than  the  time 
required  by  the  cement  for  initial  set  must  not  be  remixed  or  placed  in  the  work. 
All  concrete  shall  be  well  tamped  if  put  in  dry,  with  heavy  tamping  bars,  till  moisture 
appears  on  the  surface;  and  if  wet,  with  suitable  bars  and  shovels,  so  that  porosity  and 
rough  surfaces  may  be  avoided.  Whether  concrete  will  be  used  "wet"  or  "dry" 
will  depend  to  a  great  extent  on  the  nature  of  the  cement,  and  this  can  be  determined 
by  experiment  before  work  is  commenced. 

The  wooden  forms  for  concrete  must  be  surfaced  on  the  insides,  so  that  all  concrete 
structures  may  be  smooth  and  true  on  their  exposed  surfaces  when  finished.  If  nec- 
essary, special  flat  shovels  shall  be  furnished  and  used  by  the  contractor  to  effect  this 
purpose. 

40. — Headworks. 

The  excavation  and  embankment  involved  in  the  temporary  work  necessary  to 
divert  the  river  during  the  construction  of  the  head  works  and  the  embankment  for 
the  permanent  dam,  will  be  paid  for  at  the  unit  prices  mentioned  in  the  contract. 
The  price  bid  on  lumber  for  lining  temporary  channel  will  include  all  labor  of  laying 
and  calking.  As  soon  as  the  river  is  diverted,  as  shown  on  drawing  No.  8,  the  exca- 
vation for  the  foundation  of  the  headworks  may  proceed.  A  line  of  sheet  piling,  as 
shown  on  drawing  No.  8,  located  about  2  feet  from  upper  line  of  foundation,  will  be 
driven  when  the  trench  is  excavated  to  the  depth  shown  on  said  drawing.  If  it  is 
found  impossible  to  drive  the  sheet  piling  to  the  full  depth  required,  it  will.be  allowed 
to  project  into  the  concrete,  but  every  effort  shall  be  made  to  drive  the  piling  so  that 
not  more  than  1  foot  of  the  piles  may  project  into  the  concrete.  No  piling  is  to 
be  driven  deeper  than  this  unless  by  written  order  of  the  engineer  for  extra  piling, 
for  which  due  allowance  will  be  made  to  the  contractor. 

On  the  first  layer  of  concrete,  which  shall  be  about  9  inches  thick,  in  the  founda- 
tion there  shall  be  laid  across  stream  seven  lines,  each  150  feet  long,  at  equal  inter- 
vals, of  railroad  iron,  weighing  not  less  than  50  pounds  per  yard,  then  a  layer  of 
concrete,  which  shall  be  well  tamped  around  and  level  with  the  top  of  these  rails. 
On  the  surface  thus  made  shall  be  laid  downstream  31  lines,  each  30  feet  long,  of  the 
same  kind  of  rails,  and  then  a  layer  of  concrete  around  and  level  with  the  top  of 
these  rails.  Between  the  rails  will  be  laid,  by  hand,  in  the  soft  concrete,  bowlders 
or  large  fragments  of  hard  rock,  as  specified  under  the  head  of  "concrete,"  to  act  as 
binders  between  the  finished  layers,  and  such  bowlders  or  large  fragments  of  hard 
rock  will  be  required  on  the  surface  of  each  layer  of  concrete  in  the  headworks,  which 
is  left  to  set  before  another  layer  is  laid  down.  The  layers  of  concrete  should  be  not 
less  than  9  inches  nor  more  than  1  foot  in  depth. 


NEWELL.]  SPECIFICATIONS    FOR    TRUCKEE    CANAL.  197 

On  the  downstream  side  of  the  foundation  the  old  channel  of  the  river  will  be 
excavated,  if  necessary,  and  filled  with  large  rocks,  paved  on  the  surface,  for  a  distance 
of  20  feet  downstream  and  the  full  width  of  the  river  bed,  as  shown  on  drawing  No.  7. 

41.— Timber. 

All  timber  must  be  of  good  quality,  free  from  sap,  shakes,  loose  or  rotten  knots,  or 
other  defects  that  would  impair  its  strength  or  durability. 

42.^- Cast  iron. 

The  cast  iron  should  be  of  best  quality  of  soft  gray  iron,  free  from  cinders,  blow- 
holes or  other  imperfections,  and  castings  must  be  true  to  shape  and  dimensions,  as 
shown  on  drawings.  No  plugging  of  holes  will  be  allowed. 

43. — Structures  on  line  of  canal. 

All  the  structures  on  the  line  of  the  canal  will  be  subject  to  these  specifications, 
and  where  necessary  special  plans  and  specifications  will  be  furnished  by  the  engineer 
to  the  contractor. 

44. — Highway  bridge. 

The  bridge  will  consist  of  one  60-foot  Pratt  truss  combination  span  with  concrete 
abutments  and  of  the  dimensions  shown  on  drawing  No.  9. 

The  steel  used  in  the  bridge  shall  be  open-hearth,  with  an  ultimate  tensile  strength 
of  at  least  60,000  pounds  per  square  inch.  The  chord  links  and  main  ties  shall  be  die 
forged  without  welds,  and  of  dimensions  shown.  The  beam  hangers  shall  be  yoke 
shaped  and  bent  around  pin,  one  at  each  end  of  floor  beam;  pins  to  be  turned  to 
a  perfect  size  and  one-thirty-second  of  an  inch  less  than  the  holes  in  chord  bars  and 
ties.  The  cast  iron  and  timber  should  be  in  accordance  with  general  specifications. 

45. — Workmanship. 

All  workmanship  shall  be  first  class,  and  no  bars  of  steel  having  an  error  of  over 
one-sixty-fourth  of  an  inch  in  length  between  pinholes  shall  be  accepted. 

46. — Chamber. 

The  bridge  shall  have  a  chamber  of  2  inches  in  center,  and  the  framing  of  the 
timber  must  be  done  by  an  experienced  bridge  carpenter. 

47.—  Paint. 

All  iron  and  steel  is  to  have  one  good  coat  of  metallic  paint  before  leaving  the 
factory,  and  the  whole  structure,  except  flooring  and  joists,  is  to  have  two  good  coats 
of  paint  composed  of  linseed  oil  and  white  lead. 

The  bridge  must  be  built  and  completed  according  to  plans  and  specifications,  and 
to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  the  engineer. 


198 


FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE. 

8 


[NO.  93. 


d 
- 


A. 

n  & 


C 
W 


fic  Con 
ruction 
Co. 


Atlantic, 
Gulf  and 
Pacific  Co. 


8g8S88S888SS 


<M         O  r-H 


888S88S8888S 


'  eg  i-?.  *  o 

^ 


8S8S888S88S3 


gggggogoogoo 


*  rH  O      "  O  rH      "  O 


gggggggOgOgO    £,0< 


II 


. 
§1!§! 


8  IsS-gSTS 

03  3-D-Q-Q'S  3 

fl  0^3  S-S  ° 

a1  ^  «  «  o  P  D, 


cico 


3-8  o  ^r  o  08  ^t-  8  ®.     8  o  p'd 


•     •  VH 


:.Seo 


iri! 


• 


- 


I 


W  0  cc  0  0,  f*4  co 


NEWELL.] 


SCHEDULE    OF    WORK    FOR    TRUCKEE    PROJECT. 


199 


E.  B.  &  A.  L. 
Stone  Co. 

§§£8§SS 

8388    888 

IN" 

O  O  iO  O  O  C^l 

H  18  F-  o  O  o 

O                rH  O 

8 
1 

S 

S3 
8 

g; 

a  Based  on  3,000  cubic  yards  of  concrete,  which  is  the  correct  amount.  Therefore,  subtract  27,000  (unit  price  for  concrete)  from  Warren  &  Go's,  and  from  E.  B-  &  A.  L. 
Stone  Company's  total  in  order  to  make  the  bids  comparable.  vN 

Chas.  A. 
Warren  & 
Co. 

S83SBSS88S88    £°.8 

£        .     "°      S7"1      ^^      coco0! 

1 

op    ^ooo 

8 

Pacific  Con- 
struction 
Co. 

SSSSSSSSSSS    888 

§ 

B 

-^  iO  iC  >C  O  CO 
OJ  iO  iC  (M  OO 

8 

8 

rH 

Atlantic, 
Gulf  and 
Pacific  Co. 

co^S§8o88o8S    888 

•fi 
8 

rsf 

288,  500.  00 

8 
& 

0 

'." 

•3' 

-0    ..... 

to  :  • 

-rj    :    :    : 

lijjjj 

3|j 

«2  • 
o    °3r2f2 

3  .  i    •    • 

Oil! 

100  feet  .  . 

Amount. 

),  000  cubic  yard 
000  cubic  yards 
000  cubic  yards 
000  cubic  yards 
000  cubic  yards 
000  pounds  

i 

12    **  "  ! 

DIVISION  3. 

..  800,000  cubic  yards 
..  20,000  cubic  yards. 
..  20,000  cubic  yards. 
..  10,000  cubic  yards. 

.  .  Cubic  yards  

SS38SSS 

o'°,  -   ~     ""-So 

CO  iO  CO  rH       T-I  «O  --O 

Character  of  work. 

:  :  :  : 

.... 

t 

:       §  %  I'H, 

o. 
d 

Excavation,  class  1  
Excavation,  class  2  
Excavation,  class  3  
Excavation,  class  4  .  .*  

Highway  bridge,  complete,  with  concrete  piers 
Overhaul,  20,000  cubic  yards,  500  feet  

Total  for  Division  3  ... 

1 

p 
G 

°'rt  •  a 

1 

8 

Excavation,  class  1  
Excavation,  class  2  
Excavation,  class  3  
Excavation,  class  4  
Concrete  
Gates  and  guides  complete,  in  pla 
Pedestals  and  screw  stems,  compl 
Flash  boards  as  above  
Steel  channels  for  pedestal  suppoi 
Lumber  for  foot  planks  
Puddling 

Tunnels,  400  feet,  900  feet,  and  1,4 
First  method  
Second  method  ,  
Third  method  

Total  for  Division  2  

200  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  INO.  93. 

CONTRACTS 

THIS  AGREEMENT,  made  and  entered  into  this  third  day  of  September,  one  thou- 
sand nine  hundred  and  three,  by  and  between  the  United  States  of  America,  acting 
in  this  behalf  by  E.  A.  Hitchcock,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  party  of  the  first  part, 
and  C.  A.  Warren  and  Company,  a  corporation  duly  organized  and  existing  in  the 
State  of  California,  party  of  the  second  part,  its  successors  and  assigns; 

WITNESSETH:  That  the  said  parties  have  covenanted  and  agreed,  and  by  these  pres- 
ents do  covenant  and  agree,  to  and  with  each  other  as  follows : 

ARTICLE  1.  That  the  said  C.  A.  Warren  and  Company  shall  construct  and  com- 
plete divisions  1  and  2  of  the  main  canal  and  structures  of  the  Truckee  project  in 
Nevada,  division  1  being  approximately  6  miles  from  the  headworks  of  said  canal, 
and  division  2  being  a  section  of  7  miles,  approximately,  in  continuation  of  division 
1,  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  attached  advertisement,  proposal,  and  specifi- 
cations, the  same  being  made  a  part  of  this  contract. 

ARTICLE  2.  The  work  herein  provided  for  shall  be  commenced  within  thirty  days 
from  the  date  of  the  signing  of  this  contract,  and  shall  be  completed,  in  full  compli- 
ance with  all  the  conditions  and  stipulations  hereof,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior,  within  fourteen  (14)  months  from  said  date. 

ARTICLE  3.  The  contractor  agrees  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  the  acts  of  Con- 
gress approved  August  1,  1892  (Stat.  L.,  vol.  27,  p.  340),  and  June  17,  1902  (Stat.  L., 
vol.  32,  p.  388),  concerning  the  limitation  of  a  day's  labor  to  eight  hours;  and  of  the 
acts  of  February  26,  1885,  and  February  23,  1887  (Stat.  L.,  vol.  23,  p.  332,  and  p. 
414)  concerning  the  importation  of  foreigners  or  aliens  under  contract  or  agreement 
to  perform  labor  in  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE  4.  The  contractors  agree  to  save,  keep,  bear  harmless,  and  fully  indemnify 
the  United  States  and  any  of  its  officers  or  agents  from  all  damages  or  claims  for 
damages,  'costs,  or  expenses  in  law  or  equity  that  may  at  any  time  arise  or  be  set  up 
for  any  infringement  of  the  patent  rights  of  any  person  or  persons  in  consequence  of 
use  by  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  or  by  any  of  its  officers  or  agents,  of  articles 
supplied  under  this  proposal,  and  of  which  the  contractor  is  not  the  patentee  or 
assignee  or  lawfully  entitled  to  sell  the  same. 

ARTICLE  5.  Should  any  question  arise,  at  any  time  during  the  progress  of  the  work, 
as  to  whether  or  not  the  contractor  is  properly  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this 
contract  in  their  true  intent  and  meaning,  or  should  the  contractor  fail  to  prosecute 
the  work  in  such  manner  as  to  insure  its  completion  within  the  time  limit,  notice 
thereof  shall  be  served  upon  him,  and  upon  his  neglect  or  refusal  to  provide  means 
for  a  more  energetic  and  satisfactory  prosecution  of  the  work  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  shall  have  the  power  to  suspend  the  operation  of  the  contract  and  employ 
other  parties  to  complete  the  work  at  the  contractor's  expense,  and  any  excess  of 
cost  arising  therefrom  over  and  above  the  contract  price  will  be  charged  against  the 
contractor  and  his  sureties,  who  will  be  held  liable  therefor.  If,  by  circumstances 
beyond  the  control  of  the  contractor,  and  through  no  fault  of  his,  he  be  prevented 
from  completing  the  work  within  the  specified  time,  such  additional  time  may  be 
allowed  in  writing,  upon  application  therefor,  as  in  the  judgment  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Interior  may  be  deemed  just  and  reasonable. 

ARTICLE  6.  It  is  agreed  that  paragraph  27  of  the  specifications  entitled  "Unpaid 
claims,"  shall  not  apply  to  this  contract,  but  in  lieu  thereof  the  contractor  agrees  to 
make  promptly  all  payments  to  parties  furnishing  him  with  labor  and  material  in 
the  prosecution  of  the  work,  and  that  in  pursuance  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved 
August  13,  1894  (Stat.  L.,  vol.  28,  p.  278),  the  bond  executed  in  connection  herewith 
shall  contain  a  condition  to  that  effect. 

ARTICLE  7.  If  at  any  time  during  the  continuance  of  the  contract,  the  sureties  or 
either  of  them  shall  die  or  become  irresponsible,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall 

a  A  general  form  of  contract  is  given  on  pp.  110-112. 


NEWELL.]  CONTRACT    FOE    TRUCKEE    PROJECT.  201 

have  the  right  to  acquire  additional  and  sufficient  sureties,  which  the  contractor 
shall  furnish  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  within  ten  days 
after  notice,  and  in  default  thereof  the  contract  may  be  annulled. 

ARTICLE  8.  That  for  and  in  consideration  of  the  faithful  performance  of  the  stipu- 
lations of  this  contract,  the  party  of  the  second  part  shall  be  paid  by  the  disbursing 
officer  of  the  reclamation  service,  on  the  presentation  of  proper  receipts  or  vouchers 
in  duplicate  duly  approved  by  the  chief  engineer  upon  the  terms  and  conditions  of 
this  contract.- 

ARTICLE  9.  That  in  case  of  the  failure  of  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  to  com- 
ply with  the  stipulations  of  this  contract  according  to  the  true  intent  and  meaning 
thereof,  then  the  party  of  the  first  part  shall  have  the  power  to  suspend  said  con- 
tract and  complete  the  work  at  the  contractor's  expense,  and  any  excess  of  cost 
arising  therefrom  over  and  above  the  contract  price  will  be  charged  against  the 
contractor  and  his  sureties,  who  will  be  held  liable  therefor.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  alone  shall  determine  what  constitutes  a  failure  or  default  hereunder,  and 
such  decision  as  he  may  reach  in  the  matter  will  be  final  and  conclusive. 

ARTICLE  10.  It  is  understood  and  agreed  that  the  quantities  of  material  and  the 
classifications  thereof  in  the  specifications  are  approximate,  and  that  payment  shall 
be  made  for  the  actual  quantities  and  classifications,  whether  more  or  less  than 
those  scheduled  in  the  specifications.  Any  changes  made  in  the  details  of  the  work 
shall  be  paid  for  at  the  unit  prices  of  the  proposal. 

ARTICLE  11.  The  contractor  agrees  to  furnish  to  the  engineer  such  information  as 
shall  afford  an  accurate  account  of  the  number  of  men  employed,  their  pay,  and  the 
time  during  which  they  worked  on  the  various  classes  of  construction. 
.  ARTICLE  12.  It  is  further  understood  and  agreed  that  the  corrections  of  typograph- 
ical errors  in  paragraphs  8,  19,  28,  and  36  of  the  specifications,  as  marked  in  the  mar- 
gins thereof,  are  accepted  by  both  parties  hereto. 

ARTICLE  13.  That  it' is  expressly  understood  by  the  party  of  the  second  part  that, 
in  conformity  to  the  requirements  of  section  3737  of  the  Revised  Statutes,  neither 
this  contract  nor  any  interest  therein  shall  be  transferred  to  any  other  party  or 
parties,  and  that  any  such  transfer  shall  cause  the  annulment  of  the  contract  so  far 
as  the  United  States  are  concerned;  all  rights  of  action,  however,  for  any  breach  of 
this  contract  by  the  contracting  parties  being  reserved  to  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE  14.  That  it  is  further  expressly  agreed  and  understood  that  no  member  of 
or  delegate  to  Congress,  officer,  agent,  or  employee  of  the  Government  is  or  shall  be 
admitted  to  any  share  or  part  in  this  contract,  or  to  any  benefits  which  may  arise 
therefrom,  and  the  provisions  of  sections  3739,  3740,  and  3741  of  the  Revised  Statutes 
of  the  United  States,  relating  to  contracts,  enter  into  and  form  a  part  of  this  agree- 
ment so  far  as  the  same  may  be  applicable. 

IN  WITNESS  WHEREOF,  the  undersigned  have  hereunto  subscribed  their  names  and 
affixed  their  seals  the  day  and  date  first  above  written. 

E.  A.  HITCHCOCK,     [SEAL.] 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  for  and  on  behalf  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  Party  of  the  First  Part. 

C.  H.  WARREN  AND  COMPANY, 
By  A.  E.  BUCKMAN,  Vice- President, 
A.  J.  RAISCH,  Secretary,     [SEAL.] 

Party  of  the  Second  Part. 

Two  witnesses  to  each  signature: 


P.  0.  address, 

PAUL  M.  NEPPERT, 

P.  0.  address,  San  Francisco. 

A.  HAMMOND, 

P.  0.  address,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 


202  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

CEMENT  FOR  TRUCKEE  CANAL. 

In  the  foregoing  contract  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  agrees  to 
furnish  the  necessary  cement.  To  procure  this,  advertisements  were 
duly  inserted  in  the  usual  papers  calling  for  bids  to  be  opened  on  Sep- 
tember 25, 1903.  The  advertisement  and  specifications  are  as  follows: 

ADVERTISEMENT   FOR  BIDS. 

Sealed  proposals,  in  duplicate,  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey  at  Reno,  Nev.,  until  2  o'clock  p.  m.,  September  25,  1903,  and 
there  publicly  opened,  for  furnishing  about  30,000  barrels  of  Portland  cement  for  use 
in  the  construction  of  the  Lower  Truckee  canal,  and  to  be  delivered  f.  o.  b.  at  sta- 
tions between  Clarks,  Nev.,  and  Massey,  Nev.  Specifications  and  full  information 
can  be  obtained  from  L.  H.  Taylor,  resident  engineer,  Reno,  Nev. 

Each  bid  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certified  check,  made  payable  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior,  for  3  per  cent  of  the  amount  of  the  bid,  as  a  guaranty  that  the  bidder 
will  enter  into  a  written  contract  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  within  ten  days 
after  the  award  is  made,  and  furnish  bond  in  the  sum  of  50  per  cent  of  the  contract 
price  for  the  faithful  performance  of  the  contract. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  reserves  the  right  to  reject  any  and  all  bids. 

Bidders  are  invited  to  be  present  at  the  opening  of  bids.  Proposals  should  be 
addressed  to  L.  H.  Taylor,  resident  engineer,  United  States  Geological  Survey, 
Reno,  Nev. ,  and  indorsed  on  envelope,  ' '  Proposals  for  furnishing  cement. ' ' 

CEMENT   SPECIFICATIONS. 

[Prepared  by  E.  Duryee.] 

1.  Kind  of  cement  required. — The  cement  shall  be  a  Portland  cement.     By  the  term 
Portland  cement  is  to  be  understood  the  material  obtained  by  finely  pulverizing 
clinker  produced  by  burning  to  semifusion  an  intimate  artificial  mixture  of  finely 
ground  calcareous  and  argillaceous  materials,  this  mixture  consisting  approximately 
of  three  parts  of  lime  carbonate  to  one  part  of  silica,  alumina,  and  iron. 

2.  Bidders  and  brands. — Tenders  shall  be  received  only  from  manufacturers  or  their 
authorized  agents,  and  the  name  of  the  brand  offered  shall  in  all  cases  be  stated  in 
the  bid. 

3.  Weight. — The  average  weight  per  barrel  shall  not  be  less  than  375  pounds  net. 
Four  sacks  shall  contain  1  barrel  of  cement.     If  the  weight,  as  determined  by  test 
weighings,  is  found  to  be  below  375  pounds   per  barrel,  the  contractor  may  be 
required  to  supply,  free  of  cost  to  the  United  States,  an  additional  amount  of  cement 
equal  to  the  shortage. 

4.  Packages. — If  the  cement  is  delivered  in  barrels,  the  barrels  shall  be  strong  and 
lined  with  paper,  and  the  cement  shall  be  free  from  lumps.     Any  package  broken  or 
containing  damaged  cement  may  be  rejected  by  the  United  States  agent  in  local 
charge. 

5.  Samples  for  testing. — Samples  of  cement  are  to  be  taken  from  the  interior  of  the 
barrels  or  sacks  with  a  suitable  instrument.     Samples  are  to  be  taken  from  every 
tenth  barrel;  they  are  to  be  numbered,  and  the  packages  from  which  they  are  taken 
are  to  be  sealed  and  the  numbers  attached  for  future  identification.     The  quantities 
taken  are  to  be  kept  separate  and  tested  separately. 

6.  Aeration  and  testing. — No  cement  shall  be  shipped  until  at  least  sixty  days  after 
its  manufacture,  and  a  longer  period  may  be  required  by  the  Government  engineer. 
The  engineer  shall  give  notice  in  writing  to  the  contractor  of  the  approximate  amounts 
required  for  cement  shipments  and  of  dates  for  sampling.     The  contractor  shall  keep 


NEWELL.]  CEMENT    SPECIFICATIONS.  203 

in  storage,  in  sacks  or  barrels,  free  of  expense  to  the  JJnited  States,  for  sampling  and 
testing  during  a  period  of  twenty-eight  days,  such  stocks  of  cement  as  the  engineer 
shall  require. 

7.  Factory  inspection. — The  cement  expert  of  the  Government,  or  his  authorized 
agent,  shall  at  all  times  have  liberty  to  inspect  the  materials,  process  of  manufacture, 
and  daily  laboratory  records  of  analyses  and  tests  at  the  cement  works.     Whenever 
possible,  unsatisfactory  cement  shall  be  rejected  before  shipment  from  the  cement 
works. 

8.  Chemical  composition. — The  cement  must  be  a  Portland  cement  of  regular  and 
normal  composition.     It  must  contain  at  least  1.7  times  as  much  lime  as  silica,  alumina, 
and  iron  oxide  together.     The  presence  of  over  3  per  cent  of  magnesia,  or  2  per  cent 
of  sulphuric  anhydride,  shall  be  considered  sufficient  ground  for  the  rejection  of  the 
cement.     Adulteration  of  the  cement  by  the  addition  of  any  material  to  the  cement 
after  burning,  with  the  exception  of  not  over  2J  per  cent  of  gypsum  or  plaster,  will 
cause  its  rejection.     The  question  of  such  adulteration  may  be  determined  either  by 
chemical  analyses  or  by  inspection  of  the  process  at  the  factory. 

9.  Fineness. — Ninety-five  per  cent,  by  weight,  must  pass  through  a  No.  100  sieve 
having  10,000  meshes  per  square  inch,  the  wire  to  be  No.  40  Stubb's  wire  gauge,  and 
75  per  cent  by  weight  must  pass  through  a  No.  200  sieve  having  40,000  meshes  per 
square  inch,  the  wire  to  be  No.  48  Stubb's  wire  gauge. 

Specific  gravity. — The  specific  gravity  of  the  cement  shall  not  be  less  than  3. 

10.  Soundness. — Pats  are  to  be  made  of  neat  mortar  of  normal  consistency,  as  deter- 
mined by  the  Vicat  needle.     The  pats  are  to  be  molded  on  glass  plates.     They  are 
to  be  circular  in  shape,  3  inches  in  diameter,  one-half  inch  thick  in  the  center,  and 
drawn  to  a  thin  edge  at  their  circumferences.     The  pats  are  to  be  kept  under  a  wet 
cloth  until  finally  set.     One  pat  is  then  to  be  put  in  water,  which  will  be  raised  to  the 
boiling  point  for  six  hours.     If  the  pat  softens,  cracks,  or  disintegrates,  the  cement 
is  unsound. 

11.  Time  of  setting. — The  cement  shall  not  acquire  its  initial  set  in  less  than  forty- 
five  minutes,  and  must  acquire  its  final  set  within  twelve  hours.     The  pats  made  to 
test  the  soundness  may  be  used  to  determine  the  time  of  setting.     The  cement  is 
considered  to  have  acquired  its  initial  set  when  the  pat  will  bear,  without  being  appre- 
ciably indented,  a  wire  one-twelfth  inch  in  diameter  loaded  to  weigh  one-fourth 
pound,  or  when  the  1-pound  Gilmore  needle  fails  to  penetrate  completely  through 
the  pat.     The  final  set  has  been  acquired  when  the  pat  will  bear,  without  being 
appreciably  indented,  the  1-pound  Gilmore  needle. 

Making  briquettes. — In  making  briquettes,  neat  cement  mortar  of  normal  consistency, 
as  determined  by  the  Vicat  needle,  will  be  used.  The  mortar  will  be  thoroughly 
mixed  with  a  trowel  and  kneaded  into  molds  with  the  thumbs,  a  blqnt  stick,  or  a 
plunger.  Six  briquettes  will  be  made  from  each  sample.  In  making  sand  briquettes 
the  proportions  shall  be  one  part  by  weight  of  cement  to  three  parts  of  standard 
crushed  quartz  sand  and  about  half  as  much  water  as  is  used  for  neat  briquettes. 
Six  briquettes  will  be  made  from  each  sample. 

12.  Tensile  strength. — The  neat  briquettes,  prepared  as  specified  above,  shall  stand 

a  minimum  tensile  strain  per  square  inch  without  breaking  as  follows: 

Pounds. 

For  one  day  in  air  and  six  days  in  water 450 

For  oneway  in  air  and  twenty-seven  days  in  water  .> 550 

The  sand  mortar  briquettes,  prepared  as  specified  above,  shall  stand  a  minimum 

strain  per  square  inch,  without  breaking,  as  follows: 

Pounds. 

After  one  day  in  air  and  six  days  in  water 175 

After  one  day  in  air  and  twenty-seven  days  in  water 225 

The  above  are  to  be  considered  the  minimum  requirements.  The  tests  of  the  neat 
cement  briquettes  are  to  be  considered  of  less  value  than  the  tests  of  those  made  of 


204  FTEST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

sand  and  cement.  The  twenty-eight-day  tests  must  always  be  higher  than  the  seven- 
day  tests. 

A  cement  that  fails  to  meet  any  one  of  the  above  requirements  may  be  rejected. 

13.  Bags. — If  the  cement  is  delivered  in  bags,  the  empty  bags  shall  be  returned  to 
the  contractor's  agent  at  some  railroad  point  convenient  to  the  works  of  the  Truckee 
project,  and  the  sum  of  10  cents  shall  be  paid  to  the  contractor  for  each  bag  not 
returned  in  serviceable  condition,  it  being  understood  that  all  bags  not  torn  nor  with 
holes  in  them  shall  be  considered  serviceable. 

INVESTIGATIONS  IN  PECOS  VAZ.L.EY. 

By  W.  M.  REED. 

It  has  been  publicly  stated  that  irrigation  in  New  Mexico  is  on  the 
decline.  This  may  be  true  for  the  Rio  Grande  Valley,  but  there  is  a 
section  in  the  southeastern  part  of  New  Mexico,  well  known  over  the 
continent  as  the  Pecos  Valley,  where  the  opposite  condition  exists.  It 
is  of  this  region  that  I  wish  to  speak  a  few  words. 

This  section  has  passed  through  the  various  stages  of  development 
common  to  many  Western  districts.  First  known  as  a  portion  of  the 
great  American  desert,  then  as  the  home  of  the  buffalo,  next  as  the 
disputed  territo^  and  battleground  of  the  Comanche  and  Apache,  and 
later  as  the  El  Dorado  of  the  cattleman,  it  is  now  the  home  of  the 
advanced  and  prosperous  American  citizen.  The  Forty-niner,  in  his 
mad  rush  for  gold,  passed  through  one  section  of  this  valley,  over  the 
Butterfield  trail,  without  even  dreaming  that  here  was  to  arise  an 
empire  rivaling  in  wealth  the  gold  fields  of  the  Farther  West. 

It  was  left  for  citizens  of  Utah  first  to  discover  the  possibilities  of 
its  wealth  and  to  begin  its  development  by  the  construction  of  small 
canals  and  the  production  of  crops  by  means  of  irrigation.  The  very 
beginning  was  marked  by  success,  for  although  many  minor  failures 
were  made,  as  is  the  case  in  almost  every  new  country,  the  high  prices 
paid  for  agricultural  products  by  the  cattlemen  made  it  possible  for 
the  farmer  to  continue  his  experiments  until  he  thoroughly  understood 
the  conditions  and  was  able  to  obtain  most  wonderful  yields  and  to 
reap  large  financial  returns. 

In  a  comparatively  few  years  the  normal  summer  flow  of  the  rivers 
had  been  appropriated,  and  further  progress,  except  by  more  intense  cul- 
tivation, was  practically  at  an  end.  About  this  time  a  leader  came  out 
of  the  wilderness,  a  keen,  alert  cattleman,  who  saw  the  possibilities  of 
storage  of  the  flood  waters.  A  great  irrigation  system  was  planned, 
and  most  of  the  original  projects  have  been  finished.  There  are  now, 
as  a  part  of  this  system,  two  large  reservoirs  for  impounding  storm 
waters.  One  has  a  maximum  height  of  48  feet  and  a  length  of  1,380 
feet,  submerges  an  area  of  1,980  acres,  and  has  a  storage  capacity  of 
6,300  acre-feet.  The  other  has  a  maximum  height  of  52  feet  and  a 
length  of  1,686  feet,  submerges  an  areu  of  8,331  acres,  and  has  a  storage 
capacity  of  83,000  acre-feet. 


NEWELL.]  THE    PECOS    VALLEY.  205 

These  dams  are  of  the  rock-fill  earth-apron  type,  and,  barring  an 
accident  in  1893,  due  to  lack  of  spillway  facilities,  have  proved  to  be 
perfectly  safe  and  satisfactory. 

There  are  60  miles  of  main  canals  and  hundreds  of  miles  of  laterals 
supplied  from  these  reservoirs.  One  of  these  canals  crosses  Pecos 
River.  This  crossing  was  made  by  means  of  a  timber  flume,  but  dur- 
ing the  last-  year  this  was  replaced  by  a  modern  arched  concrete  flume, 
strengthened  and  bonded  by  steel  rails.  Thousands  of  acres  are  now 
under  cultivation.  Fruit  is  shipped  out  not  only  by  carloads,  but  by 
trainloads,  and  always  commands  the  top  market  prices.  Land  that 
was  once  considered  worthless  is  now  producing  abundantly,  and  areas 
that  were  mesquite  and  catclaw  jungles  are  now  veritable  gardens. 

Several  hard  problems  have  been  met.  Alkali  and  silt  has  given  the 
usual  scare,  moss  has  choked  the  canals  and  laterals,  and,  worst  of  all, 
discouragement  has  sometimes  attacked  the  farmers.  All  of  these 
troubles  have  been  met  squarely  and  mostly  overcome,  and  the  future 
of  this  part  of  the  Pecos  Valley,  Eddy  County,  dependent  almost 
wholly  upon  the  principle  "Store  the  floods,''  looks  bright  and 
hopeful. 

Farther  up  the  valley,  in  Chaves  County,  with  Roswell  as  a  center, 
artificial  storage  has  not  yet  been  undertaken.  Here  three  rivers 
formed  by  large  springs  have  furnished  most  of  the  water  used  in 
irrigation,  and  no  water  from  the  Pecos  River  proper  is  used  in  this 
section.  As  these  springs,  which  altogether  have  a  flow  of  nearly  200 
second-feet,  discharge  in  a  comparatively  level  country,  the  work  of 
diverting  and  applying  the  water  has  been  easy,  and  here  some  of 
the  older  and  most  improved  places  can  be  found.  As  yet  there  are 
no  artificial  reservoirs  in  this  vicinity,  but  nature  has  provided  one. 
More  than  one  hundred  wells,  ranging  in  diameter  from  2  to  8  inches, 
and  varying  in  depth  from  135  to  1,000  feet,  have  been  bored  down  to 
this  reservoir.  The  flow  from  these  wells  ranges  from  a  few  gallons 
to  1,500  gallons  per  minute,  and  no  decrease  has  }^et  been  perceptible. 
From  these  wells  alone  large  tracts  of  land  have  been  brought  under 
cultivation,  and  the  area  is  being  increased. 

The  Pecos  Valley  is  now  passing  through  the  driest  season  known 
there,  yet,  with  the  science  and  skill  now  acquired,  it  is  standing  the 
ordeal  well,  and  is  prosperous.  Like  other  sections  in  the  arid  West, 
it  is  looking  and  hoping  for  Government  aid  in  the  construction  of 
reservoirs  for  storing  flood  waters. 

Since  the  passage  of  the  reclamation  act  tfie  engineers  of  the  service 
have  been  doing  considerable  preliminary  work  in  this  section  of  New 
Mexico.  Pecos  River  and  its  tributaries,  from  the  point  where  the 
main  stream  enters  Texas  on  the  south  to  old  Fort  Surnner  on  the 
north,  have  been  examined  with  considerable  care  and  several  proj-ects 
have  been  surveyed  in  detail.  Some  of  these  have  been  temporarily 
passed  by,  not  being  considered  feasible  at  the  present  time,  but  two, 


206  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

known  as  the  Hondo  and  Urton  Lake  projects,  seem  feasible,  both  from 
an  engineering  and  financial  standpoint. 

Hondo  River  rises  in  the  White  Mountains  and  joins  the  Pecos  at 
a  point  east  of  Roswell.  The  low-water  flow  has  been  appropriated 
and  flood-water  storage  alone  can  increase  the  area  under  cultivation. 
About  12  miles  west  of  Roswell  is  a  reservoir  site  that  presents  very 
few  engineering  difficulties.  There  are  no  high  or  difficult  dams  to 
build,  only  light  earthwork  dams  protected  with  riprap  and  inlet  and 
outlet  canals.  The  land  under  this  project  is  very  fertile,  has  all 
been  filed  upon,  and  is  now  in  the  hands  of  people  who  desire  to  culti- 
vate it.  It  is  estimated  that  by  this  project  from  12,000  to  16,000 
acres  will  be  reclaimed,  every  acre  of  which  will  be  farmed  as  soon  as 
water  is  provided.  The  overflow  population  from  the  rich  section 
about  Roswell  furnishes  men  who  are  ready  to  go  to  work  at  once, 
and  the  land  will  be  as  good  as  the  adjacent  land  which  now  commands 
from  $100  to  $300  an  acre.  It  is  estimated  that  the  initial  cost  for 
irrigating  the  land  under  this  project  will  be  about  $20  an  acre. 

The  area  under  the  Urton  Lake  project  is  all  Government  land 
except  a  few  claims  bordering  the  river.  This  land  is  underlain  by  a 
very  porous  red  sandstone,  which  will  probably  afford  good  subdrainage 
and  prevent  trouble  from  alkali.  The  reservoir  site  is  a  natural  depres- 
sion, well  adapted  to  water  storage,  and  will  hold  190,000  acre-feet 
without  any  expense  except  for  the  outlet  works,  which  will  be  of  red 
sandstone. 

The  works  contemplated  in  this  project  are:  A  dam  and  headworks 
on  Pecos  River,  about  10  miles  above  Fort  Sumner;  about  36  miles  of 
canal,  to  carry  1,500  second  feet  in  times  of  flood;  three  structures  at 
crossings  of  creeks;  the  necessary  outlet  works,  including  a  tunnel 
7,000  feet  long,  and  about  30  miles  of  distributing  canals  on  the  lands 
to  be  irrigated.  A  rough  estimate  of  cost  of  this  project  is  $1,020,050, 
or  $17  per  acre.  There  is  little  doubt  that  this  land  would  alt  be 
settled  on  rapidly,  as  it  is  within  20  miles  of  the  Pecos  Valley  and 
Northeastern  Railroad,  which  line  would  undoubtedly  build  a  branch 
to  this  section. 

There  are,  however,  some  uncertainties  in  connection  with  the 
project  which  will  have  to  be  considered,  one  being  the  possibility  that 
the  reservoir  will  not  be  filled  for  some  years.  The  data  relating  to 
stream  measurements  are  not  complete,  and  it  will  be  necessary  to 
continue  the  records  of  the  run-off  of  Pecos  River  during  the  time  the 
surveys  of  the  canal  and  of  the  irrigable  lands  are  being  made  and 
during  the  construction  until  the  works  are  finished.  It  appears  from 
the  best  information  obtainable  that  the  reservoir  could  be  filled  every 
ordinary  }7ear,  but  occasionally  a  dry  year,  such  as  1903,  creates  a 
doubt  as  to  the  possibility  of  always  filling  the  reservoir.  It  is  prob- 
able that  the  seepage  from  the  irrigated  lands  considered  under  these 


NEWELL.]  EXAMINATIONS    IN    NORTH    DAKOTA.  207 

projects  would  eventually  more  than  make  up  for  any  apparent  loss 
below  them  occasioned  by  the  proposed  disposal  of  the  water  from  the 
Pecos  River,  and  that  no  difficulties  would  arise  with  the  Pecos  Irriga- 
tion Compan}^,  which  holds  some  water  rights  150  miles  farther  south. 
Investigations  are  now  being  carried  forward  on  both  of  the  last- 
named  projects  and  a  later  report  will  give  more  definite  and  detailed 
information. 

EXAMINATIONS   IN  NORTH  DAKOTA. 

By  CHARLES  H.  FITCH. 

An  effort  was  made  early  in  the  present  field  season  to  locate  a 
possible  project  for  the  reclamation  of  land  in  the  State  of  North 
Dakota.  To  Mr.  F.  E.  Weymouth,  assistant  engineer,  assisted  by  Mr. 
John  N.  Kerr,  assistant  engineer,  was  assigned  the  duty  of  making  a 
reconnaissance  of  the  entire  western  half  of  the  State.  In  the  course 
of  his  investigations  Mr.  Wejanouth  visited  every  important  stream 
in  this  region,  making  measurements  of  many  of  them,  following  water- 
course after  watercourse,  and  finally  determined,  with  one  exception, 
that  there  was  no  possible  reclamation  project  which  appeared  to  be  in 
any  way  feasible. 

This  single  exception  is  a  small  body  of  land  close  to  the  western 
boundary  of  North  Dakota,  near  the  mouth  of  Yellowstone  River. 
There  is  very  little  irrigation  from  the  Yellowstone  along  its  course  in 
Montana.  It  rises  in  the  Yellowstone  National  Park,  in  Wyoming,  its 
source  being  in  Yellowstone  Lake,  from  which  it  flows  in  a  general 
northerly  direction.  Entering  Montana  it  flows  eastward  nearly  to 
the  eastern  edge  of  the  State,  when  it  turns  abruptly,  flowing  a  little 
east  of  north.  At  the  turn  of  the  river  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad 
leaves  it,  and  it  empties  into  the  Missouri  just  beyond  the  line  of 
North  Dakota,  near  the  Great  Northern  Railroad.  The  distance 
between  the  railroads  by  river  is  about  90  miles. 

It  was  decided  to  investigate  the  possibility  of  diverting  the  Yellow- 
stone, and  Mr.  Weymouth  organized  a  field  party  for  this  purpose. 
As  this  project  would,  if  feasible,  irrigate  lands  in  Montana  as  well, 
it  was  desirable  to  cover  as  much  land  as  possible  without  regard  to 
State  boundaries,  particularly  as  the  water  supply  is  undoubted^ 
abundant  for  all  lands  that  might  come  under  it.  The  first  line  for 
diversion  was  started  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river  about  40  miles  above 
Glendive,  Mont.  After  running  to  GlendiVe  it  was  found  that  this 
line  failed  to  reach  the  bench  land  near  Glendive,  and  that  the  line 
would  be  not  only  very  expensive  but  that  it  could  not  reach  &ny  con- 
siderable body  of  land,  the  river  here  being  very  narrow  and  hemmed 
in  by  rough  and  broken  hills. 

Another  attempt  was  then  made  about  1£  miles  above  Glendive, 


208  FIEST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

also  starting  on  the  left  bank.  This  line  will  undoubtedly  cover  the 
lower  valley  of  the  Yellowstone,  which,  about  45  miles  below  the 
diverting  point,  widens  considerably,  embracing  from  the  bench  land 
to  the  river  a  strip  varying  from  1  mile  to  about  5  miles  in  width. 
This  means  that  about  45  miles  of  canal  must  be  constructed  before 
covering  any  land,  and  that  the  amount  which  can  be  irrigated  is  still 
unknown.  The  North  Dakota  land  under  this  project  will  all  proba- 
bly be  bottom  land  or  valley  land  next  to  the  river,  and,  estimating 
from  the  State  map,  will  amount  to  about  20,000  acres. 

IRRIGATION  IN  NORTH  DAKOTA  BY  PUMPING. 

By  F.  A.  WILDER. 

The  purpose  of  this  paper  is  to  state  briefly  some  of  the  conclusions 
reached  as  a  result  of  work  carried  on  during  two  summers  in  the 
western  part  of  North  Dakota,  undertaken  jointly  for  the  State  geo- 
logical survey  and  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

Work  was  begun  during  the  summer  of  1902,  with  the  assistance  of 
Mr.  L.  H.  Wood,  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  and  during  the  last 
summer  was  continued  by  two  parties  that  operated  along  the  Missouri 
and  its  tributaries  in  North  Dakota. 

The  average  rainfall  in  the  western  half  of  the  State  is  about  18 
inches,  and  is  very  often  so  distributed  through  the  growing  months 
as  to  yield,  in  connection  with  the  naturally  fertile  soil,  magnificent 
harvests.  Farming  conditions,  however,  are  rendered  somewhat  uncer- 
tain by  a  fluctuation  in  rainfall. 

The  Great  Plains  of  North  America,  and  at  least  portions  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  seem  to  pass  through  cycles,  or  periods  of  years,  of 
abundant  rainfall,  which  alternate  with  periods  when  rainfall  is  more 
restricted.  At  present,  and  for  three  years  past,  taking  the  area  as  a 
whole,  there  has  been  an  abundance  of  moisture,  and  for  some  States 
an  oversupply.  The  sloughs  of  Iowa,  which  many  predicted  would 
never  be  filled  again,  are  overflowing,  and  floods  have  occurred  dur- 
ing spring,  summer,  and  fall.  During  this  period  of  excess,  western 
North  Dakota  has  enjoyed  rainfall  sufficient  to  bring  to  harvest  abun- 
dant crops.  When  the  sloughs  of  Iowa  dry  out  again,  as  they  surely 
will,  those  who  farm  in  western  North  Dakota  must  irrigate  or  be 
content  with  limited  returns. 

With  even  a  small  fraction  of  the  western  part  of  the  State  under 
irrigation,  the  productiveness  of  the  whole  region  will  be  immensely 
increased.  Every  river  valley  contains  some  land  that  may  be  artifi- 
cially watered.  With  a  few  acres  under  perfect  control,  and  abundant 
range  for  cattle  in  the  rolling  or  broken  land  back  of  the  valley,  10 
men,  combining  farming  with  the  raising  of  cattle,  will  prosper  where 
one  finds  a  living  now. 


NEWELL.]  IRRIGATION    IN    NORTH    DAKOTA.  209 

During  the  last  two  summers  over  200,000  acres  along  the  Missouri 
and  its  tributaries,  the  Little  Missouri,  Heart,  Knife,  Cannon  Ball, 
Yellowstone,  and  smaller  streams  flowing  in  from  the  north  and  east 
and  standing  20,  40,  60,  and  80  feet  above  water  level,  have  been 
studied.  Five  or  six  large  tracts,  where  from  5,000  to  15,000  acres 
can  be  controlled  by  a  single  enterprise,  have  been  reported  upon  as 
possible  for  .development.  Most  of  the  land,  however,  is  in  tracts  of 
from  100  to  2,000  acres,  and  its  development  will  depend  upon  private 
enterprise. 

Perhaps  7,000  acres  in  the  western  part  of  the  State  are  irrigated  to 
some  extent  at  present,  operations  being  most  active  in  Williams 
County.  Coulees  and  creeks  which  empty  into  the  larger  rivers  have 
been  dammed,  and  their  water  has  been  diverted  to  the  creek  benches 
and  river  flats.  Operations  are  generally  confined  to  spring  flooding. 
Heavy  crops  of  oats  and  hay  are  taken  from  land  saturated  with  water 
by  flooding  in  the  spring,  and  there  is  no  record  of  failure  where  this 
plan  has  been  followed,  though  in  some  localities  operations  extend 
back  to  dry  years  when  the  nonflooded  land  about  was  barren. 
Gumbo  flats  treated  to  water  in  this  way  have  changed  their  vegeta- 
tion from  cactus  and  sage  brush  to  a  rich  growth  of  blue-joint  grass, 
which  makes  the  best  of  native  hay  and  compares  well  with  timothy 
in  value  as  fodder. 

Irrigation  by  means  of  reservoirs  in  smaller  tributaries  which  render 
it  possible  to  water  the  flats  of  the  larger  streams,  can  be  carried  much 
further  than  it  is  at  present,  and  is  to  be  recommended  wherever 
practicable.  The  difficulty  which  the  plan  presents  is  found  in  putting 
in  dams  of  sufficient  strength  without  too  great  an  outlay  of  money. 
On  account  of  the  low  gradient  of  the  larger  streams,  the  common 
practice  of  diverting  water  for  irrigation  by  lateral  ditches  will  prove 
practical  only  in  rare  instances  in  North  Dakota.  The  presence  of 
vast  quantities  of  lignite,  however,  along  all  of  the  streams  in  the 
western  part  of  the  State,  renders  worthy  of  consideration  the  plan  of 
pumping  water  from  the  streams  up  to  the  flats.  The  lift  of  course, 
must  be  moderate,  but  many  of  the  flats  do  not  lie  high  above  water 
level  in  the  streams. 

Lignite  is  very  abundant  along  the  Missouri  as  far  south  as  Bis- 
marck, and  below  this  city  is  found  at  a  number  of  points,  though  the 
beds  are  generally  thin.  Outcrops  occur  every  few  miles  along  the 
river  above  Bismarck,  and  prospecting  will  doubtless  reveal  beds  not 
now  exposed.  On  the  Missouri  over  sixty  exposures  more  than  4  feet 
thick  were  measured  during  the  past  summer,  many  of  the  beds 
reaching  a  thickness  of  12  or  15  feet,  and  showing  for  long  distances. 

On  the  Little  Missouri  and  its  tributaries,  coal  is  nearly  continuous 
in  outcrop  and  reaches  a  maximum  thickness  of  40  feet  on  Sand  Creek, 
IRE  93—04 14 


210  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

a  tributary  southwest  of  Yule  post-office.  Similar  conditions  hold  for 
the  Heart,  Knife,  Upper  Cannon  Ball,  and  Cedar  rivers.  Lignite  is 
scarce  on  the  lower  Cannon  Ball  and  thick  beds  are  nearly  absent  for 
100  miles  from  its  mouth. 

In  but  two  instances  is  water  now  pumped  for  irrigation  in  North 
Dakota,  lignite  furnishing  the  motive  power.  These  plants  are  on  too 
small  a  scale  to  demonstrate  the  highest  possible  value  of  the  method, 
though  their  proprietors  are  well  satisfied  with  the  profits  obtained. 
On  Green  River,  north  of  Dickinson,  Fischer  Brothers  irrigate  about 
80  acres  annually,  the  crops  raised  being  oats,  millet,  potatoes,  and 
garden  products.  A  farm  engine  drives  a  rotary  punip  which  raises 
1,500  gallons  a  minute  15  feet,  an  elevation  sufficient  to  distribute 
water  over  large  areas  on  Green  River  and  similar  streams  in  the  State. 
The  cost  of  the  pump  was  $250,  delivered.  Mr.  Fischer  estimated  that 
his  equipment  irrigates  200  acres  even  in  a  dry  year.  Two  dollars' 
worth  of  coal  was  burned  each  day,  lignite  costing  50  cents  a  ton  at  a 
neighboring  bank.  Mr.  A.  F.  Riley,  on  Little  Heart  River,  near 
Gladstone,  in  the  summer  of  1902  was  preparing  tq  irrigate  60  acres  in 
the  same  way,  using  lignite  from  his  own  bank. 

On  the  smaller  streams  that  do  not  flow  constantly  temporary  dams 
can  be  thrown  across  the  stream  bed,  and  these  will  retain  water  for 
irrigating  the  adjacent  flats.  The  pump  and  engine  can  be  moved 
from  place  to  place,  and  the  cost  of  ditching  be  thus  greatly  reduced. 

Estimates  are  now  being  made  as  to  the  cost  of  lifting  water  sufficient 
even  in  dry  years  to  irrigate  these  river  flats  with  elevations  taken  at 
20,  40,  60,  and  80  feet,  and  lignite  costing  from  50  cents  to  $2  a  ton. 
The  results  are  not,  however,  ready  for  publication. 

Away  from  the  streams  it  may  be  practicable  to  use  lignite  for 
pumping  from  wells,  for  water  is  abundant  at  moderate  depths  through- 
out the  lignite  area.  Where  the  area  to  be  irrigated  is  small,  not 
exceeding  100  acres,  and  cheap  assistants  to  care  for  an  engine  are  not 
available,  it  may  be  practicable  to  pump  with  gasoline,  which  may  be  a 
cheaper  fuel  than  lignite.  Two  landowners  in  Williams  County  are 
now  irrigating  in  this  manner,  and  are  fully  satisfied  with  the  results. 

CONDITIONS   IN    SOUTH    DAKOTA. 

By  CHARLES  H.  FITCH. 

Work  by  the  reclamation  service  in  western  South  Dakota  was  com- 
menced in  May  last  by  Mr.  R.  F.  Walter,  engineer,  who  was  instructed 
to  make  a  general  reconnaissance,  particularly  in  the  Black  Hills  and 
the  country  adjacent,  and  to  establish  gaging  stations  on  all  of  the 
important  streams. 

The  Black  Hills,  noted  especially  as  a  mining  region,  are  situated  at 
the  western  edge  of  the  State,  and  are  encircled  by  two  streams  that 
head  near  together  in  Wyoming  and  flow  in  opposite  directions,  one 


NEWELL. ]  SOUTH    DAKOTA    PBOJECTS.  211 

north  and  the  other  south.  The  first  is  the  north  fork  of  Cheyenne 
River,  or  Belle  Fourche  River;  the  second  is  the  south  fork  of  the 
Cheyenne.  These  streams,  after  completely  circling  the  hills,  join 
nearly  east  of  Deadwood,  60  or  70  miles  away,  forming  Cheyenne 
River,  a  tributary  of  the  Missouri.  All  of  the  streams  flowing  out  of 
the  Hills  are  tributaries  of  one  of  the  forks  of  the  Cheyenne. 

On  the  south  fork  of  the  Cheyenne  it  is  possible  that  a  storage 
reservoir  may  be  constructed,  but  the  project  involves  a  high  dam 
across  the  river,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  enough  land  could  be  reclaimed 
to  warrant  the  expense;  yet  the  scheme  deserves  further  investiga- 
tion. North  of  the  point  considered  there  are  sites  for  a  number  of 
lesser  projects  which  may  be  developed  from  smaller  streams.  One 
of  these  involves  the  storage  of  water  on  Box  Elder  Creek,  including 
the  water  of  that  stream  and  Rapid  Creek  as  well,  though  it  is  not 
positively  known  that  Rapid  Creek  can  be  diverted  as  suggested. 
The  Belle  Fourche  is  a  flood-flow  stream— that  is,  it  carries  ordinarily 
about  100  second-feet,  which  in  extreme  low  water  drops  to  50  second- 
feet,  but  it  always  has  considerable  flow  after  the  melting  of  snow 
in  the  spring,  and  several  floods  usually  occur  during  the  summer 
months,  when  the  flow  sometimes  amounts  to  5,000  second-feet  for 
several  days  at  a  time.  During  the  present  season  there  have  been  an 
unusual  number  of  floods.  Just  at  the  town  of  Belle  Fourche,  Red 
Water  Creek  empties  into  the  Belle  Fourche.  It  is  also  a  flood- water 
stream,  but  receives  from  Spearfish  Creek  a  regular  flow  of  considera- 
ble amount.  Some  of  this  stream  is  diverted  and  used  for  irrigation, 
but  about  100  second-feet  flows  continually  into  the  Belle  Fourche. 

As  a  large  body  of  fine  land  lies  on  the  north  side  of  the  Belle 
Fourche,  and  there  are  several  sites  for  storage  at  a  distance  from  the 
river,  a  feasible  project  seemed  here  to  present  itself. 

The  details  of  the  survey  now  in  progress  and  the  problems  that 
have  arisen  will  be  stated  by  Mr.  Walter,  the  engineer  in  charge. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA  INVESTIGATIONS. 

By  RAYMOND  F.  WALTER. 

Work  was  begun  in  South  Dakota  in  May,  1903,  by  a  preliminary 
examination  of  the  situation.  Various  streams  were  examined,  reser- 
voirs thought  suitable  for  survey  were  reported  upon,  and  gage  rods 
were  set  and  rating  stations  established  on  each  stream,  so  that  the 
available  flow  and  length  of  the  flood  periocf,  as  well  as  the  monthly 
run-off,  could  be  determined.  The  principal  streams  studied  were  as 
follows: 

Cheyenne  River,  from  the  Wyoming  line  to  a  point  30  miles  below 
the  mouth  of  Cascade  Creek,  with  a  gaging  station  at  Edgemont, 
S.  Dak.  A  large  reservoir  site  was  found  below  the  mouth  of  Cas- 


212  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

cade  Creek,  from  which  a  ditch  35  miles  long  would  water  about 
35,000  acres  of  private  land  known  as  the  W.  G.  flats. 

Beaver  Creek  at  Buffalo  Gap.  The  summer  flow  of  Beaver  Creek 
is  all  used  for  irrigation,  and  the  unused  flow  is  not  considered  large 
enough  for  extensive  reclamation,  although  if  stored  it  would  prob- 
ably help  out  largely  for  lands  now  farmed  which  are  short  of  water. 

French  Creek.  This  stream  has  little  or  no  available  flow  developed 
so  far,  and  the  lands  under  it  are  poor  and  rough. 

Battle  Creek.  There  is  a  gaging  station  established  at  Hermosa,  on 
Battle  Creek.  Along  this  creek  there  are  some  fair  reservoir  sites, 
with  some  good  land. 

Spring  Creek.  About  9  miles  south  of  Rapid  City  there  is  a  site 
for  a  reservoir  on  Spring  Creek,  with  some  good  lands  under  it,  but 
the  supply  is  doubtful  unless,  upon  further  investigation,  it  is  found 
feasible  to  prevent  loss  from  the  bed  of  the  creek  as  it  flows  through 
the  foothills.  It  is  estimated  that  this  loss  amounts  to  from  50  to  100 
per  cent  in  about  4  miles. 

Box  Elder  and  Elk  creeks.  These  streams  furnish  reservoir  sites 
north  of  Rapid  City,  where  water,  together  with  the  available  flow 
from  Rapid  Creek,  might  be  stored  to  irrigate  30,000  to  50,000  acres 
of  first-class  land  situated  on  the  divides  between  Elk  Creek  and  Rapid 
Creek.  This  is  known  as  the  Box  Elder  project,  as  the  reservoir 
selected  is  situated  on  Box  Elder  Creek.  This  project  will  be  investi- 
gated and  the  available  water  supply  determined. 

The  Belle  Fourche  project,  on  which  surveys  are  now  in  progress, 
is  situated  at  the  northern  extremity  of  the  Black  Hills,  the  water 
supply  being  from  Belle  Fourche  River  and  its  main  tributary,  Red 
Water  Creek.  The  project  is  located  in  Butte  County,  and  its  head- 
works  are  at  the  town  of  Belle  Fourche,  below  the  mouth  of  Red 
Water  Creek.  The  flow  of  Belle  Fourche  River  ranges  from  50  cubic 
feet  per  second  during  low-water  stage  to  5,000  cubic  feet  per  second 
during  flood  season.  The  drainage  area  is  large,  as  it  circles  the  west- 
ern and  northern  part  of  the  Black  Hills,  heading  in  Wyoming,  and 
as  the  flow  is  precipitous  and  the  soil  rather  impervious,  the  run-off 
is  large  and  floods  occur  at  any  time  .during  the  summer  months, 
caused  by  rain  storms  in  the  hills.  The  Red  Water  has  a  steady  sup- 
ply, fluctuating  but  little  during  the  year.  In  this  drainage  area  there 
is  but  one  important  ditch,  which,  is  diverted  from  Red  Water  Creek 
and  irrigates  6,000  or  8,000  acres  lying  on  the  east  side  of  the  Red 
Water  and  the  south  side  of  the  Belle  Fourche.  There  are,  however, 
a  number  of  small  private  ditches  from  Spearfish  Creek,  a  branch  of 
Red  Water  Creek,  but  as  the  lands  they  irrigate  all  lie  directly  adja- 
cent to  the  streams,  much  of  the  water  is  available  as  return  seepage 
on  lower  Spearfish  and  Red  Water  above  the  head  of  the  proposed 
canal. 


NEWELL.]  THE   BELLE    FOUROHE   PROJECT.  213 

The  first  reservoir  contemplated  under  this  project  is  on  Dry  Creek 
and  is  to  be  formed  by  an  embankment  about  3,600  feet  long,  to  be  of 
earth  riprapped  with  brick,  if  it  is  found  by  further  investigation  and 
tests  that  bricks  can  be  burned  of  sufficient  hardness  from  the  material 
at  hand  at  a  sufficiently  low  cost.  All  permanent  works  on  canal  and 
reservoirs  are  to  be  of  concrete,  as  unlimited  quantities  of  shattered 
rock  for  this"  purpose  are  obtainable  by  a  short  haul.  The  inlet  to  this 
reservoir  will  be  8  miles  long,  and  is  surveyed,  located,  and  staked, 
as  well  as  the  outlet  canal  and  the  extension  of  the  main  line,  for  70 
miles,  covering  about  130,000  acres,  nearly  80  per  cent  of  which  is 
vacant  public  land.  The  percentage  of  irrigable  lands  can  not  be 
determined  until  topographic  surveys  have  been  completed  and  the 
lands  classified. 

The  outlet  from  the  Dry  Creek  reservoir  is  located  and  staked  for 
about  30  miles,  covering  all  but  about  15,000  acres  of  the  above- 
mentioned  lands,  and  when  estimates  are  made  it  may  be  found  to  be 
cheaper  to  construct  on  this  line  for  the  main  canal  than  on  the  upper 
line,  which  is  much  rougher  and  longer,  and  the  cost  of  irrigation  of 
lands  between  them  may  be  found  to  be  comparatively  too  great. 

One  other  site  has  been  selected  and  is  being  surveyed.  This, 
known  as  the  Wilson  reservoir,  is  located  18  or  20  miles  east  of  the 
Dry  Creek  reservoir,  and  is  intended  to  furnish  a  water  supply  for  the 
lower  lands.  The  upper  reservoir  will  cover  about  1,500  acres  at 
high-water  contour,  with  greatest  depth  of  45  feet.  It  will  be  pos- 
sible to  convey  water  across  the  river  from  this  reservoir,  where  about 
15,000  acres  of  first-class  land  on  the  south  side  of  the  Belle  Fourche 
can  be  irrigated. 

The  general  elevation  of  the  lands  to  be  irrigated  is  about  3,000  feet 
above  sea  level.  The  soil  ranges  from  a  heavy  clay  to  a  rich  black 
loam,  but  tends  to  become  sticky  "  gumbo"  when  wet,  and  will  be  best 
adapted  to  hay,  grain,  and  some  fruits,  although  sugar  beets,  it  is 
believed,  can  be  grown  profitably.  The  water  in  the  river  carries  con- 
siderable silt  during  floods,  which,  if  deposited  in  the  reservoirs,  would 
require  further  investigation  as  to  the  method  of  clearing  them. 

INVESTIGATIONS  IN  OREGON. 

By  JOHN  T.  WHISTLER. 

There  is  a  general  impression,  particularly^  the  East,  that  Oregon 
is  a  land  where  the  sun  rarely  shines  and  where  the  people  are  "web- 
footed."  For  the  purpose  of  correcting  this  wrong  impression  it  is 
necessary  to  call  attention  to  a  few  facts  concerning  Oregon  before 
speaking  of  its  future  irrigation  possibilities  and  of  what  the  reclama- 
tion service  is  doing  in  the  State. 

The  Cascade  Mountains  divide  the  State  into  two  parts,  which  prob- 


214  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

ably  have  a  greater  diversity  of  interests  and  climate  than  can  be 
found  in  any  other  State  in  the  Union,  not  excepting  California — at 
least  the  line  is  more  clearly  drawn.  Over  two- thirds  of  the  State,  an 
area  nearly  as  large  as  the  State  of  Washington,  the  average  annual 
rainfall  is  estimated  to  be  less  than  12  inches.  Over  the  western 
third  of  the  State  the  rainfall  is  certainly  five  times  as  great. 

It  is  from  the  climatic  conditions  prevailing  in  this  western  part  of 
the  State  that  the  popular  impression  of  the  State  has  been  derived. 
Leaving  out  of  consideration  certain  valleys  in  the  Blue  Mountains, 
we  may  say  that  there  is  as  much  difference  between  these  two  parts 
of  Oregon  as  there  is  between  northern  California  and  Nevada;  in 
fact,  the  central  third  of  the  State  is  a  continuation  of  the  Great 
American  Desert,  where  routes  of  travel  are  determined  by  the  few 
watering  places. 

The  famous  wheat  lands  of  northeastern  Oregon  have  but  about  15 
inches  of  rainfall,  and  50  to  60  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre  are  often 
raised  where  the  land  has  to  lie  fallow  for  one  year  in  order  to  obtain 
moisture  enough  for  one  crop. 

To  nine  Easterners  out  of  ten  the  idea  of  building  irrigation  works 
in  Oregon,  the  home  of  the  "  webfooter,"  is  like  carrying  coals  to  New- 
castle, and  yet  two-thirds  of  the  State  averages  less  than  a  foot  of 
rainfall  in  the  year. 

The  condition  of  eastern  Oregon,  and  more  especially  central  Oregon, 
can  in  no  way  be  better  impressed  on  one's  mind  than  by  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  fact  that  the  point  in  the  United  States  most  remote  from 
a  railroad  is  in  central  Oregon.  Three-fourths  of  this  part  of  the 
State,  or  nearly  half  the  entire  State,  is  stiil  vacant  land,  subject  to 
entry. 

Of  a  population  of  less  than  half  a  million,  over  80  per  cent  is  west 
of  the  Cascades,  and  a  majority  of  the  people  in  eastern  Oregon  have 
come,  in  the  last  decade,  from  "the  valley" — meaning  Willamette 
Valley. 

About  one-quarter  of  the  area  of  the  State  is  occupied  by  the  Blue 
Mountains  and  the  surrounding  valleys.  It  is  in  this  region  and  along 
th<3  eastern  foot  of  the  Cascades  that  the  possibilities  for  irrigation  lie. 

The  Deschutes  River  drains  the  northern  two-thirds  of  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  Cascades,  and  the  Klamath  River  the  southern  third. 
The  approximate  run-off  east  of  the  Cascades  is,  roughly,  12,000,000 
acre-feet,  which  is  about  30  per  cent  of  the  estimated  precipitation. 
This  is  sufficient  to  irrigate  possibly  3,000,000  to  4,000,000  acres  of 
land,  and  represents  the  extreme  limit  of  irrigation  in  the  State,  assum- 
ing that  the  entire  run-off  could  be  utilized.  From  the  present  limited 
investigation  it  seems  improbable  that  more  than  50  per  cent  of  this 
can  ever  be  realized. 


NEWELL.]  OREGON    PROJECTS.  215 

The  immense  summer  range  for  stock  which  lies  back  of  all  irri- 
gation possibilities,  and  which  will  unquestionably  be  increased  by 
woper  regulation  of  the  forest  reserves  and  future  legislation  regu- 
lating grazing  on  public  lands,  precludes  any  possibility  that  the  sup- 
ply of  alfalfa  will  ever  equal  the  demand. 

The  reclamation  service  is  making  surveys  and  other  investigations, 
preparatory  to  preliminary  and  comparative  estimates  at  the  close  of 
the  season,  on  three  projects,  viz: 

(1)  The  Umatilla  project  involves  diversion  and  storage  of   about 
200,000  acre-feet  of  water  from  Umatilla  River  and  the  reclamation 
of  not  less  than  50,000  acres  of  land,  which  raises  40  to  60  bushels  of 
wheat  to  the  acre  where  it  lies  high  enough  to  receive  15  inches  of 
rain  during  the  year.     Looking  forward  to  this  project  years  before 
the  reclamation  act  was  suggested,  the  division  of  hydrography  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  has  had  measurements  of  the  dis- 
charge of    Umatilla   River  made,  covering  a  period  of  eight  years. 
The  discharge  varies  from  300,000  to  600,000  acre-feet  per  year.     A 
weak  point  in  the  project  is  the  lack  of  natural  storage  basins. 

(2)  The  Malheur  project  contemplates  the  storage  of  the  spring  floods 
of  Malheur  River  and  the  diversion  of  this  water  onto  about  40,000  or 
50,000  acres  of  land  lying  just  across  the  Snake  River  from  the  famous 
Weiser  and  Payette  tracts  in  Idaho.     One  of  the  best  examples  of 
irrigation  now  to  be  seen  in  the  State  is  the  famous  UK.  S.  &  D." 
ranch,  the  lands  of   which  are  owned  largely  by  Mr.  Fred  Kiesel, 
of  Ogden,   chairman   of  the   executive  committee   of   this  congress. 
Measurements  made  of  Malheur  River  by  the  United  States  Geolog- 
ical Survey  covering  parts  of  five  years  indicate  a  discharge  of  from 
200,000   to  400,000  acre-feet  per  annum.     Good  reservoir  sites  are 
found  for  this  project.     Long  and  costly  canal  construction  is  the 
drawback  to  the  enterprise. 

(3)  The  Harney  project  consists  of  storing  the  spring  flood  water  of 
Silvies  River  and  diverting  in  onto  lands  in  Harney  Valley,  a  beauti- 
ful valley  comprising  over  600  square  miles,  lying  at  an  altitude  of 
over  4,000  feet.     The  high  altitude  and  the  long  distance  from  trans- 
portation facilities  are,  of  course,  features  of  the  project  that  must  be 
considered.     Notwithstanding  the  usual  Fourth  of  July  snowstorm, 
two  crops  of  alfalfa  can  be  matured,  and  some  excellent  gardens  and 
orchards  of  hardy  fruits  are  now  seen.     Measurements  for  determin- 
ing the  amount  of  water  available  are  being  now  carried  on,  and  will 
be  continued  until  construction  is  either  decided  upon  or  definitely 
abandoned. 

The  reclamation  service  is  practically  barred  from  investigation 
looking  to  construction  in  Deschutes  River  basin,  owing  to  three 
Carey  act  projects,  one  of  which  has  been  approved  by  the  Depart- 
ment; and  the  Klamath  region  has  not  yet  been  investigated. 


216  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  INO.  93. 

The  feeling  is  very  strong  in  eastern  Oregon  that  that  portion  of 
the  reclamation  fund  derived  from  the  sale  of  public  lands  in  the 
State  should  be  spent  in  the  State,  regardless  of  beneficial  results.  It 
is  a  ver}^  common  belief  that  under  the  law  it  can  not  be  spent  else- 
where. It  is  remembered  that  it  was  in  deference  to  the  wishes  of 
the  late  Congressman  Tongue,  of  this  State,  that  the  clause  which 
provides  that  the  major  portion  of  the  funds  derived  from  the  sale  of 
lands  in  any  State  should  be  spent  in  that  State  in  ten  years  was 
inserted  in  the  act. 

The  laws  of  the  State  regarding  water  rights  are  very  primitive, 
and  the  earlier  court  decisions,  given  in  cases  arising  in  the  Willamette 
Valley,  to  the  effect,  practically,  that  the  less  water  a  man  has  the 
better  off  he  is,  have  established  precedents  which  will  make  it  diffi- 
cult to  adjudicate  water  rights  in  the  arid  portion  of  the  State,  where 
beneficial  use  must  ultimately  determine  the  right  to  control.  It  is  in 
the  Oregon  statutes  that  one  finds  that  the  notice  of  an  appropriation 
of  water  must  state  among  other  things  how  many  "cubic  inches  of 
water,  measured  as  miner's  inches  under  6  inches  pressure,"  etc.,  it  is 
desired  to  appropriate,  and  this  has  stood  on  the  statutes  since  1891. 

The  last  legislature  provided  for  the  appointment  of  an  irrigation 
commission,  to  consist  of  two  attorneys,  two  practical  irrigators,  and 
one  civil  engineer,  familiar  with  irrigation  projects  of  the  State,  to 
report  a  bill  to  the  next  legislature,  convening  in  1905,  repealing  pres- 
ent laws  and  enacting  new  ones,  but  provision  was  not  made  for 
defraying  the  expenses  of  the  commission. 

INVESTIGATIONS  IN  UTAH. 

By  GEORGE  L.  SWENDSEN. 

BEAR  RIVER. 

Though  Bear  River  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  important  streams 
in  the  Great  Basin  drainage  area,  nothing  has  yet  been  done  to  effect 
the  storage  of  its  flood  waters.  And  each  year,  from  the  end  of  the 
irrigation  season  in  September  to  the  beginning  in  May,  and  even  after 
the  opening  of  the  season,  a  very  large  volume,  sometimes  as  great  as 
5,000  second-feet,  of  the  water  of  the  Bear  goes  to  make  up  the  amount 
annually  evaporated  from  Great  Salt  Lake. 

The  Bear  has  its  source  in  the  Uinta  Forest  Reserve,  about  60  miles 
southeast  of  Ogden.  The  height  of  the  range  of  mountains  forming 
the  watershed  may  be  made  apparent  by  mentioning  the  altitudes:  Bald 
Mountain,  12,250  feet;  Mount  Agassiz,  13,000  feet;  Mount  Wilson, 
13,000  feet,  and  Burro,  12,800  feet,  scattered  in  an  east  and  west 
line  along  the  summit.  The  river  in  its  winding  course  passes  first 


NEWELL.]  WORK    IN   UTAH*  217 

through  a  section  of  Wyoming,  flowing  nearly  due  north,  touches  the 
borders  of  Utah  for  a  short  distance,  and  turns  northwestward  into 
Idaho,  reaching  the  northernmost  part  of  its  course  in  the  vicinity  of 
Soda  Springs,  whence  it  turns  southwestward  and  discharges  into 
Great  Salt  Lake,  about  12  miles  northwest  of  Ogden.  Among  the 
important  streams  that  flow  into  the  Bear  in  its  course  are  Rock  Creek 
and  Smiths*  Fork,  in  Wyoming;  Thomas  Fork,  Montpelier,  Soda, 
Cottonwood,  and  Mink  creeks,  in  Idaho;  Cub  and  Logan  rivers,  in 
Utah. 

Not  far  from  the  southeastern  border  of  Idaho,  Bear  River  enters  the 
north  end  of  Bear  Lake  Valley,  a  long,  narrow  valley  lying  at  an 
elevation  of  about  6,000  feet  and  covered,  in  the  main,  by  Bear  Lake. 
At  its  entrance  to  Bear  Lake  Valley  the  river  is  considerably  above 
the  level  of  Bear  Lake;  15  miles  farther  down  its  course  it  is  consider- 
ably below  the  lake  level. 

Bear  Lake  is  very  deep,  its  area  is  a  little  more  than  100  square 
miles,  and  its  shores  for  the  most  part  are  precipitous,  so  that  a  change 
of  level  of  the  water  in  the  lake  within  reasonable  limits  will  have  but 
little  effect  upon  surrounding  lands. 

The  difficulties  that  may  be  encountered  in  the  construction  of 
channels  from  the  river  to  the  lake  are  scarcely  worthy  of  mention. 

At  the  present  stage  of  the  investigation  it  is  impossible  to  state 
definitely  the  volume  of  unappropriated  water  available  in  Bear  River 
at  its  entrance  to  Bear  Lake  Valley,  but  the  measurements  of  the  last 
year  indicate  that  it  will  approximate  200,000  acre-feet  a  year. 

By  the  combined  flow  of  the  small  streams  the  volume  of  water 
available  for  storage  in  the  lake  would  be  increased  considerably 
beyond  this  amount,  perhaps  to  250,000  acre-feet.  The  possibility  of 
more  fully  utilizing  Bear  River  for  irrigation  has  been  long  under- 
stood by  a  number  of  prominent  citizens  of  southern  Idaho  and  north- 
ern Utah,  but  I  know  of  no  plan  that  promises  general  and  complete 
results.  With  such  a  plan  in  view  the  examinations  made  are  proceed- 
ing on  a  broad  basis,  no  point  of  probable  interest  being  left  out  of  the 
investigation.  The  work  done  indicates  that  there  will  be  greater 
engineering  difficulties  encountered  in  constructing  the  canal  systems 
necessary  to  properly  utilize  the  river  than  will  be  met  in  the  work  of 
converting  Bear  Lake  into  a  reservoir  to  store  the  water,  and  a  great 
amount  of  investigation  will  be  necessary  to  determine  the  most  feasi- 
ble plan.  The  areas  that  may  be  benefited  by  the  scheme  are  varied 
and  extensive.  The  elevation  of  the  river  with  relation  to  some  of 
the  large  areas  of  vacant  land  in  southeastern  Idaho  is  such  as  to 
make  it  apparently  the  natural  source  of  supply  of  the  water  needed 
to  develop  these  sections,  and  already,  by  private  enterprise,  it  is  sup- 
plying portions  of  the  vast  area  in  the  vicinity  of  Bancroft,  Idaho. 
In  that  district  a  very  large  area  of  arid  land  can  be  reclaimed  from 


218  FIEST    RECLAMATION   SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

Bear  River.  The  drainage  from  this  area  would  go  into  Portneuf 
Creek,  a  small  stream  of  the  Snake  River  drainage  basin.  This  drain- 
age can  be  intercepted  and  utilized  on  vacant  lands  in  the  western  part 
of  Bannock  County,  along  the  Oregon  Short  Line  Railroad,  and  it  is 
probable  that  the  canal  system,  when  fully  extended,  will  reach  into 
the  southwestern  part  of  the  county,  and  return  a  portion  of  the  water 
to  the  Bear  River  drainage. 

As  Bear  River  approaches  the  northern  boundary  of  Utah  further 
opportunities  are  afforded  for  its  utilization.  B}'  preliminary  investi- 
gations it  has  been  found  that  the  shortage  of  water  in  the  northern 
part  of  Cache  Valley  in  Utah  may  be  supplied  from  the  Bear  to 
increase  the  possibilities  of  irrigation  in  that  very  fertile  district. 
Partially  developed  private  enterprises  also  indicate  that  much  of  the 
land  in  the  southern  part  of  Oneida  County,  Idaho,  and  the  western 
part  of  Cache,  and  the  eastern  part  of  Boxelder  counties,  in  Utah,  now 
irrigated  in  part,  may  be  reached  by  canals  from  the  Bear.  As  we 
reach  the  Utah  section  questions  become  much  more  complicated  and 
will  require  careful  consideration.  The  drainage  from  Cache  Valley, 
one  of  the  oldest  irrigated  sections,  forms  an  important  factor,  and 
storage  on  the  more  important  streams  of  that  section  will  necessarily 
receive  attention.  The  flood  waters  of  that  valley  are  entirely  unap- 
propriated, and  definite  information  relative  to  their  volume  is  already 
available  in  the  records  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  The 
volume  represented  in  the  vested  rights  is  also  well  determined  and 
this  item  will  need  careful  consideration. 

The  vested  rights  of  the  canals  already  taking  water  from  the  Bear 
in  this  section  and  those  of  the  canals  now  in  process  of  development 
are  also  of  vital  importance.  However,  a  thorough  investigation  of 
the  question  from  all  points  of  view  will  certainly  reveal  a  plan 
whereby  the  great  volume  of  water  which  passes  all  the  head  gates  of 
canals  and  reaches  Salt  Lake  may  be  utilized.  Though  we  may  store 
all  the  unappropriated  waters  of  the  Bear  that  can  be  taken  into  Bear 
Lake,  the  Logan,  with  a  flood  discharge  of  more  than  1,000  second- 
feet,  the  Cub  with  500,  Mink  Creek  with  400,  the  smaller  creeks  with 
an  aggregate  of  more  than  300,  will  all  be  lost  in  the  Great  Salt  Lake. 
Therefore,  while  the  use  of  Bear  Lake  is  a  leading  feature  in  the 
utilization  of  Bear  River,  that  is  by  no  means  the  only  point  at  which 
the  question  of  storage  should  be  considered. 

I  am  fully  aware  that  a  complete  knowledge  of  the  situation  will 
involve  the  investigation  of  the  river  above  Bear  Lake  Valley  and 
even  to  the  headwaters  of  the  streams,  but  the  natural  point  at  which 
to  begin  seemed  to  be  Bear  Lake,  and  we  are  working  from  that  point 
toward  the  mouth  of  the  stream. 

In  conclusion  I  shall  venture  one  more  suggestion  in  connection  with 
Bear  River  and  its  relation  to  the  plan  for  a  more  complete  supply  of 


NEWELL.]  UTAH    LAKE.  219 

water  for  the  populous  part  of  Utah.  Already  a  canal  is  partly 
built  (though  once  practically  abandoned,  it  recently  obtained  new 
life)  to  cany  water  from  Bear  River  into  Ogden.  I  am  not  familiar 
with  the  details  of  the  plan  and  its  contemplated  scope,  but  in  attempt- 
ing to  determine  the  best  use  of  Bear  River  and  at  the  same  time 
keeping  in  mind  the  great  necessity  for  more  water  in  Weber,  Davis, 
and  Salt  La'ke  counties,  it  has  seemed  to  me  that  Bear  River  should  be 
considered  in  connection  with  the  latter  question.  Certainly  natural 
conditions  are  such  that  engineering  difficulties  do  not  stand  in  the 
way  of  a  combination  of  the  Bear,  Weber,  and  Ogden  rivers  irriga- 
tion interests.  I  have  no  detailed  information  in  the  matter,  but  my 
general  information  leads  me  to  this  conclusion.  And  though  there 
may  be  difficulties  which  prohibit  such  a  combination  or  exchange  of 
interests  as  this,  it  seems  to  me  that  the  feasibility  of  using  Bear 
River  water  in  the  portion  of  Utah  referred  to  may  be  properly  con- 
sidered in  connection  with  the  Bear  River  enterprise  under  the 
Federal  reclamation  law. 

UTAH  LAKE. 

Utah  Lake  is  a  body  of  water  tying  in  the  north-central  portion  of 
Utah,  and  covering  an  area  of  about  140  square  miles.  It  occupies 
a  prominent  place  in  the  irrigation  systems  of  the  most  populous 
part  of  the  State,  and  has  afforded  a  field  for  extended  investiga- 
tions in  almost  every  line  relating  to  irrigation.  The  main  drainage 
to  the  lake  is  from  the  mountains  lying  east  and  southwest  of  the  lake 
valley,  the  principal  streams  being  Provo  and  Spanish  Fork  rivers, 
comparatively  small  streams,  though  with  watersheds  of  considerable 
elevation  and  extent. 

The  only  outlet  from  the  lake  is  through  Jordan  River,  which  drains 
into  Great  Salt  Lake.  All  streams  entering  the  lake  have  been 
developed  for  irrigation  to  the  full  capacity  of  the  flow  during  the 
irrigation  season,  yet  much  of  the  area  apparently  dependent  upon 
this  source  of  supply  is  but  scantily  supplied  with  water.  This  con- 
dition has  suggested  the  idea  of  providing  storage  for  flood  waters 
and  otherwise  increasing  the  available  water  supply.  The  matter  was 
brought  to  the  attention  of  the  reclamation  service  by  the  Utah  arid 
land  commission,  provided  for  by  action  of  the  State  legislature  of 
1902,  and  it  was  urged  by  this  commission  that  this  be  made  the 
Federal  project  to  receive.first  attention  in  Utah. 

Investigations  were  begun  early  in  May  of  this  year  and  the  entire 
situation  is  being  carefully  examined.  The  plan  of  investigation 
involves  a  thorough  and  complete  study  of  the  present  use  of  water  in 
the  district,  as  well  as  a  determination  of  the  possibility  of  storing 
and  utilizing  the  flood  waters. 

The  investigations  have  not  progressed  far  enough  to  draw  general 


220 


FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    COISTFEREKCE. 


[xo.  93. 


conclusions,  and  the  problem  will  necessitate  extended  and  thorough 
examination  of  the  watershed,  the  streams,  the  present  canals,  the 
lands,  and  all  other  features  which  could  in  any  way  affect  the  project. 

The  element  of  evaporation  is  important,  and  the  inquiry  will  con- 
sider the  possibility  of  partially  checking  this  serious  loss.  This  may 
involve  a  reduction  of  the  area  of  the  lake  by  some  means,  or  the 
storage  of  the  water  in  the  mountains,  the  lake  being  eliminated  from 
the  system.  Examinations  of  the  lake  basin  show  that  it  is  very  shal- 
low, and  that  there  is  no  natural  outflow  during  the  summer  months. 

The  following  table  gives  a  summary  of  the  conditions  of  inflow  to 
Utah  Lake  and  losses  by  evaporation  from  the  lake.  It  also  shows  the 
rise  of  the  water  due  to  the  excess  of  inflow  over  evaporation  and  the 
fall  (indicated  by  a  minus  sign)  in  the  months  from  April  to  October, 
inclusive.  The  last  column  of  the  table  shows  the  amount  of  water 
utilized.  By  comparing  the  column  headed  "Evaporation"  with  that 
headed  "Utilized"  it  will  be  seen  that  only  a  small  proportion  of  the 
water  of  Utah  Lake  is  put  to  beneficial  use.  The  evaporation  is  esti- 
mated at  over  420,000  acre-feet  and  the  amount  utilized  at  less  than 
86,000  acre-feet;  that  is,  less  than  28  per  cent  of  the  amount  evaporated 
is  put  to  beneficial  use. 

Summary  of  conditions  at  Utah  Lake. 


Month. 

Inflow. 

Evaporation. 

Rise  or  fall. 

Utilized. 

Second- 
feet. 

Acre- 
feet. 

Second- 
feet. 

Acre- 
feet. 

Second- 
feet. 

Acre- 
feet. 

Second  - 
feet. 

Acre- 
feet. 

January..  .  . 

207 
247 
307 
343 
477 
550 

12,834 
13,  832 
19,  034 
20,580 
29,  562 
33,000 

123 
25 
228 
587 
792 
1,136 
1,176 
955 
1,011 
501 
208 
138 

7,626 
1,395 
14,  136 
35,  247 
49,  104 
68,  169 
72,  912 
59,241 
60,  636 
31,062 
12,  462 
8,556 

434 
538 
622 
-51 
-161 
-604 
-1,071 
-817 
-581 
-308 
252 
375 

26,  908 
30,  132 
38,  595 
-3,  100 
-10,010 
-36,  255 
-66,387 
-50,652 
-34,875 
-19,065 
15,112 
25,  250 

February  

March 

April 

117 
257 
272 
206 
200 
162 
187 
15 

7,011 
15,916 
16,  333 
13,452 
12,  184 
a  9,  968 
11,149 
921 

May... 

June 

Julv  

August 

September  

9 
116 
200 
200 

540 

7,  192 
12,000 
12,400 

October 

November  

Deoprnbei".  , 

Total  

255 

160,  974 

576 

420,  546 

236 

86,  936 

«ThQ  utilized  result  stated  in  this  case  is  probably  too  low. 

WATER  LAWS  OF  UTAH. 

By  F.  S.  RICHARDS. 

At  the  last  session  of  the  Utah  legislature  a  board  of  co'mmissi oners, 
consisting  of  five  members,  known  as  the  Arid  Land  Reclamation 
Fund  Commission,  was  created,  and  in  March,  1903,  the  governor 
appointed  Abraham  F.  Doremus,  Joseph  A.  West,  Hardin  Bennion, 
William  E.  White,  and  L.  R.  Anderson  members  of  said  board.  The 
law  makes  it  the  duty  of  the  commission  to  take  such  measures  as  may 
be  necessary  to  secure  the  construction  by  the  United  States  Govern- 


NEWELL.]  WATER    LAWS    OF    UTAH.  221 

merit  of  such  reservoirs  and  irrigation  works  in  this  .State  as  are  con- 
templated by  the  national  irrigation  law,  and  to  insure  the  expendi- 
ture therefor  of  such  proportion  of  the  reclamation  fund  provided  by 
said  act  as  should  properly  be  expended  in  this  State;  and  the  com- 
mission is  authorized  to  employ  assistants  and  incur  such  expense  as 
may  be  necessary  to  enable  it  to  carry  out  the  purposes  of  the  State 
law,  an  appropriation  of  $6,000  being  made  for  this  purpose. 

Soon  after  the  commissioners  were  appointed,  the  board  met  and 
considered  the  various  irrigation  and  reservoir  propositions  within 
the  State  which  had  been  suggested  as  worthy  of  Government  atten- 
tion, and,  after  careful  deliberation,  following  the  action  of  the  State 
Irrigation  Congress,  it  selected  the  Utah  Lake  project,  and  employed 
me  to  go  to  Washington  and  present  the  matter  to  the  Department  of 
the  Interior,  which  I  did  in  May  last,  filing  with  the  Secretary  a  state- 
ment showing  the  claims  of  parties  who  had  vested  rights  in  the  lake 
as  a  reservoir,  and  asking  to  have  the  Government  commence  work 
immediately  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  feasibility  of  the 
project  from  an  engineering  standpoint.  The  request  met  with  favor- 
able action,  and  the  preliminary  work  is  now  in  progress. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  the  commission  to  do  all  in  its  power  to  facili- 
tate the  Government  work  and,  when  the  project  is  found  to  be  feas- 
ible, to  assist  in  effecting  such  an  arrangement  as  will  be  satisfactory 
to  the  Department  of  the  Interior  and  the  parties  interested  and  will 
insure  the  early  completion  of  the  work. 

The  legislature  also  passed  a  new  irrigation  law  for  the  State,  which, 
it  is  believed,  will  greatly  promote  the  interests  of  irrigation.  It  is 
designed  to  permanently  settle  titles  to  the  use  of  water  and  to  provide 
for  recording  and  transferring  the  same,  so  that  there  will  be  a  complete 
record  of  such  titles;  also  to  provide  for  the  apportionment  and  dis- 
tribution of  water  and  for  subsequent  appropriations  thereof. 

The  State  engineer  is  authorized  to  make  a  complete  hydrographic 
survey  and  map  of  each  river  system  and  water  source  of  the  State 
and  to  collect  such  facts  as  will,  in  his  judgment,  aid  in  ascertaining 
the  existing  rights  to  the  use  of  water  and  in  determining  the  volume 
of  surplus  or  unappropriated  water,  if  any,  in  each  of  such  streams  or 
sources.  To  him  is  also  given  the  general  supervision  of  surplus  or 
unappropriated  water. 

When  the  State  engineer  has  completed  the  t^drographic  survey  of 
any  river  system  or  water  source  he  must  file  a  written  statement  with 
the  clerk  of  the  district  court  of  the  county  in  which  the  same  is 
situated;  or,  if  the  S3Tstem  extends  into  more  than  one  county,  the 
statement  may  be  filed  in  any  county  that  embraces  any  part  of  the 
system  that  the  engineer  shall  select  as  most  convenient  for  the  water 
users.  The  statement  shall  set  forth  the  completion  of  the  survey,  the 
names  and  post-office  addresses  of  all  persons  using  the  water  of  the 


222  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

system,  so  far  as  the  same  are  known  to  the  State  engineer,  and  such 
other  facts  and  information  as  he  may  deem  necessary,  and,  on  the 
filing  of  such  statement,  the  district  court  in  the  county  where  the 
same  is  filed,  shall  have  exclusive  jurisdiction  to  determine  all  water 
rights  on  that  river  system  or  water  source,  in  accordance  with  the 
provisions  of  the  law. 

Within  thirty  days  after  the  filing  of  the  statement  by  the  State 
engineer  the  clerk  of  the  court  must  give  public  notice  that  all  persons 
claiming  the  right  to  the  use  of  any  of  the  water  of  that  river  system 
or  water  source  must  file  a  written  statement  with  the  clerk  of  the 
court  within  six  months  after  the  first  publicatian  of  the  notice,  setting 
forth  their  respective  claims  to  the  use  of  such  water.  This  notice  is 
to  be  published  in  a  newspaper  having  a  general  circulation,  and  to 
be  mailed,  by  registered  letter,  to  each  of  the  persons  whose  names 
and  addresses  are  given  in  the  statement  filed  by  the  State  engineer. 

Each  person  claiming  the  right  to  use  an}^  of  the  water  of  the  river 
system  or  water  source,  is  required,  within  six  months  after  the  first 
publication  of  the  notice,  to  file  in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the  court 
giving  the  notice,  a  statement  in  writing,  which  must  be  signed  and 
verified  by  the  oath  of  the  claimant,  setting  forth,  in  detail,  the  facts 
concerning  his  claim  and  appropriation,  the  details  of  which  are  speci- 
fied in  the  law,  and  any  person  failing  to  make  and  deliver  such  state- 
ment within  said  time  is  forever  barred  from  subsequently  asserting 
any  right  theretofore  acquired  to  the  use  of  the  water  of  the  river 
system  or  water  source  in  question. 

At  the  expiration  of  six  months  after  the  first  publication  of  the 
notice  the  district  court  in  which  the  statements  of  claim  have  been 
filed  may  appoint  a  referee  or  referees  to  take  testimony  and  determine 
the  rights  of  the  claimants  to  the  use  of  the  water.  The  statements 
stand  in  the  place  of  pleadings,  and  the  map  made  by  the  State  engi- 
neer is  prima  facie  evidence  of  the  facts  stated  therein  or  delineated 
thereon.  It  is  made  the  duty  of  the  referee  to  take  testimony,  after 
fifteen  days'  notice  to  the  claimants,  at  such  times  and  places  within 
the  boundaries  of  the  river  system  or  water  source  as  may  be  conven- 
ient to  the  respective  claimants  interested,  and  to  determine  the  rights 
of  the  claimants.  Contests  are  also  provided  for. 

On  the  completion  of  the  evidence  the  referee  is  required  to  state, 
in  writing,  the  facts  found  by  him  as  to  each  claim  submitted,  and  the 
conclusion  of  law  in  relation  thereto,  and  to  report  the  same,  with  a 
form  of  decree,  to  the  court,  which  may  review  the  report  and  enter 
the  decree  thereon,  or  set  aside,  alter,  or  modify  the  same,  and  enter 
the  decree  as  modified.  The  decree  must  determine  and  establish  the 
rights  of  the  several  claimants  to  the  use  of  the  water,  set  forth  the 
name  and  post-office  address  of  the  claimant,  the  flow  (per  second) 
of  water  entitled  to  be  used,  the  purpose  for  which  the  water  is  to  be 


NKWKLL.]  WATER    LAWS    OF    UTAH.  223 

used,  the  time  during  which  it  is  to  be  used  each  year,  the  name  of  the 
stream  or  other  source  from  which  the  water,  is  diverted,  the  place 
on  the  stream  or  other  source  where  the  water  is  diverted,  the  priority 
number  of  the  right  and  the  date  of  the  right,  and  such  other  matters 
as  will  fully  and  completely  define  the  right. 

Appeals  to  the  supreme  court  are  provided  for  from  decrees  of  the 
district  court,  and  if  no  appeal  is  taken  within  six  months  after  the 
decree  has  been  entered  it  becomes  final,  and  the  clerk  issues  a  certifi- 
cate in  duplicate,  attested  under  the  seal  of  the  court,  setting  forth 
the  substance  of  the  decree.  One  copy  of  the  certificate  is  trans- 
mitted in  person  or  by  registered  mail  to  the  appropriator  and  recorded 
in  the  office  of  the  county  recorder  of  the  county  in  which  the  water 
is  diverted  from  its  natural  channel,  and  the  other  is  delivered  to  the 
State  engineer  and  filed  in  his  office. 

The  State  engineer  is  empowered  to  divide  the  State  into  water  divi- 
sions and  subdivide  the  same  into  districts,  which  shall  be  so  consti- 
tuted as  to  secure  the  best  protection  to  the  water  users  and  the  most 
economical  supervision  on  the  part  of  the  State.  A  superintendent  is 
provided  for  each  water  division,  who  is  to  be  appointed  by  the  State 
engineer,  with  the  consent  of  the  governor.  The  superintendent  ap- 
points a  supervisor  for  each  water  district  in  his  division,  who  must 
be  confirmed  by  the  board  of  county  commissioners.  The  superin- 
tendent has  control  of  the  district  supervisors  and  of  the  apportion- 
ment of  the  water  in  the  several  districts  in  his  division,  under  the 
direction  of  the  State  engineer.  The  supervisor  apportions  the  water 
in  the  natural  streams  of  his  district  among  the  several  ditches  taking 
water  therefrom,  according  to  their  respective  rights,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  superintendent  of  his  division.  Any  person  may  appeal 
from  the  action  of  any  division  superintendent  or  district  supervisor 
to  the  State  engineer,  who  will  hear  and  decide  the  case. 

Any  person  wishing  in  the  future  to  acquire  the  right  to  the  use  of 
any  of  the  public  water  in  the  State  must,  before  commencing  the 
construction,  enlargement,  or  extension  of  any  ditch  or  other  works 
for  the  purpose,  make  an  application  in  writing  to  the  State  engineer 
(upon  a  blank  to  be  furnished),  which  shall  include  a  map,  profile, 
and  drawings.  Thereupon  the  State  engineer,  at  the  expense  of  the 
applicant,  will  publish  a  notice  for  thirty  days  in  some  newspaper  of 
general  circulation  within  the  boundaries  of  the  river  system  or  water 
source  in  which  the  appropriation  is  to  be  made,  showing  b}^  whom 
the  application  is  made,  the  quantity  of  w^ter  sought  to  be  appro- 
priated, the  stream  from  which  the  appropriation  is  to  be  made  and 
at  what  point  on  the  stream,  and  the  use  for  which  it  is  to  be  appro- 
priated and  by  what  means. 

Any  person  interested  may,  within  thirty  days  after  the  completion 
of  the  publication  of  the  notice,  file  with  the  State  engineer,  a  written 


224  FIEST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE. 

protest  against  the  granting  of  the  application,  stating  the  reasons 
therefor,  which  will  be  considered  by  the  engineer,  who  will  approve 
all  applications  made  in  proper  form,  where  the  proposed  use  will  not 
impair  the  value  of  existing  rights,  or  be  otherwise  detrimental  to  the 
public  welfare.  Where  there  is  no  unappropriated  water  in  the  pro- 
posed source  of  supply,  or  where  the  proposed  use  will  conflict  with 
existing  rights,  or  threatens  to  prove  detrimental  to  the  public  inter- 
est, the  State  engineer  must  reject  the  application.  An  appeal  to  the 
courts  is  allowed  from  such  rejection. 

The  State  engineer  must  require  that  actual  construction  work  shall 
begin  within  ninety  days  from  the  date  of  approval,  and  that  the  con- 
struction of  the  proposed  irrigation  works  shall  be  completed  within  a 
period  of  five  years  from  the  date  of  such  approval.  When  it  appears 
to  his  satisfaction  that  any  appropriation  has  been  perfected  in  accord- 
ance with  the  application  therefor,  he  must  issue  a  certificate,  in 
duplicate,  to  the  party  making  the  same,  setting  forth  the  name  and 
post-office  address  of  the  person  by  whom  the  water  is  to  be  used,  the 
flow  of  water  per  second  to  be  used,  the  purpose  for  which  the  water 
is  to  be  used,  the  time  during  which  the  water  is  to  be  used  each  year, 
the  name  of  the  stream  or  source  from  which  the  water  is  diverted, 
the  place  on  the  stream  or  source  where  the  water  is  to  be  diverted, 
the  priority  number  of  the  right,  the  date  of  the  appropriation,  and 
such  other  matter  as  will  fully  and  completely  define  the  right  of  the 
person  to  the  use  of  the  water.  One  copy  of  the  certificate  is  to  be 
filed  in  the  office  of  the  State  engineer  and  the  other  delivered  to  the 
appropriator  and  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  recorder  of  the  county 
where  the  water  is  diverted  from  the  natural  stream  or  source. 

The  law  declares  that  the  water  of  all  streams  and  other  sources  in 
the  State,  whether  flowing  above  or  under  ground,  in  known  or  defined 
channels,  is  the  property  of  the  public,  subject  to  all  existing  rights 
to  the  use  thereof;  that  the  discharge  of  1  cubic  foot  per  second  of 
time,  which  is  known  as  the  "second-foot,"  shall  be  the  unit  of  measure- 
ment of  flowing  water,  and  that  the  "acre-foot"  shall  be  the  unit  of 
measurement  of  quantity;  and  that  "beneficial  use"  shall  be  the  basis, 
the  measure,  and  the  limit  of  all  rights  to  the  use  of  water  in  the  State. 

The  law  also  provides  that  water  rights  shall  be  transferred  by 
deed  in  substantially  the  same  manner  as  real  estate,  except  when  rep- 
resented by  shares  of  stock  in  a  corporation,  and  the  deed  shall  be 
recorded  in  the  office  of  the  recorder  of  the  county  where  the  place  of 
diversion  of  the  water  from  its  natural  channel  is  situated,  and  that 
every  deed  of  water  right  so  recorded  shall,  from  the  time  of  filing 
the  same  with  the  recorder  for  record,  impart  notice  to  all  persons  of 
the  contents  thereof;  and  subsequent  purchasers,  mortgagees,  and 
lien  holders  shall  be  deemed  to  purchase  and  take  with  notice;  that 
every  deed  of  water  right  which  shall  not  be  so  recorded  shall  be  void 


NEWELL.]  NORTH    PLATTE    PROJECTS.  225 

as  against  any  subsequent  purchaser,  in  good  faith  and  for  a  valuable 
consideration,  of  the  same  water  right  or  any  portion  thereof,  where 
his  own  deed  shall  be  first  recorded. 

This  is  merely  a  brief  outline,  showing  the  general  scope  of  the 
law,  which  contains  many  details  and  miscellaneous  provisions  that  I 
have  not  enumerated. 

WORK  ON  NORTH  PLATTE  RIVER  IN  WYOMING. 

By  JOHN  E.  FIELD. 

The  North  Platte  rises  in  northern  Colorado  and  flows  northward  to 
about  the  center  of  Wyoming,  where  it  turns  and  flows  a  little  south 
of  east  into  Nebraska.  The  waters  of  the  main  stream  are  used  very 
little  in  Wyoming,  the  principal  sources  of  supply  being  the  tribu- 
taries, which  have  a  much  greater  fall  per  mile,  and  the  diversion  of 
whose  waters  is  much  more  easily  accomplished.  During  the  irriga- 
ting season,  except  at  time  of  floods,  almost  no  water  reaches  the  main 
stream  from  them. 

Considerable  irrigation  farming  is  done  in  the  North  Platte  Valley 
in  Nebraska  with  water  from  that  river,  so  that,  as  the  water  comes 
from  Colorado,  flows  through  Wyoming,  and  is  used  there  and  in 
Nebraska,  we  may  expect  some  interesting  developments  of  an  inter- 
state character  as  to  water  rights  along  the  North  Platte. 

As  far  as  the  projects  contemplated  under  the  reclamation  law  are 
concerned,  however,  there  appears  to  be  no  danger  of  complications  as 
regards  priority  of  rights.  One  reservoir  now  being  surveyed  has  a 
capacity  sufficient  to  control  all  the  flood  waters  in  an  ordinary  season, 
giving  almost  absolute  control  of  the  flow  of  the  stream  and  permitting 
the  construction  of  ditches  at  any  point  with  an  assured  supply.  Should 
a  canal  be  constructed  above  the  reservoir  the  entire  flow  of  the  river 
could  be  diverted,  and  ditches  lower  down  could  be  supplied  from  the 
stored  water.  For  the  Government  canals  constructed  below  the 
reservoir  the  stored  water  could  be  drawn  off  as  desired. 

The  reason  of  the  nonuse  of  the  water  of  North  Plate  River  is  appar- 
ent after  a  brief  examination  of  the  district:  First,  the  fall  of  the  river 
is  but  5  or  6  feet  per  mile;  second,  the  land  bordering  the  stream  lies 
at  a  considerable  elevation,  making  it  necessary  that  a  canal  to  cover 
any  considerable  area  should  be  about  200  feet  above  the  river;  third, 
the  zone  between  the  mesa  and  the  narrow  river  bottoms  is  very 
rough,  and  cut  by  gulches  and  arroyos,  which  will  make  any  canal 
very  crooked  and  construction  very  expensive. 

The  first  work  done  consisted  of  running  a  preliminary  canal  line 
from  Guernsey,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  into  the  Goshen  Hole, 
to  ascertain  the  probable  cost  and  the  area  that  could  be  irrigated. 
IRR  93—04 15 


226  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  I™.  93. 

The  canal  starts  at  a  point  about  1  mile  above  Guernsey,  at  the  Nar- 
rows, so  called  on  account  of  the  river  being  contracted  at  that  point 
by  a  reef  of  crystalline  limestone,  through  which  the  water  has  cut  an 
excellent  location  for  a  diversion  dam.  The  line  was  started  70  feet 
above  low  water,  and  later  increased  to  85  feet,  and  was  carried  at  that 
elevation  into  the  Hole,  the  total  length  of  the  canal  being  140  miles, 
covering  about  200,000  acres,  150,000  of  which  are  probably  irrigable. 

To  reach  a  point  about  17  miles  below  the  Narrows  by  the  river,  on 
the  south  side,  it  was  found  that  33  miles  of  canal  was  required,  6  miles 
of  which  was  tunnel  or  equally  expensive  cuts,  and  as  much  more  of 
side-hill  work  through  rock.  The  cost  of  this  piece  of  canal  appeared 
to  be  prohibitive,  and  a  line  was  run  on  the  north  side.  Work  on  this 
is  not  yet  complete,  but  the  indications  are  that  about  4  miles  of  tunnel 
and  as  much  more  of  heavy  side-hill  work  will  be  eliminated,  making 
the  canal  about  8  miles  shorter.  Under  this  plan,  however,  an  inverted 
siphon  must  be  built,  with  a  capacity  of  at  least  1,000  second-feet,  and 
preferably  of  1,500  second-feet.  It  must  be  2J  miles  in  length,  and 
under  a  pressure  at  the  lowest  point  of  190  feet  head. 

The  second  piece  of  work  taken  up  was  at  Devils  Gate,  on  Sweet- 
water  River,  a  short  distance  above  its  junction  with  North  Platte 
River.  Capt.  Hiram  N.  Chittenden,  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers, 
United  States  Army,  had  made  a  report  on  the  site.  During  the  fall 
of  1902  drilling  was  begun  for  the  purpose  of  testing  the  foundations 
for  the  proposed  dam.  The  water  supply,  however,  was  found  to  be 
very  small,  the  maximum  flow  being  about  400  second-feet  and  the 
minimum  5  second-feet,  mostly  seepage.  This  was  very  disappoint- 
ing, as  it  showed  that  the  construction  of  a  large  storage  reservoir  was 
not  possible,  on  account  of  the  small  supply. 

Below  Devils  Gate,  however,  is  a  tract  of  land  which  it  was 
thought  might  be  reclaimed  by  building  a  dam  50  feet  high  instead  of 
90  feet,  as  at  first  contemplated,  which  would  impound  sufficient  water 
to  irrigate  probably  20,000  acres.  The  land  is  rough  in  places,  with 
many  alkali  lakes  and  beds  scattered  over  it.  A  topographic  survey 
was  therefore  made  of  the  area  under  the  canal.  This  survey  has 
been  completed,  but  the  classification  of  the  land  is  not  yet  made.  It 
is  doubtful  if  enough  good  land  will  be  covered  to  justify  the  cost  of 
the  dam,  rights  of  wa}r,  and  canals. 

The  third  piece  of  work  undertaken  was  the  examination  and  sur- 
vey of  a  reservoir  site  on  North  Platte  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Sweetwater,  about  20  miles  below  Devils  Gate.  The  dam  site  is  in  a 
box  canyon,  but  80  feet  wide  at  low-water  mark,  and  160  feet  wide  at 
a  point  157  feet  higher.  The  diamond  drill  has  shown  that  bed  rock  is 
but  10  feet  below  low  water  and  that  it  is  solid  granite,  as  are  also 
the  walls  of  the  canyon.  The  dam  as  contemplated  will  have  a  total 


NEWELL.]  WYOMING    PROJECTS.  227 

height  of  190  feet,  the  cubical  contents  being  about  75,000  yards. 
The  capacity  of  the  reservoir  is  probably  at  least  750,000  acre-feet, 
possibly  1,000,000  acre-feet.  The  topographic  survey  of  the  reservoir 
has  not  yet  been  completed.  These  figures  will  show  that  the  cost 
per  acre-foot  is  remarkably  small.  Drilling,  as  stated,  has  been  done 
at  both  the  Devils  Gate  and  North  Platte-  sites  with  very  satisfactory 
results. 

The  problem  of  obtaining  a  suitable  body  of  land  on  which  to  use 
the  water  remains  unsolved.  At  present  a  canal  line  is  being  run 
from  Alcova,  some  eight  miles  below  the  reservoir,  to  ascertain  the 
possibility  of  covering  the  mesas  north  and  west  of  Casper.  Should 
this  be  impracticable,  surveys  will  be  made  lower  down  to  find  smaller 
tracts  that  can  be  irrigated  by  the  construction  of  several  smaller 
canals  on  each  side  of  the  river,  some  of  which  will  probably  extend 
into  Nebraska. 

INVESTIGATIONS  IN  WYOMING. 

By  JEREMIAH  AHERN. 

PROJECTS  CONSIDERED. 

In  northern  Wyoming  two  projects  are  under  consideration — the 
Lake  De  Smet  project,  in  Johnson  County,  and  the  Shoshone  project, 
in  the  vicinity  of  Cody,  in  Bighorn  County. 

The  Lake  De  Smet  project  was  examined  and  favorably  reported 
upon  a  few  years  ago  by  Capt.  Hiram  N.  Chittenden  of  the  Corps  of 
Engineers,  United  States  Army. 

Soon  after  the  enactment  of  the  reclamation  law,  in  June,  1902, 
surveys  and  investigations  looking  to  the  storage  in  general  of  the 
surplus  water  from  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Bighorn  Mountains,  and 
more  particularly  the  storage  of  some  of  this  water  in  the  Lake  De 
Smet  basin,  were  begun  and  carried  on  during  the  season  of  1902. 
During  the  winter  months  following  preliminary  plans  and  estimates 
of  the  probable  cost  of  the  project  were  made. 

LAKE    DE    SMET   PROJECT. 

Lake  De  Smet  lies  in  the  comparatively  low  rolling  country  east  of 
the  Bighorn  Mountains,  being  about  8  miles  from  their  base.  Its 
drainage  basin  is  only  a  few  square  miles  in  extent,  a  large  part  of  its 
water  supply  apparently  being  seepage  wat*r  from  irrigating  ditches. 
It  has  no  visible  outlet.  The  lake  is  formed  by  a  natural  basin,  the 
present  surface  of  the  water  being  about  3  miles  in  length,  and  having 
an  average  width  of  a  little  more  than  three-fourths  of  a  mile,  com- 
prising an  area  of  1,500  acres.  The  lowest  point  of  the  rim  of  the 
lake  basin  is  30  feet  above  the  present  surface  of  the  water,  and  if  its 


228  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

water  surface  should  be  raised  to  this  point  the  lake  would  have  a 
storage  capacity  of  about  54,000  acre-feet.  It  is  proposed  to  divert 
the  surplus  water  of  Piney  Creek  into  this  lake  for  storage. 

Piney  Creek  drains  a  portion  of  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Bighorn 
Mountains,  some  of  its  tributaries  having  their  sources  north  of  and 
some  south  of  Cloud  Peak.  •  This  peak  is  the  highest  point  in  the  Big- 
horn Mountains,  its  elevation  being  somewhat  over  13,000  feet.  Owing 
to  the  high  elevation  of  a  large  part  of  the  drainage  basin  of  Piney 
Creek,  the  precipitation  and  consequently  the  run-off  is  comparatively 
large,  the  maximum  discharge  of  the  creek  being  about  1,200  cubic 
feet  per  second.  After  leaving  the  mountains  Piney  Creek  flows 
through  a  rolling  country,  there  being  no  large  area  of  bench  lands  that 
could  be  irrigated  by  its  water.  All  of  the  irrigable  land  is  along  the 
stream  and  its  tributaries,  which  are  for  the  most  part  long,  narrow 
valleys,  and  nearly  all  of  it  is  in  private  ownership. 

A  canal  necessary  to  divert  the  water  of  Piney  Creek  into  Lake  De 
Smet  would  be  about  4  miles  long,  and  most  of  it  would  be  on  ground 
where  the  cost  of  construction  would  not  be  high.  At  the  present 
time  the  only  uncertainty  about  the  project  is  the  water  supply. 

In  August,  1902,  a  gaging  station  was  established  near  the  proposed 
point  of  diversion,  so  that  at  the  end  of  the  present  season  the  first 
definite  knowledge  about  the  water  supply  will  be  recorded. 

The  stored  water  would  be  used  for  irrigating  land  along  Piney  and 
Clear  creeks  and  possibly  along  Prairie  Dog  Creek  in  the  vicinity  of 
Sheridan.  Practically  all  of  the  land  along  Piney  Creek  and  about 
one-half  of  that  along  Clear  and  Prairie  Dog  creeks  are  in  private 
ownership.  All  of  this  land  lies  at  a  comparatively  low  elevation  for 
Wyoming,  between  3,700  and  4,000  feet. 

SHOSHONE   PROJECT. 

The  Shoshone  project  contemplates  the  diversion  of  Shoshone  River 
in  the  canyon  about  6  miles  above  the  town  of  Cody,  and  the  storage 
of  a  portion  of  the  surplus  flow  above  the  canyon.  At  the  upper  end 
of  the  canyon  is  a  good  dam  site,  the  canyon  at  this  point  being  about 
80  feet  wide  with  nearly  vertical  walls  of  sold  granite.  It  has  been 
determined  that  a  dam  200  feet  high  would  store  336,000  acre-feet. 

The  North  Fork  of  Shoshone  River  rises  just  east  of  Yellowstone 
National  Park,  some  of  its  tributaries  having  their  sources  within  the 
park.  It  then  flows  in  a  general  easterly  direction  to  its  junction 
with  the  South  Fork,  coming  from  the  southwest  and  having  its 
source  southeast  of  the  park.  Shoshone  River  then  enters  a  canyon 
about  3  miles  in  length,  about  1,000  feet  deep,  and  65  feet  wide  in  its 
narrowest  place.  A  considerable  portion  of  this  canyon  is  through 
solid  granite,  with  nearly  vertical  walls  in  many  places.  Near  its 
lower  end  are  deposits  from  extinct  geysers  and  hot  springs  and  at 


NEWELL.]  SHOSHONE    PROJECT.  229 

a  few  places  along  the  north  side  are  large  areas  covered  with  slide 
rock.  The  discharge  of  Shoshone  River  during  1903  was  more  than 
one  million  acre -feet. 

It  is  proposed  to  take  the  water  out  near  the  head  of  the  canyon, 
on  the  north  side,  at  such  an  elevation  as  will  bring  it  on  the  high 
bench  at  the  mouth  of  the  canyon.  The  water  will  be  conveyed  along 
the  side  of  'the  canyon  in  a  suitable  conduit,  consisting  in  part  of 
tunnels  and  canals.  After  leaving  the  canyon  there  are  several  wide 
draws  or  ravines  that  cross  the  irrigable  land  at  right  angles  to  the 
general  direction  of  the  canal,  the  crossing  of  which  will  add  con- 
siderable to  the  cost.  It  is  probable  that  the  most  economical  way 
of  crossing  these  draws  will  be  by  means  of  inverted  siphons,  con- 
structed possibly  of  steel  or  concrete  pipes. 

The  land  that  would  be  reclaimed  by  this  project  extends  along  the 
north  or  left  bank  of  Shoshone  River  for  a  distance  of  about  40  miles, 
and  comprises  somewhat  over  100,000  acres,  nearly  all  of  which  is 
irrigable.  This  land  lies  at  an  elevation  of  from  4,100  to  5,100  feet. 
The  Cody  branch  of  the  Burlington  Railroad  passes  through  it  for  a 
distance  of  35  miles,  the  town  of  Cody  being  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  river,  and  near  its  upper  end.  The  town  of  Garland  is  on  the 
lower  portion  of  this  land.  With  the  exception  of  four  or  five  small 
ranches  nearly  all  of  this  land  has  been  segregated  by  the  State  under 
the  provisions  of  the  Cary  law,  but  owing  to  the  magnitude  of  the 
enterprise  its  promoters  have  been  unable  to  obtain  the  necessary 
capital  for  construction.  It  is  understood  that  if  the  Government 
shall  undertake  the  construction  of  this  project,  the  land  will  be 
released  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and  that  the  water  right  will 
go  with  it. 

It  is  not  expected  that  there  will  be  any  complications  over  water 
rights  or  any  difficulties  to  overcome  in  reaching  an  agreement  with 
landowners.  All  of  the  public  land  under  the  project  not  segregated 
by  the  State  has  been  withdrawn  from  entry  other  than  homestead. 

A  topographic  survey  by  plane-table  methods  was  made  of  a  strip 
along  the  north  side  of  the  canyon,  the  distance  between  its  limiting 
contours  being  140  feet  in  vertical  height.  The  length  of  this  strip 
is  about  3£  miles,  and  its  area  covers  all  feasible  locations  for  con- 
duit lines.  The  scale  of  this  map  is  100  feet  to  an  inch,  the  contour 
interval  5  feet.  On  this  map  the  most  feasible  location  will  be  made 
and  from  it  all  of  the  preliminary  plans  antl  estimates.  For  the  pri- 
mary horizontal  control  of  this  map  a  base  line  7,170  feet  in  length 
was  located  on  the  bench  below  the  mouth  of  the  canyon  and  measured 
with  a  300-foot  steel  tape.  From  this  base  a  triangulation  was  carried 
into  the  canyon  by  locating  stations  on  both  sides  of  the  canyon,  so  as 
to  form  well-conditioned  quadrilaterals.  All  of  the  angles  were  then 
measured  with  a  transit  and  the  sides  of  the  triangles  were  computed. 


230  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

The  stations  were  plotted  on  the  plane  table  sheets  by  taking  any  one 
triangle  and  laying  off  one  of  its  sides  on  the  sheet  in  approximately 
its  proper  position.  This,  of  course,  gave  two  points  of  the  triangle. 
Calling  this  line  the  base  of  the  triangle,  the  third  point  was  plotted 
by  laying  off  at  its  proper  place  the  altitude  of  the  triangle.  In  this 
particular  survey  this  method  was  found  more  convenient  than  com- 
puting the  rectangular  coordinates  of  each  station  referred  to  a  com- 
mon origin.  The  sheets  were  joined  by  using  a  line  common  to  two 
sheets. 

For  vertical  control  a  line  of  levels  was  carried  up  the  canyon 
approximately  along  the  top  contour  and  then  down  the  canyon  along 
the  lower  portion  of  the  area,  thus  forming  a  closed  circuit. 

SURVEY   OF   IRRIGABLE   LAND. 

The  irrigable  land  is  being  mapped  on  a  scale  of  1,000  feet  to  an 
inch.  The  contour  interval  is  10  feet.  The  horizontal  control  of  this 
survey  depends  on  the  primary  triangulation  carried  across  northern 
Wyoming  by  the  topographic  branch  during  the  years  1896-1898. 
One  of  the  azimuth  stations  of  this  triangulation — Corbett — is  on  the 
left  bank  of  Shoshone  River,  and  about  10  miles  below  the  upper  end 
of  the  irrigable  land. 

A  point  from  which  three  of  the  primary  stations — Hart  Mountain, 
McCulloch,  and  Cedar  Mountain— are  visible  was  selected,  3£  miles 
northwest  of  the  azimuth  station,  and  the  angles  at  this  point  sub- 
tended by  the  three  primary  stations  were  measured  with  a  transit 
reading  to  30  seconds.  These  angles,  together  with  the  known  posi- 
tions of  the  primary  stations,  gave  data  for  computing  the  length  of 
the  line  to  the  azimuth  station.  This  line  was  then  used  for  a  base 
for  developing  the  triangulation  over  the  area  under  survey.  Stations 
were  selected  from  3  to  7  miles  apart,  and  so. located  that  well-condi- 
tioned quadrilaterals  would  be  formed.  The  angles  of  each  quadri- 
lateral were  measured  with  a  transit  reading  to  30  seconds.  The  angles 
of  each  triangle  were  arbitrarily  adjusted  and  the  sides  computed,  also 
the  rectangular  coordinates  of  each  station,  the  axes  of  coordinates 
being  a  meridian  through  the  azimuth  station  and  a  line  perpendicular 
to  it.  Owing  to  the  comparatively  small  area,  about  200  square  miles, 
reductions  taking  into  account  the  curvature  of  the  earth  were  not 
deemed  necessary.  As  a  check  on  the  work  a  side  of  a  quadrilateral 
near  the  lower  end  of  the  work  was  measured  roughly  with  a  300- foot 
steel  tape.  A  connection  also  was  made  with  the  base  line  used  for 
the  canyon  triangulation. 

The  stations  were  plotted  on  detail  paper,  from  which  they  were 
transferred  to  the  plane-table  sheets  by  pricking  through,  the  two 
scales  being  the  same. 


NEWELL.]  CONDITIONS    IN    WASHINGTON.  231 

The  vertical  control  depends  on  a  line  of  primary  levels  of  the  topo- 
graphic branch  that  crosses  the  area. 

With  the  exception  of  the  triangulation  and  leveling  the  plane  table 
was  used  in  all  topographic  work.  Wherever  land-office  corners  were 
found,  connections  with  them  were  made. 

WORK  IN  WASHINGTON. 

By  T.  A.  NOBLE. 

The  State  of  Washington  may  be  divided  into  two  sections  which 
are  wholly  different  in  climate,  soil,  flora,  and  fauna.  The  western 
section,  including  the  Fuget  Sound  region,  is  humid,  heavily  tim- 
bered, very  irregular  in  topography,  and  has  numerous  small  streams 
flowing  from  the  mountains  into  Puget  Sound  and  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
The  mean  annual  rainfall  is  somewhat  over  50  inches. 

The  eastern  section,  which  is  the  part  of  the  State  that  is  suscepti- 
ble of  improvement  by  irrigation,  includes  the  great  plains  of  the 
Columbia  River  Valley  and  the  valleys  of  a  number  of  tributaries,  and 
is  arid  and  semiarid.  The  higher  portion  of  this  section  is  mountain- 
ous, and  bears  a  sparse  growth  of  pine.  It  is  drained  entirely  by 
Columbia  River  and  its  tributaries.  The  mean  annual  rainfall  is  about 
16  inches. 

The  line  between  these  two  sections  is  sharply  defined  by  the  sum- 
mits of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  which  extend  in  an  irregular  line  from 
the  Canadian  boundary  southward  to  Columbia  River,  near  the  one 
hundred  and  twenty -first  meridian. 

In  the  central-southern  portion  of  the  eastern  section  are  the  great 
plains  of  Columbia  River,  known  as  the  Big  Bend  country,  the  surface 
of  which  is  an  enormous  lava  overflow,  lying  between  the  Rocky  and 
Cascade  mountains  on  the  east  and  the  west,  respectively,  and  a  low 
range  of  mountains  on  the  north,  near  the  Canadian  boundary.  This 
plain,  in  its  northern  and  eastern  parts,  lies  at  an  elevation  of  from 
2,300  to  2,800  feet  above  sea  level  and  gradually  slopes  toward  the 
south  and  east  to  the  "junction  of  Snake  and  Columbia  rivers.  Through 
this  plain  Columbia  River  has  cut  an  irregular  channel,  reaching  in 
places  a  depth  of  2,000  feet.  The  Columbia,  where  it  crosses  the  Cana- 
dian boundary,  is  about  1,300  feet  above  sea  level.  The  lowest  por- 
tion of  this  land  is  at  the  junction  of  Snake  and  Columbia  rivers,  where 
it  is  about  300  feet  above  sea  level.  The  area  lying  below  1,000  feet 
is  relatively  small,  so  that  it  is  physically  impossible  to  utilize  the 
Columbia  to  irrigate  any  large  part  of  this  land,  for  it  would  require 
a  canal  200  miles  long  to  take  water  from  the  Columbia  River. 

On  the  upper  levels  of  this  plain — that  part  lying  above  an  elevation  of 
2,000  feet — is  the  famous  wheat  land  of  eastern  Washington,  comprising 


232  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

about  8  000,000  acres.  That  portion  of  the  plain  lying  below  2,000 
feet  is  arid,  for  the  maximum  rainfall  is  not  over  12  inches.  This 
portion  of  the  plain  constitutes  about  4,000,000  acres.  To  irrigate 
such  parts  of  this  land  as  are  suitable  for  cultivation  is  the  problem 
that  the  reclamation  service  has  to  solve  in  the  State  of  Washington. 
The  possibilities  are  so  great  that  no  pains  or  expense  will  be  spared 
to  determine'  any  practicable  method  of  getting  water  on  this  land. 
Fortunately  there  is  flowing  in  the  northwestern  borders  of  the  State 
and  in  northwestern  Idaho  an  abundant  supply  of  water  lying  above 
this  elevation,  in  Pend  Oreille,  Priest,  and  Spokane  rivers.  It  is 
roughly  estimated  that  these  rivers  and  the  natural  storage  reservoirs 
tributary  to  them  will  supply  at  least  5,000,000  acre -feet  of  water.  It 
will  thus  be  seen  that  two  of  the  necessary  elements  of  irrigation  are 
assured — an  abundant  supply  of  water  and  a  vast  area  of  land  suitable 
for  cultivation.  The  third  element — whether  or  not  the  water  can  be 
brought  upon  the  land  at  such  a  price  per  acre  as  will  interest  the 
farmer  and  irrigator  to  settle  and  successfully  raise  crops — is  the  ques- 
tion to  be  determined.  It  will  require  a  number  of  years  to  fully 
investigate  this  question,  and  it  is  also  certain  that  should  the  project 
prove  to  be  advisable  the  money  required  for  its  construction  will  be 
beyond  the  limits  of  the  present  irrigation  fund. 

RELATION    OF    FEDERAL    AND    STATE    LAWS    TO 
IRRIGATION. 

By  MORRIS  BIEN. 

As  a  result  of  our  form  of  government,  we  have  in  the  arid  region, 
as  in  other  sections,  a  condition  which,  if  not  so  familiar,  would  be 
regarded  as  very  remarkable,  namely,  that  of  two  distinct  sovereign- 
ties operating  in  the  same  jurisdiction;  the  government  of  a  State  and 
the  Government  of  the  United  States  dealing  independently  with  dif- 
ferent subjects  in  the  same  locality,  and  likewise  withHhe  same  subject 
in  more  or  less  distinct  spheres  of  action.  This  condition  must  be  con- 
sidered in  dealing  with  irrigation  law.  Nearly  all  the  lands  of  the 
arid  region  were  originally  under  the  sole  jurisdiction  of  the  United 
States,  but  a  considerable  portion  has  now  become  subject  to  the  laws 
and  regulations  of  the  State  governments.  In  each  State  or  Territory 
we  find  two  separate  sets  of  laws  governing  water  rights  and  irriga- 
tion— the  Federal  laws  few  and  general  in  application,  and  the  local 
laws,  in  some  cases  voluminous  and  complicated,  dealing  with  the 
details  of  the  subject. 

The  Federal  laws  comprise  the  following: 

First.  The  principle  of  priority  of  appropriation  of  water  as  distin- 
guished from  the  common  law  of  riparian  rights.  In  1866  a  Congress 

«Rev.  Stat,  sees.  2339  and  2340. 


NEWELL.]  FEDERAL    AND    STATE    LAWS.  233 

recognized  the  doctrine  of  appropriation  of  water  as  then  applied.  In 
the  desert-land  act  of  1877  a  the  waters  from  all  sources  of  supply  on 
the  public  domain,  except  navigable  waters,  were  open  to  appropria- 
tion and  use  for  irrigation,  mining,  and  manufacturing  purposes. 

Second.  The  principle  that  the  water  used  for  irrigation  should  be 
appurtenant  to  the  land  upon  which  it  is  used,  while  not  distinctly 
announced  in  the  desert-land  act  of  1877,  is  at  least  implied  in  its  pro- 
visions, inasmuch^ as  the  reclamation  by  irrigation  of  the  lands  entered 
is  the  main  requirement  for  obtaining  a  patent  thereunder.  This  prin- 
ciple was,  however,  definitely  announced  by  Congress  in  section  8  of 
the  reclamation  act  of  June  17,  1902,*  in  the  following  terms:  "That 
the  right  to  use  the  water  acquired  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall 
be  appurtenant  to  the  land  irrigated,  and  beneficial  use  shall  be  the 
basis,  the  measure,  and  the  limit  of  the  right." 

These  two  principles  are  substantially  the  whole  of  the  Federal 
irrigation  law  as  enacted  by  Congress.  The  same  principles  form  the 
basis  of  the  irrigation  legislation  of  the  various  States  and  Territories 
in  the  arid  region. 

Two  general  systems  of  State  irrigation  law  have  been  developed — 
one,  as  in  California,  providing  merely  for  the  filing  and  recording  of 
claims  to  water,  the  rights  of  the  claimants  depending  in  general  on 
priority  of  appropriation,  all  matters  of  regulation  and  adjudication 
being  left  to  the  courts;  the  other,  as  in  Wyoming,  providing  for 
regulation,  control,  and  adjudication  by  a  State  board,  with  a  final 
review  by  the  courts.  Between  these  two  extremes  we  find  the  power 
of  regulation,  control,  and  adjudication  in  the  first  instance  given  in 
varying  degree  to  a  State  engineer  or  other  officer  acting  in  a  similar 
capacity.  In  some  of  the  States,  where  only  part  of  the  area  is  arid, 
the  common-law  doctrine  of  the  rights  of  riparian  owners  and  the  doc- 
trine of  prior  appropriation  are  applied  to  the  same  stream,  producing 
a  conflict  of  interests  which  has  given  the  courts  much  difficulty. 
Under  such  conditions  the  rights  to  the  use  of  water  are  insecure,  and 
irrigation  development  proceeds  under  a  serious  disadvantage. 

A  plain  statement  of  existing  conditions  of  State  legislation  is  found 
in  the  message  of  President  Roosevelt  of  December,  1901,  where  he 
says: 

The  security  and  value  of  the  homes  created  depend  largely  on  the  stability  of 
titles  to  water,  but  the  majority  of  these  rest  on  the  uncertain  foundation  of  court 
decisions  rendered  in  ordinary  suits  at  law.  With  ^  few  creditable  exceptions,  the 
arid  States  have  failed  to  provide  for  the  certain  and  just  division  of  streams  in  times 
of  scarcity.  Lax  and  uncertain  laws  have  made  it  possible  to  establish  rights  to 
water  in  excess  of  actual  uses  or  necessities,  and  many  streams  have  already  passed 
into  private  ownership,  or  a  control  equivalent  to  ownership. 

Whoever  controls  a  stream  practically  controls  the  land  it  renders  productive,  and 
the  doctrine  of  private  ownership  of  water  apart  from  land  can  not  prevail  without 

a  Act  March  3,  1877,  19  Stat.  L.,  p.  397.  Z>32  Stat.  L.,  p.  388. 


234  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

causing  enduring  wrong.  The  recognition  of  such  ownership,  which  has  been  per- 
mitted to  grow  up  in  the  arid  regions,  should  give  way  to  a  more  enlightened  and 
larger  recognition  of  the  rights  of  the  public  in  the  control  and  disposal  of  the  public 
water  supplies.  Laws  founded  upon  conditions  obtaining  in  humid  regions,  where 
water  is  too  abundant  to  justify  hoarding  it,  have  no  proper  application  in  a  dry 
country. 

In  the  arid  States  the  only  right  to  water  which  should  be  recognized  is  that  of  use. 
In  irrigation  this  right  should  attach  to  the  land  reclaimed  and  be  inseparable  there- 
from. Granting  perpetual  water  rights  to  others  than  users,  without  compensation 
to  the  public,  is  open  to  all  the  objections  which  apply  to  giving  away  perpetual 
franchises  to  the  public  utilities  of  cities.  A  few  of  the  Western  States  have  already 
recognized  this,  and  have  incorporated  in  their  constitutions  the  doctrine  of  perpetual 
State  ownership  of  water. 

At  the  session  following  this  message  the  reclamation  act  was  passed, 
and  the  operations  thereunder  will  bring  about  a  situation  emphasizing 
the  necessity  for  proper  State  irrigation  legislation  so  strongly  urged 
by  the  President. 

The  control  of  the  Federal  Government  over  the  public  lands  and  the 
non navigable  waters  is  that  of  a  proprietor,  and  the  irrigation  laws 
enacted  by  Congress  prior  to  the  reclamation  act  have  not  been  intended 
to  impress  conditions  of  ownership  upon  the  lands  after  they  had  passed 
from  its  control.  Accordingly ,  those  laws  have  not  been  held  operative 
after  the  issuance  of  patent  transferring  title  to  the  individual,  at 
which  time  the  State  laws  became  applicable.  Consequently,  there 
has  hitherto  been  no  conflict  of  laws  relating  to  this  subject.  Under 
the  reclamation  act,  however,  the  right  to  the  use  of  water  is  depend- 
ent upon  conditions  existing  before  as  well  as  after  the  United  States 
has  divested  itself  of  the  title.  In  some  of  the  States  there  is  no  con- 
flict on  this  point,  because  their  laws  and  the  decisions  of  their  courts 
are  in  harmony  with  the  principles  announced  in  the  Federal  legisla- 
tion. In  other  States  the  local  laws  and  decisions  are  not  in  harmony 
with  these  principles,  but  no  difficulty  is  to  be  apprehended,  because 
the  conditions  on  which  the  right  to  the  use  of  the  water  is  acquired 
are  plainly  denned  by  the  Federal  law  providing  for  the  grant  of  the 
water  right. 

The  operations  of  the  reclamation  service  are  national  in  scope,  and 
are  carried  on  with  a  view  to  the  best  ultimate  development  of  the 
available  water  supply,  so  that  State  boundaries  must  necessarily  be  dis- 
regarded. We  are  here  confronted  with  a  question  in  which  the  juris- 
dictions of  three  or  more  sovereignties  may  be  involved.  This  matter 
has  not  yet  received  much  attention  from  the  courts,  but  we  have  had 
a  declaration  of  the  basic  principles  involved  in  a  few  cases.  In  the 
case  of  United  States  v.  Rio  Grande  Dam  and  Irrigation  Company, 
decided  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  (17CU.  S.,  690- 
703),  the  general  proposition  of  the  relation  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment to  the  waters  of  the  public  domain  was  thus  discussed: 


NEWELL,]  FEDERAL    COURT    DECISIONS.  235 

Athough  this  power  of  changing  the  common-law  rule  as  to  streams  within  its  do- 
minion undoubtedly  belongs  to  each  State,  yet  two  limitations  must  be  recognized: 
First,  that  in  the  absence  of  specific  authority  from  Congress  a  State  can  not  by  its 
legislation  destroy  the  right  of  the  United  States,  as  the  owner  of  lands  bordering  on 
a  stream,  to  the  continued  flow  of  its  waters,  so  far,  at  least,  as  may  be  necessary 
for  the  beneficial  uses  of  the  government  property;  second,  that  it  is  limited  by  the 
superior  power  of  the  General  Government  to  secure  the  uninterrupted  navigability 
of  all  navigable  streams  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States.  In  other  words,  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  General  Government  over  interstate  commerce  and  its  natural 
highways  vests  in  that  Government  the  right  to  take  all  needed  measures  to  preserve 
the  navigability  of  the  navigable  water  courses  of  the  country,  even  against  any  State 
action.  It  is  true  there  have  been  frequent  decisions  recognizing  the  power  of  the 
State,  in  the  absence  of  Congressional  legislation,  to  assume  control  of  even  navigable 
water  within  its  limits  to  the  extent  of  creating  dams,  booms,  bridges,  and  other  mat- 
ters which  operate  as  obstructions  to  navigability.  The  power  of  the  State  to  thus 
legislate  for  the  interests  of  its  own  citizens  is  conceded;  and,  until  in  some  way 
Congress  asserts  its  superior  power,  and  the  .necessity  of  preserving  the  general  inter- 
ests of  the  people  of  all  the  States,  it  is  assumed  that  State  action,  although  involving 
temporarily  an  obstruction  to  the  free  navigability  of  a  stream,  is  not  subject  to 
challenge.  (174  U.  S.,  703.) « 

In  the  case  of  Howell  v.  Johnson  (89  Fed.  Rep.,  556),  involving  water 
rights  on  the  Sage  Creek,  which  flows  from  Montana  into  Wyoming, 
the  United  States  circuit  court  said: 

The  National  Government  is  the  proprietor  and  owner  of  all  the  land  in  Wyoming 
and  Montana  which  it  has  not  sold  or  granted  to  some  one  competent  to  take  and  hold 
the  same.  Being  the  owner  of  these  lands,  it  has  the  power  to  sell  or  dispose  of  any 
estate  therein  or  any  part  thereof.  The  water  in  an  innavigable  stream  flowing  over 
the  public  domain  is  a  part  thereof,  and  the  National  Government  can  sell  or  grant 
the  same,  or  the  use  thereof  separate  from  the  rest  of  the  estate,  under  such  con- 
ditions as  may  seem  to  it  proper.  *  *  * 

The  Federal  Government  is  not  restrained  in  the  disposal  of  its  lands  by  State  laws  or 
State  lines.  Its  laws  upon  this  subject  apply  to  the  lands  in  one  State  as  well  as  another. 
It  has  made  grants  of  land  extending  through  several  States.  The  State  governments 
can  not  restrict  it  in  the  primary  disposal  of  its  lands.  If  it  may  sell  and  dispose  of 
its  land  as  it  may  deem  proper  there  is  no  reason  why  it  may  not  sell  a  part  thereof 
as  an  incident  thereto,  such  as  the  use  of  water  flowing  over  the  same.  That  it  has 
the  same  right  as  any  real-estate  proprietor  would  be  self-evident.  It  is  apparent, 
then,  according  to  the  allegations  of  the  bill,  that  plaintiff  acquired  rights  by  appro- 
priation in  Sage  Creek  to  which  all  who  have  acquired  land  upon  the  same,  or  water 
rights  therein,  subsequent  to  his  appropriation,  must  be  subordinate.  His  rights 
have  the  sanction  of  the  National  Government. 

It  is  urged  that  in  some  way  the  State  of  Montana  has  some  right  in  these  waters 
in  Sage  Creek  or  some  control  over  the  same.  It  never  purchased  them.  It  never 
owned  them.  In  support  of  this  view  the  court  is  cited  to  a  great  many  decisions 
which  pertain  to  navigable  rivers  and  lakes  and  tide  waters.  Here  we  approach  a 
different  subject.  There  is  no  claim  that  Sage  Creek  is  a  navigable  stream;  *  *  * 
it  was  not  held  *  *  *  in  any  of  the  cases  cited  *  *  *•  that  the  rights  of  the 
owner  of  the  land  through  which  any  innavigable  stream  flowed,  within  the  bound- 
aries of  any  State,  depended  upon  the  laws  of  such  State,  or  that  the  said  owners' 
rights  to  such  waters  depended  upon  such  laws,  as  against  one  who  claimed  a  right  to 

aSee  also  the  case  of  Gutierres  v.  Albuquerque  Land  Co.  (188  U.  S.,  545.) 


236  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

the  same  under  the  laws  of  Congress.  To  so  hold  would  uphold  the  view  that  a 
State  might  interfere  with  the  primary  disposal  of  the  land  of  the  National  Govern- 
ment. When  a  party  has  obtained  title  to  property  from  the  National  Government, 
the  State  Government  has  no  right  to  destroy  that  title  except  under  the  power  of 
eminent  domain.  The  State  of  Montana  can  not  step  in  and  say,  "The  right  to  the 
water  of  Sage  Creek,  which  the  plaintiff  acquired  under  the  laws  of  Congress,  you 
can  not  exercise  in  this  State."  This  would  be  the  taking  of  plaintiff's  property 
from  him  without  due  process  of  law. 

In  the  case  of  Willey  v.  Decker  (73  Pac.  Rep.,  210),  decided  August 
3,  1903,  the  supreme  court  of  the  State  of  Wyoming,  considering  the 
case  of  an  interstate  stream,  held  that  the  doctrine  of  priority  of  appro- 
priation would  apply  to  such  streams  without  regard  to  State  lines. 

Referring  to  the"  decision  in  the  case  of  Howell  v.  Johnson,  the 
court  said: 

It  is  not  necessary  that  we  agree  with  all  the  reasons  given  by  the  court  for  the 
conclusion  announced,  nor  that  we  assent  to  all  the  views  expressed  in  the  opinion. 
We  think  there  can  be  little  question  but  that  it  was  rightly  held  that  the  plaintiff 
in  the  case  had  secured  a  right  by  appropriation  to  the  waters  of  the  stream  as 
against  a  subsequent  appropriator  in  the  other  State,  which  might  be  protected  in  the 
courts  of  such  State  against  injury  by  acts  occurring  therein. 

The  court  then  continues: 

We  find  nothing,  therefore,  in  the  fundamental  principle  of  the  doctrine  of  prior 
appropriation  that  he  who  is  first  in  time  is  first  in  right,  nor  in  the  reasons  that  led 
to  the  establishment  of  the  doctrine,  which  is  opposed  to  the  acquirement  of  a  water 
right  for  the  irrigation  of  lands  in  one  State  by  the  diversion  of  the  water  at  a  point 
in  another  State  from  a  stream  flowing  in  both  States.  (73  Pac.  Rep.,  210-221.) 

It  is  not  probable  that  any  serious  difficulties  will  arise  in  the  devel- 
opment of  the  water  supply  and  the  application  of  the  water  to  the 
reclamation  of  lands  in  cases  where  interstate  waters  are  concerned, 
for  the  reason  that  the  aim  in  all  cases  will  be  to  make  the  best  possi- 
ble use  of  the  waters  from  both  an  engineering  and  an  economic 
standpoint,  while  the  legal  principles  involved  are  capable  of  easy 
solution. 

The  operations  of  the  reclamation  service  will  involve  a  careful  com- 
parison and  analysis  of  the  irrigation  laws  of  the  various  States  and 
Territories  in  their. application  to  actual  conditions,  and  we  may  there- 
fore expect  a  showing  as  to  the  advantages  and  defects  of  the  different 
systems.  One  result  to  be  anticipated  from  the  experience  of  the  rec- 
lamation service  is  that  a  method  of  dealing  with  these  matters  will 
ultimately  be  evolved  that  will  afford  a  solution  for  many  of  the  diffi- 
cult problems  confronting  legislators  in  dealing  with  this  subject  and 
produce  a  code  of  irrigation  law  adaptable  to  the  varying  conditions, 
and  that  will  amply  protect  the  individual  irrigator  in  his  rights  and 
open  the  way  for  the  development  of  irrigation  interests  on  a  sub- 
stantial basis. 

The  ideal  of  attainment  in  the  minds  of  most  writers  and  thoughtful 
students  of  the  subject  is  the  establishment  of  a  community  system  of 


NEWELL.]  POWER   FROM    STORAGE    RESERVOIRS,  237 

management  and  operation  under  the  control  of  the  water  user, 
with  a  guarantee  of  a  reliable  water  supply,  an  indefeasible  water  right, 
and  an  interest  in  the  entire  irrigation  system,  with  the  opportunity  to 
work  out  the  highest  agricultural  development  of  the  community. 
Something  has  been  attempted  in  this  direction  by  the  various  district 
irrigation  laws,  with  comparatively  small  results. 

The  reclamation  act,  however,  offers  an  opportunit}^  for  an  advance 
toward  this  ideal  under  the  auspices  of  the  Government,  with  a  promise 
of  good  business  management  and  an  assurance  of  justice  and  fair 
treatment  for  all .  It  therefore  behooves  all  who  have  the  best  interests 
of  irrigated  America  at  heart,  to  work  in  harmony  with  the  Govern- 
ment along  the  lines  of  operation  of  the  reclamation  act,  so  carefully 
modeled  on  past  experience  toward  the  attainment  of  this  high  stand- 
ard of  irrigation  development. 

ELECTRICAL  TRANSMISSION  OF  POWER  FOR   PUMPING. 

By  H.  A.  STORKS. 

Our  interest  in  the  electrical  transmission  of  power  arises  chiefly 
from  the  following  conditions:  (1)  In  connection  with  the  storage  or 
diversion  of  the  water  of  streams  in  arid  regions  for  irrigation  pur- 
poses, it  is  frequently  found  possible  to  develop  power  without  greatly 
increasing  the  cost  of  the  dam,  headworks,  or  other  parts  of  the  canal 
system;  (2)  power  so  obtained  may  often  be  advantageously  used  for 
pumping  water  from  wells,  or  from  one  canal  to  another  at  a  higher 
level;  (3)  electricity  is  conceded  to  be  the  most  suitable  agent  for 
transmitting  this  power  from  the  generating  station  to  the  pumps. 

As  this  paper  must  be  brief,  only  a  few  of  the  -interesting  questions 
involved  in  transmitting  power  electrically  can  be  mentioned. 

Since  a  consideration  of  the  loss  of  power  likely  to  occur  in  a  power- 
transmission  system  is  of  first  importance  I  will  briefly  state  the  case 
for  the  electrical  method: 

Power  delivered  by  the  water  wheel  to  the  electric  generator  will 
suffer  a  loss  during  the  conversion  from  mechanical  power  to  elec- 
trical power  of  from  5  to  10  per  cent;  a  loss -during  transformation 
from  a  low  to  a  high  voltage  of  2  to  3  per  cent;  a  loss  during  trans- 
mittal  from  power  plant  to  pumping  station  of  5  to  10  per  cent;  a  loss 
during  transformation  from  a  high  to  a  low  voltage  of  2  to  5  per  cent; 
and  a  loss  during  conversion,  by  the  electric  motor,  from  electrical 
to  mechanical  power  of  5  to  15  per  cent — a  total  loss  chargeable  to 
the  electric  system  of  about  18  per  cent  under  favorable  conditions 
and,  perhaps,  35  to  40  per  cent  where  the  conditions  are  somewhat 
unfavorable.  Assuming  the  total  loss  to  be  ordinarily  25  per  cent, 
and  assuming  an  average  efficiency  of  75  per  cent  for  the  water  wheel 
and  TO  per  cent  for  the  pump,  we  find  that  a  net  efficiency  of  about 


238  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

40  per  cent  may  be  expected  under  ordinary  operating  conditions; 
although  50  per  cent  efficiency  may  often  be  obtained  in  an  electrical- 
transmission  system  properly  designed  and  operated  at  or  near  full 
load. 

The  elements  involved  in  determining  the  proper  design  for  the 
electrical  system  vary  greatly  with  local  conditions,  but  the  following 
considerations  cover  some  of  the  important  points: 

Regarding  the  choice  of  size  and  number  of  generating  units  to  be 
installed  in  the  power  house,  it  may  be  observed  that  large  units  have 
the  advantage  of  slightly  higher  efficiency  at  full  load  over  small 
units,  and  that  they  cost  less  per  kilowatt  to  purchase  and  install;  but, 
since  their  efficiency  falls  from  3  to  5  per  cent  for  partial  loads,  pro- 
vision should  be  made  by  installing  at  least  one  generator  of  about 
one-half  the  size  of  the  larger  units,  for  keeping  full  load  and  on  as 
many  of  the  units  as  have  to  be  operated. 

This  consideration  of  diminished  efficiency  at  partial  loads  applies 
even  more  forcibly  to  most  types  of  water  wheels  than  to  electric  gen- 
erators. In  general,  the  fewest  possible  number  of  generating  units 
should  be  installed,  taking  into  account  an  economical  design  for  the 
water  wheels  under  the  head  of  water  available,  and  not  forgetting 
that  if  but  few  units  are  installed  the  breaking  down  of  one  of  them 
may  seriously  curtail  the  output  of  the  system  at  a  critical  time. 

Regarding  the  choice  of  line  voltage  for  the  system,  it  may  be  said 
that  the  length  of  line  will  practically  determine  this  within  certain 
limits;  present  practice  would  seem  to  favor  about  50,000  or  60,000 
volts  for  lines  over  60  or  80  miles  long,  and  approximately  1,000  volts 
per  mile  for  shorter  distances. 

The  generator  voltage  will  usually  not  be  over  2,500  volts,  the 
higher  voltages  for  use  in  transmission  being  produced  in  the  step-up 
transformers;  but  for  distances  less  than  15  to  20  miles  a  suitable  line 
voltage  of  10,000  to  15,000  volts  may  be  generated  directly  in  the 
stationery  windings  of  the  generator,  thus  dispensing  with  step-up 
transformers,  thereby  saving  perhaps  20  per  cent  in  first  cost  of  power 
plant,  besides  raising  the  plant  efficiency  2  to  5  per  cent.  At  the 
pumping  plant,  also,  transformers  might  often  be  omitted  with 
these  voltages,  effecting  a  similar  saving;  but,  probably,  for  motors 
smaller  than  200  horsepower,  the  extra  precautions  required  for  the 
protection  of  life  and  property  would  lead  to  the  use  of  step-down 
transformers,  unless  the  line  voltage  was  as  low  as  5,000  or  6,000  volts. 

As  regards  the  transmission  line,  it  ma}^  be  noted  that  the  higher 
voltages  permit  the  use  of  smaller  wires,  but  increase  the  cost  of  pole 
fixtures.  As  is  well  known,  the  loss  on  a  given  line  transmitting  a 
given  amount  of  power  varies  inversely  as  the  square  of  the  voltage, 
so  that  if  the  loss  be  16  per  cent  for  a  line  voltage  of  10,000  volts  it 
will  be  only  about  4  per  cent  for  20,000  volts  and  about  1  per  cent  for 


NEWELL.]  ELECTRICAL    TRAJNSMISSION    OF    POWER.  239 

40,000  volts,  or  for  the  same  percentage  of  loss  the  weight  of  the  wires 
would  be  similarly  diminished;  but  the  additional  precautions  required 
with  higher  voltages  and  the  increased  danger  of  interruptions  partly 
offset  the  apparent  advantages. 

The  choice  of  frequency  lies  practically  between  25  and  60  cycles  per 
second,  for  the  reason  that  all  the  prominent  makers  of  power-trans- 
mission apparatus  in  this  country  have  perfected  designs  for  these  fre- 
quencies. For  lighting,  as  well  as  motor  service,  a  frequency  of  40 
is  best  suited.  A  score  of  frequencies,  however,  ranging  from  15  to  135, 
are  now  in  commercial  use;  the  lower  are  used  solely  for  motor  ser- 
vice, and  those  above  60  are  rapidly  going  out  of  use.  The  lower  fre- 
quencies have  the  disadvantage  of  increasing  the  first  cost  of  trans- 
formers, but  this  is  more  than  offset  by  the  more  favorable  speeds 
attainable  in  motors  and  the  diminished  inductive  effects  on  transmis- 
sion lines.  For  pumping  purposes  a  frequency  of  25  is  well  suited, 
and  is  preferable  to  any  higher  frequency,  besides  affording  some  hope 
of  obtaining  competitive  prices  on  standard  apparatus  among  leading 
manufacturers. 

Regarding  the  proper  size,  number,  and  arrangement  of  line  wires, 
the  selection  must  be  a  compromise  among  conflicting  advantageous 
features.  The  choice  of  size  is  usually  so  made  as  to  give  a  loss  in 
transmission  of  between  5  and  10  per  cent  of  the  delivered  power  at 
full  load  at  normal  power  factor.  Frequently,  however,  it  is  difficult 
to  decide  whether  to  figure  on  the  present  full  load  or  the  future  full 
load;  that  is,  whether,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  inside  of  three  or  five 
years  the  demand  for  power  will  greatly  increase,  thus  requiring  addi- 
tional generators  to  be  installed,  it  is  best  to  provide  at  the  start  for 
this  probable  future  increase  or  to  design  the  line  solely  with  refer- 
ence to  the  probable  conditions  during  the  first  year  or  two  of  its  use, 
leaving  future  increase  to  be  provided  for  by  additional  wires  when- 
ever required.  If  the  latter  course  be  chosen  the  question  arises,  Is  it 
best  to  design  the  poles  and  cross  arms  with  the  expectation  of  placing 
the  additional  wires  thereon,  or  to  count  on  erecting  an  additional 
pole  line  when  more  wires  are  required?  If  provision  for  future 
extension  be  attempted  at  the  start,  there  is  the  difficulty  of  arranging 
the  wires  symmetrically  for  both  three  and  six  wires  on  a  pole.  But 
for  the  increase  in  first  cost  it  would  be  preferable  to  have  two  dis- 
tinct pole  lines,  since  by  this  arrangement  inductive  troubles  between 
circuits  would  be  diminished;  moreover,  accidents  occurring  on  one 
line  would  probably  not  affect  the  other,  aad  repairs  could  be  made  on 
one  line  while  the  other  was  in  use,  which  would  not  usually  be  possible 
if  all  the  wires  were  on  one  set  of  poles.  To  arrange  the  wires  of  the 
three-phase  system  symmetrically,  in  an  electrical  sense,  requires  that 
they  be  located  at  the  apexes  of  an  equilateral  triangle;  but  in  view  of 
the  numerous  transpositions  required  on  multiple-circuit  lines,  the 


240  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

wires  might  about  as  well  be  placed  all  in  the  same  plane,  or  in  any  other 
convenient  position.  Various  ways  may  be  adopted  to  secure  me- 
chanical symmetry — that  is,  to  distribute  the  weights  evenly  on  the 
two  sides  of  the  pole.  On  the  whole,  taking  all  considerations  into 
account,  a  very  good  scheme  would  be  to  plan  for  the  final  erection  of 
two  distinct  pole  lines,  but  to  erect  only  one  pole  line  for  use  while  the 
system  was  young  and  the  other  whenever  the  increased  demand  for 
power  seemed  to  require  it.  The  two  pole  lines  would  be  placed  50  or 
more  feet  apart,  and  the  three  wires  on  each  pole  would  be  placed  in 
the  form  of  an  equilateral  triangle,  with  one  wire  on  the  top  of  the 
pole  and  the  other  two  at  opposite  ends  of  a  single  cross-arm.  The 
placing  of  one  line  wire  on  the  pole  top  has  the  possible  objection  of 
preventing  the  placing  of  a  grounded  wire  in  this  position  for  protection 
against  lightning,  but  the  need  or  value  of  such  a  grounded  wire  seems 
not  well  established,  or,  at  least,  to  depend  largely  on  local  climatic 
conditions. 

Finally,  a  few  words  about  the  switching  devices,  this  general  term 
covering  all  the  apparatus  by  means  of  which  the  human  agent  con- 
trols the  operation  of  the  power-transmission  system.  Step  by  step, 
to  meet  the  demands  for  higher  and  higher  voltages,  invention  and 
development  have  multiplied  and  perfected  ingenious  switching  devices 
in  the  endeavor  to  keep  pace  with  the  improvements  in  transformer 
insulation  and  the  production  of  pole  line  insulators  capable  of  with- 
standing the  ever-increasing  electric  stresses  imposed  upon  them,  until 
now  it  appears  that  oil-break  switches,  capable  of  handling  line  volt- 
ages of  50,000  to  60,000  volts,  are,  or  soon  will  be,  placed  upon  the 
market  and  guaranteed  by  reliable  makers.  But  it  is  not  to  be  sup- 
posed that  progress  will  stop  here.  On  the  contrary,  another  period  of 
six  years  may  see  a  doubling  of  line  voltages  similar  to  that  which  has 
occurred  in  the  last  six  }7ears,  and  with  100,000  volts  power  may  per- 
haps be  transmitted  as  cheaply  and  safely  a  distance  of  200  miles  as  it 
is  now  transmitted  a  distance  of  75  miles.  In  view  of  such  possibilities, 
water  powers,  now  apparently  worthless  because  of  their  remoteness 
from  localities  where  electric  power  might  be  utilized  for  pumping, 
will  be  brought  within  the  scope  of  national  works  for  the  develop- 
ment of  irrigation. 

CORRECT    DESIGN    AND    STABILITY    OF    HIGH    MASONRY 

DAMS. 

By  GEORGE  Y.  WISNER,  Consulting  Engineer. 

The  developments  of  projects  for  the  storage  of  flood  waters  for  the 
purpose  of  irrigating  arid  lands  in  the  Western  States  will  require  the 
designing  of  dams  of  unprecedented  heights,  and  in  view  of  the  failure 
of  similar  structures  which  were  considered  safe  by  the  engineers  who 


NEWELL.]  HIGH    MASONBY    DAMS.  241 

designed  them,  it  is  imperative  that  the  plans  be  based  upon  accurate 
data  and  upon  a  correct  determination  of  the  nature  of  the  stresses  to 
which  they  will  be  subjected.  If  such  information  does  not  exist  there 
should  be  no  excuse  for  its  not  being  obtained  before  final  plans  are 
adopted  for  all  works  where  failure  will  result  in  the  loss  of  either 
life  or  property. 

With  a  co'rrect  knowledge  of  the  weight,  strength,  modulus  of  elas- 
ticity, and  coefficient  of  expansion  of  the  materials  of  construction,  the 
relation  of  the  stresses  in  the  horizontal  arch  of  a  dam  to  those  in  the 
vertical  sections  under  varying  water  pressures  and  temperature 
strains,  can  be  determined  within  reasonable  limits,  and  the  parts  of 
the  structure  so  designed  that  its  safety  will  be  beyond  question. 
With  the  facilities  that  are  at  the  disposal  of  the  engineer  for  deter- 
mining the  strength,  elasticity,  and  expansion  of  materials  for  the 
construction  of  large  structures,  it  would  be  criminal  negligence  on  the 
part  of  the  designer  not  to  make  such  determinations. 

In  the  development  of  the  theory  of  the  laws  that  govern  the  action 
of  forces  in  large  dams  most  of  the  older  investigators,  as  well  as 
many  engineers  of  the  present  time,  have  assumed  that  a  dam  is  a 
rigid  homogeneous  monolith,  and  that  the  foundations,  though  more 
rigid  than  the  structure,  are  still  perfectly  elastic.  In  the  design  of 
some  recent  structures  the  reverse  of  these  assumptions  has  been 
adopted,  viz,  that  the  materials  of  which  the  structure  is  formed  are 
homogeneous  and  perfectly  elastic.  Both  of  these  assumptions  cer- 
tainly can  not  be  correct,  and  as  similar  conclusions  are  derived  in 
each  case  it  hardly  seems  good  policy  to  base  the  design  of  large 
structures  on  such  precedents. 

In  regard  to  the  elasticity  of  the  completed  dam  it  may  be  stated 
that  the  materials  of  which  it  is  constructed  are  far  from  being  per- 
fectly elastic  and  homogeneous,  and  even  if  they  were,  the  method  of 
construction  makes  the  dam  a  practically  rigid  structure.  The  faces  of 
the  dam  are  usually  of  cut-stone  masonry  with  thin  joints,  having  a 
modulus  of  elasticity  of  from  two  to  five  times  that  of  the  concrete  or 
rubble  filling  of  which  the  interior  of  the  dam  is  composed,  thus  prac- 
tically forming  a  triangular  truss  having  a  height  of  about  one  and 
one-third  its  span,  which  for  stresses  up  to  point  of  rupture  through 
the  toe  of  the  dam  may  be  regarded  as  rigid.  The  natural  rock  on 
which  the  structure  should  be  founded  is  under  heavy  compression 
and  is  held  firmly  in  place  by  the  compre^sive  forces  in  the  earth's 
surface,  so  that  elastic  movement  under  load  will  be  so  small  that  the 
structure  may  be  regarded  as  resting  on  a  rigid  base.  Hence,  con- 
clusions based  upon  assumptions  that  the  dam  is  a  perfectly  elastic 
structure,  or  a  rigid  structure  resting  upon  an  elastic  foundation,  will 
not  hold  true. 

IRR  93—04 16 


242  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

Under  either  of  these  assumptions  the  conclusion  reached,  which 
forms  the  basis  of  analysis  of  stresses,  is  that  if  the  resultant  due  to  the 
water  pressure  and  the  weight  of  the  dam  falls  outside  of  the  middle 
third  of  the  base,  tensile  strains  will  be  developed  in  the  upper  face  of 
the  dam,  a  condition  which,  as  dams  are  generally  constructed,  is  not 
likely  to  occur  before  the  toe  ruptures  and  the  dam  slides  on  its  base. 

The  conclusion  that  tensile  strains  will  develop  in  the  face  of  a  dam 
when  the  resultant  passes  beyond  the  middle  third  requires  that  the 
dam  acts  as  a  flexible  beam  bending  about  its  central  line  as  a  neutral 
axis,  and  that  with  the  reservoir  empty  there  will  be  no  pressure  on 
the  foundation  at  the  toe  and  a  maximum  pressure  at  the  heel,  and 
with  the  reservoir  full  there  will  be  no  pressure  at  the  heel  and  a 
maximum  at  the  toe.  Under  the  usual  form  of  construction  of  dams 
the  tendency  to  movement  under  change  of  water  pressure  is  about 
the  toe,  instead  of  at  the  center  of  the  base,  and  as  a  result  the  great- 
est stress  in  the  structure  from  horizontal  water  pressures  on  the  face 
will  be  parallel  to  and  near  the  back  face  of  the  dam,  and  the  pressure 
on  the  heel  of  the  dam  will  not  become  negative  when  the  resultant 
passes  the  middle  third  and  probably  not  until  the  toe  ruptures,  which 
result  materially  modifies  the  actual  distribution  of  pressure  on  the 
base  from  what  it  would  be  under  the  assumption  of  perfect  elasticity 
of  structure. 

The  fact  is  that  there  is  far  greater  danger  of  failure  from  shearing, 
or  sliding  on  the  base,  than  from  tensile  strains  in  the  upper  face  or 
from  overturning  of  the  structure.  The  force  tending  to  produce  shear- 
ing or  sliding  increases  with  the  square  of  the  depth  of  the  water,  and 
in  straight  dams,  where  the  tensile  stresses  from  changes  of  tempera- 
ture may  exceed  the  strength  of  the  masonry,  this  source  of  danger  is 
a  serious  one,  and  practically  limits  the  safe  height  of  the  structure. 

While  it  is  true  that  dams  depending  upon  a  gravity  section  for 
safety  may  require  such  dimensions  that  the  line  of  maximum  pressure 
in  the  structure  will  fall  inside  the  middle  third,  the  reasons  for  such 
sections  should  be  based  as  nearly  as  possible  upon  the  factors  that 
control  the  action  of  the  stresses  generated  in  the  structure  by  the 
loads  to  which  it  is  subjected. 

If  a  proper  batter  be  given  to  the  upstream  face  of  a  dam  the  maximum 
pressure  on  the  foundation  will  be  some  distance  from  the  face,  and  the 
masonry  subjected  to  such  pressures  will  be  so  situated  as  to  withstand 
greater  stresses  than  that  on  the  surface  of  the  structure. 

In  the  construction  of  a  concrete  or  masonry  dam,  the  material  as 
deposited  in  the  structure  is  so  pliable  that  for  a  depth  of  20  to  30 
feet  above  the  foundation  the  pressure  on  all  parts  of  the  base  will 
practically  vary  with  the  depth  of  material,  but  as  the  mortar  sets  and 
hardens,  this  foundation  course  acts  as  a  beam  resting  on  material 
which  will  yield  only  slightly  under  heavy  loads,  and  partly  distributes 


NEWELL.]  TEMPERATURE    EXPANSIONS    IN    DAMS.  243 

throughout  the  foundation,  the  pressure  arising  from  the  weight  of 
the  upper  portions  of  the  dam. 

The  maximum  pressure  on  any  part  of  the  foundation  will  vary  with 
the  elasticity  and  compressibility  of  the  masonry  and  foundation,  but 
under  average  conditions  it  should  not  exceed  three-fourths  of  the 
weight  of  a  column  of  masonry  of  the  same  height  as  the  dam. 

In  short  dams  having  ends  firmly  anchored  in  the  side  walls  the 
structure  acts  as  a  horizontal  beam,  and  the  pressures  developed  on 
the  base  are  far  different  from  those  determined  by  the  usual  method 
of  considering  the  water  pressure  and  the  weight  of  the  structure  to 
act  as  a  couple. 

In  high  dams  where  the  length  near  the  base  does  not  exceed  200 
feet  the  width  is  so  great  that  with  the  ends  firmly  anchored  in  the 
side  walls  the  lower  portion  of  the  dam  acts  to  a  great  degree  as  a 
horizontal  beam  of  such  magnitude  that  very  little  deformation  is  pos- 
sible from  water  pressures,  and  consequently  only  a  small  portion  of 
the  stresses  from  the  water  pressure  are  transmitted  to  the  foundation. 
The  upper  portion  of  the  structure  being  longer  and  of  less  width, 
distortion  will  take  place,  and  the  stresses  arising  from  such  movement 
will  be  distributed  through  the  base  of  the  dam  to  the  foundation  and 
to  the  side  walls,  according  to  the  design  of  the  dam. 

The  strains  arising  from  changes  of  temperature  in  straight  dams 
are  sometimes  enormous,  and  unless  provided  for  with  large  coeffi- 
cients of  safety  may  endanger  the  structure.  The  base  of  a  dam, 
being  massive  and  generally  submerged  in  water,  has  much  less  range 
of  temperature  than  the  upper  portions  of  the  structure,  which  in 
many  cases  may  exceed  100°  F.  The  expansion  of  sandstone  for  100° 
change  of  temperature  is  about  1  inch  in  100  feet,  of  limestone  about  1 
inch  in  125  feet,  and  of  granite  about  1  inch  in  170  feet.  The  expan- 
sion of  masonry  and  concrete  will  vary  with  the  material  of  which 
composed,  but  will  probably  average  about  1  inch  in  125  feet  for  100° 
change  of  temperature. 

A  dam  500  feet  long,  in  passing  through  a  change  of  100°  temper- 
ature, will  expand  or  contract  about  4  inches  in  its  entire  length  if  not 
prevented  by  the  side  walls,  and  will  subject  the  upper  portion  of  the 
wall  to  greater  strains  than  those  due  to  water  pressure  and  weight 
of  the  dam,  which  the  structure  was  designed  to  withstand.  Internal 
stresses  in  the  masonry  from  this  cause  probably  have  had  much  to  do 
with  the  failure  of  some  of  the  dams.  A  (Jrop  of  20°  in  temperature 
at  the  crest  of  the  dam  may  cause  a  tensile  strain  of  40  tons  per  square 
foot,  and  unless  the  dam  should  be  supported  by  arch  construction  it 
would  be  left  with  only  its  resistance  to  shearing  and  sliding  to  with- 
stand the  water  pressure. 

In  constructing  a  dam  to  safely  withstand  the  pressure  of  a  given 
head  of  water  against  its  face,  the  structure  may  either  be  made  suffi- 


244  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

ciently  massive  to  resist  shearing,  overturning,  and  sliding,  from  the 
water  pressure,  or,  if  not  too  long  a  span,  may  be  built  as  an  arch  and 
the  stresses  developed  by  the  water  pressure  resisted  by  the  side  walls 
against  which  the  ends  of  the  arch  abut. 

It  has  been  stated  by  high  authorities  that  the  masonry  of  a  dam  is  so 
rigid  and  nonelastic  that  it  can  not  act  as  an  arch  "for  the  reason  that  if 
the  profile  is  sufficient  to  stand  the  water  pressure  by  its  own  gravity  the 
mass  will  not  yield  under  pressure,  and  if  it  does  not  yield,  no  pressure 
can  be  transmitted  to  the  sides  through  the  curve."  If  this  assumption 
is  correct,  is  it  not  equally  true  that  if  the  mass  does  not  yield  under  the 
applied  pressure  no  pressure  would  be  transmitted  in  a  vertical  plane 
to  the  toe  of  the  dam  ?  The  transmission  of  pressure  to  the  base  of  the 
dam  from  horizontal  water  pressures  on  the  face  presupposes  deforma- 
tion of  the  structure,  and  if  the  crest  be  supported  by  an  arch  abutting 
against  the  side  walls  a  portion  of  the  pressure  will  be  taken  up  by  the 
resistance  of  the  arch. 

Since  the  same  principle  of  the  transmission  of  force  is  involved, 
whether  the  pressure  is  transmitted  through  the  arch  to  the  side  walls 
or  in  a  vertical  plane  to  the  toe  of  the  dam,  it  is  safe  to  assume  that 
in  an  arch  dam  under  normal  conditions  a  portion  of  the  pressure  will 
be  transmitted  to  the  side  walls  and  the  balance  to  the  toe  of  the  dam, 
the  amount  of  which  will  vary  with  the  tensile  or  compressive  strains 
in  the  arch  arising  from  changes  of  temperature. 

If  the  upper  portion  of  the  dam  be  constructed  during  a  period  of 
warm  weather  the  arch  will  be  under  tension  during  the  cooler  por- 
tions of  the  year,  and  a  larg'e  part  of  the  pressure  from  the  water  will 
be  transmitted  to  the  toe  of  the  dam;  whereas  if  the  walls  be  con- 
structed in  cool  weather  the  arch  will  be  under  compression  most  of 
the  time,  and  the  water  pressure  will  be  transmitted  directly  to  the 
side  walls  by  the  arch.  It  is  therefore  desirable  that  the  upper  por- 
tion of  arch  dams  should  be  constructed  during  the  season  of  the  year 
when  the  temperature  will  average  below  the  mean  for  the  locality  of 
the  structure. 

Assuming  that  the  nature  of  the  masonry  in  a  dam  will  permit  it  to 
act  as  an  arch  to  only  a  limited  extent,  the  structure  becomes  prac- 
tically an  arch  beam  supported  at  each  end,  and,  without  regard  to 
weight,  will  be  safe  as  long  as  the  shearing  stress  produced  b}^  the 
horizontal  pressure  of  the  water  is  not  sufficient  to  produce  rupture 
of  the  dam  section  at  the  side  walls. 

In  most  cases,  for  arch  dams  of  less  than  500  feet  length  on  the 
crest,  the  cross  section  of  the  structure  necessary  to  keep  the  pressure 
on  the  foundation  within  safe  limits  is  ample  to  withstand  the  shearing 
stress  from  the  water  pressure,  making  the  arch  type  of  dam,  for  the 
same  stability,  much  more  economical  than  one  of  gravity  section. 

In  some  experiments  made  during  the  construction  of  the  St.  Louis 


NEWELL.]  INTERNAL    STRESSES    IN    MASONRY.  245 

bridge  it  was  found  that  the  magnesian  limestone  used  in  the  piers 
had  practically  the  same  modulus  of  elasticity  as  that  of  wrought  iron, 
viz,  15,000,000  to  20,000,000,  and  although  no  determination  has  yet 
been  made  of  the  elasticity  of  the  sandstone  at  the  site  of  the  Salt 
River  dam,  it  is  probable  that  the  modulus  will  be  at  least  10,000,000. 

In  a  dam  of  25  feet  or  less  thickness  at  the  top,  and  having  elas- 
ticity equal  to  that  of  ordinary  rock  or  concrete,  a  large  per  cent  of  the 
pressure  of  the  water  against  the  face  of  the  dam  will  be  transmitted 
directly  to  the  side  walls  by  the  arch,  and  any  such  dam  with  suffi- 
cient cross  section  to  stand  the  shearing  stress  from  water  pressure  on 
the  face  will  be  absolutely  safe,  without  taking  into  consideration  the 
weight  of  the  dam  on  the  foundation.  In  other  words,  if  such  a  dam 
was  supposed  to  be  supported  entirely  by  water  pressure  from  under 
the  foundation,  the  structure  would  still  be  secure. 

The  best  construction  for  an  arch  dam  is  probably  a  wall  having 
faces  of  first-class  masonry  with  center  filling  of  concrete  and  large 
rock.  An  arch  dam  of  such  construction  will  consist  practically  of 
two  concentric  arches  capable  of  withstanding  heavy  pressures,  con- 
nected "by  a  water-tight  concrete  core,  or  web,  having  a  much  lower 
modulus  of  elasticity — a  condition  well  adapted  to  meet  all  of  the 
requirements  of  the  problem  and  at  the  same  time  eliminate  the 
necessity  of  molds  and  false  works  in  placing  the  concrete  in  the 
structure.  In  cases  of  high  dams  of  considerable  length  the  use  of 
railroad  iron  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  structure  may  be  necessary  to 
prevent  temperature  cracks. 

The  internal  stresses  in  a  large  body  of  masonry  arising  from  ine- 
qualities of  its  elasticity  in  its  different  parts,  from  unequal  distribution 
of  its  own  weight  on  its  foundation,  from  compressive  and  tensile 
forces  developed  by  changes  of  temperature  in  different  parts  of  the 
structure,  and  from  resistance  to  external  pressures  from  wind,  water, 
and  shocks,  can  not  be  absolutely  determined;  but  with  a  correct 
knowledge  of  the  weight,  strength,  elasticity,  and  expansion  of  the 
materials  with  which  constructed,  the  movement  of  the  crest  of  the 
dam,  for  changes  of  temperature  and  water  pressure,  can  be  stated 
sufficiently  near  for  determining  thickness  of  the  dam  and  the  radius 
of  the  horizontal  section  best  adapted  for  distributing  the  stresses 
between  the  base  of  the  dam  and  the  side  walls  against  which  the 
structure  abuts.  In  any  arch  dam  the  thrust  in  any  horizontal  section 
is  equal  to  the  pressure  on  a  unit  of  surface  multiplied  by  the  length 
of  the  radius,  and  the  compression  which*  takes  place  in  the  arch  is 
equal  to  two  times  the  deflection  at  the  center  into  the  tangent  of  one- 
fourth  of  the  arc  covered  by  the  section  considered. 
.  The  mid-channel  section  of  the  dam  may  be  regarded  as  a  vertical 
cantilever  beam  supported  rigidly  at  its  base  and  composed  of  material 
of  which  the  weight  and  modulus  of  elasticity  are  known. 


246  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

The  application  of  pressure  to  the  upstream  edge  of  the  section  will 
cause  a  deformation  of  the  structure  and  a  slight  movement  of  the 
crest  downstream,  which,  from  the  known  nature  of  materials  and 
design  of  construction,  can  be  computed  within  reasonable  limits. 

This  movement  of  the  crest  corresponds  with  the  deflection  in  the 
horizontal  arch,  and  the  section  instead  of  being  a  vertical  cantilever 
beam  becomes  a  beam  rigidly  fixed  at  the  base  with  its  free  end  sup- 
ported by  an  arch  having  a  slight  elasticity,  and  if  the  radius  of  the 
arch  be  properly  proportioned  with  regard  to  the  height  of  the  dam, 
the  length  of  the  crest,  and  the  modulus  of  elasticity  of  the  materials 
of  construction,  the  stresses  from  the  water  pressure  will  be  trans- 
mitted to  both  the  base  of  the  dam  and  the  side  walls,  practically  giv- 
ing the  structure  more  than  twice  the  stability  of  a  gravity  section 
dam  of  the  same  dimensions. 

The  height  at  which  a  dam  may  safely  be  built  at  any  given  location 
does  not  depend  so  much  on  the  water  pressure  to  which  it  will  be 
subjected  as  upon  the  nature  of  the  material  of  which  constructed  and 
the  changes  of  temperature  which  will  occur  in  the  masonry.  In  a 
dam  250  feet  high,  and  500  feet  long  on  the  crest,  the  tensile  and 
compressive  strains  due  to  the  ordinary  range  of  temperature  may  be 
more  than  four  times  those  arising  from  the  water  pressure  with  the 
reservoir  full.  In  a  straight  dam  they  are  liable  to  open  the  joints  of 
the  masonry,  and  in  an  arch  dam  will  cause  compressive  stresses  in 
the  masonry  at  the  base  and  side  walls  as  great  as  is  safe  to  place  on 
ordinary  materials  of  construction. 

In  the  analysis  of  a  recent  structure  it  is  stated  that  precedents  are 
of  greater  importance  than  theoretical  analysis  of  the  stresses  in  deter- 
mining the  safety  of  the  dam.  The  fact  that  a  dam  has  not  failed  is 
by  no  means  a  safe  indication  that  it  has  been  correctly  designed,  and 
to  follow  such  methods  of  construction  without  original  investigation 
of  all  the  conditions  involved  in  each  case  is  liable  to  bring  the  engineer 
to  grief. 

While  it  is  true  that  the  earlier  investigators  in  their  endeavors  to 
determine  the  laws  governing  the  action  of  stresses  in  dams  were 
obliged  to  make  certain  assumptions,  the  facilities  afforded  the  engineer 
of  the  present  time  for  determining  the  strength  and  physical  charac- 
teristics of  all  materials  of  construction  largely  eliminates  such  neces- 
sity. In  case  any  problem  should  arise  where  certain  general  assump- 
tions are  necessary  it  may  be  stated  as  a  general  principle  that  the 
nearer  such  assumptions  are  made  to  the  true  conditions  and  facts  the 
more  nearly  will  the  results  obtained  conform  to  those  which  would 
result  from  an  absolutely  accurate  determination  of  all  the  factors 
involved. 


NEWELL.]  PAPERS    BEAD    AT    THE    CONFERENCE.  247 

RECONNAISSANCE  AND   PLANS. 

By  GEORGE  Y.  WISNER,  Consulting  Engineer. 

In  the  course  of  my  work  as  consulting  engineer  I  have  made  trips 
of  inspection  to  the  sites  of  proposed  projects  in  Arizona,  Colorado, 
California,  Montana,  Nevada,  and  New  Mexico.  In  now  reviewing  the 
work  seen 'certain  critical  suggestions  as  to  methods  and  supervision 
of  work  occur  to  me  which  I  wish  to  present  for  consideration,  but 
without  intent  to  criticise  unduly. 

Reconnaissance. — In  some  of  the  projects  examined  I  noted  that  the 
preliminary  field  surveys  have  been,  what  seems  to  me,  unnecessarily 
elaborate  where  the  feasibility  was  uncertain,  and  in  my  opinion  it 
would  have  been  possible  to  determine  the  feasibility  of  the  various 
undertakings  with  less  outlay  of  time  and  money.  Of  course  it  must 
be  recognized  that  in  all  Government  work  care  must  be  taken,  and 
no  excuse  can  be  offered  for  hasty  or  imperfect  conclusions,  and  that 
if  either  extreme  is  to  be  reached,  it  is  better  to  be  too  careful  than 
too  hasty.  Again,  as  many  of  the  preliminary  investigations  result  in 
the  condemnation  of  popular  illusions,  it  is  necessary  to  obtain  abso- 
lute and  incontestable  facts  in  order  to  show  that  the  statements  made 
by  others  have  been  based  upon  misapprehension  of  the  facts.  Never- 
theless, some  care  should,  in  my  opinion,  be  given  to  planning  pre- 
liminary surveys  on  a  scale  not  requiring  a  great  deal  of  time  or  money. 

In  making  these  preliminary  examinations  the  district  engineer  or  a 
competent  man  familiar  with  the  requirements  of  the  project  should 
do  the  work.  It  should  not  be  intrusted  to  younger  men  or  persons 
of  immature  judgment,  as  at  every  step  experience  and  quickness  of 
perception  are  needed  in  such  work.  If  dependence  is  placed  upon 
instrumental  methods,  less  personal  judgment  is  required. 

The  general  feasibility  of  nearly  all  of  these  projects  can  be  deter- 
mined by  a  careful  study  of  the  amount  of  precipitation  on  the  drain- 
age areas,  and  the  run-off  of  the  streams,  in  connection  with  a  proper 
barometric  reconnaissance  of  the  streams,  reservoir  sites,  and  lands  to 
be  irrigated.  By  the  use  of  three  aneroid  barometers  on  a  reconnais- 
sance, the  variation  in  level  can  be  determined  rapidly  over  wide  areas 
within  limits  of  less  than  10  feet  of  range  in  elevation,  or  sufficiently 
near  to  determine  the  general  feasibility  of  the  project  from  both  an 
engineering  and  financial  point  of  view.  The  cost  of  this  work  is 
small  compared  to  that  necessary  for  making  instrumental  surveys, 
and  the  investigations  can  be  made  without  annoyance  and  antagonism 
as  to  the  purposes  in  view. 

When  a  project  has  been  determined  to  be  feasible  and  instru- 
mental surveys  are  ordered,  the  investigation  should  be  made  exhaust- 


248  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

ive,  both  as  to  methods  and  cost  of  putting  water  upon  the  lands  to  be 
irrigated,  and  as  to  plans  and  expense  of  properly  underdraining  them. 
The  irrigation  of  large  tracts  without  proper  drainage  from  the  start 
is  almost  certain  to  result  in  disappointment  on  the  part  of  purchasers 
of  homes. 

Data  for  plans. — Some  of  the  structures  required  for  the  projects 
of  the  service  will  be  of  unprecedented  dimensions;  and  to  be  absolutely 
certain  of  their  permanency,  the  strength  and  physical  characteristics 
of  the  materials  of  construction  should  be  carefulty  determined,  and 
the  nature  of  foundations  on  which  they  are  to  be  based  should  be 
ascertained  beyond  any  possible  question.  While  such  thorough 
investigations  may  not  change  the  plans  to  be  adopted  in  one  case  in 
ten,  yet  that  tenth  case  might  be  disastrous. 

Relations  of  consulting  and  district  engineers. — The  success  of  the 
reclamation  service  and  the  value  of  its  work  will  depend  largely  upon 
harmonious  relations  and  effort  among  the  entire  personnel,  in  all 
the  divisions.  To  produce  such  a  desired  state  of  affairs  will  require 
perfect  confidence  on  the  part  of  the  district  engineers  in  the  ability 
of  their  advisers,  and  upon  the  general  confidence  that  the  credit  due 
to  each  man  in  developing  the  data  on  which  to  base  plans  shall  be 
fully  recognized  in  making  the  designs  of  the  works. 

The  reputation  of  the  consulting  engineer  is  generally  so  well  estab- 
lished that  the  credit  of  having  made  certain  designs  will  be  of  little 
value  to  him,  while  to  the  young  engineer  in  charge  of  the  develop- 
ment of  an  important  project,  it  may  be  of  great  importance  to  him 
whether  he  makes  the  designs  and  plans  with  the  advice  of  the  consult- 
ing engineers,  or  whether  the  data  which  he  has  collected  be  placed 
in  other  hands  for  making  designs  of  structures,  thereby  indirectly 
implying  a  lack  of  confidence  in  his  ability  on  the  part  of  the  Survey. 

Jt  is  my  opinion  that  the  position  of  consulting  engineer  should  be 
solely  that  of  adviser,  so  far  as  the  district  engineers  are  concerned,  and 
that  in  all  cases  the  latter  should  be  allowed  the  privilege  and  credit 
of  developing  the  designs  of  the  works  under  their  charge,  acting  with 
the  advice  and  guidance  of  their  advisers. 

With  such  a  mutual  understanding,  the  relations  will  always  be 
pleasant  and  harmonious,  while,  if  otherwise,  more  or  less  jealousy 
will  be  engendered.  It  is  true  that  the  time  of  the  district  engineer  is 
often  so  taken  up  with  other  duties  that  the  natural  tendency  would  be 
to  relieve  him  from  the  additional  work  of  making  plans,  but  when  the 
credit  of  such  work  is  necessary  to  building  up  his  professional  repu- 
tation, it  should  not  be  taken  from  him,  for  the  reason  that,  outside  of 
justice  to  the  individual,  his  actual  value  to  the  service  depends  largely 
on  his  personal  interest  and  enthusiasm  in  his  work,  to  maintain  which 
there  must  be  personal  credit  and  advancement  to  look  forward  to. 
The  trouble  that  arose  during  the  construction  of  the  Austin  dam  fur- 


NEWELL.]  REPORTS    AND    STATEMENTS.  249 

nishes  probably  one  of  the  best  examples  on  record  to  show  how  not  to 
conduct  work,  the  disastrous  results  being  a  costly  object  lesson  of  the 
danger  that  may  arise  from  lack  of  confidence  and  harmony  between 
the  consulting  engineer  and  the  engineer  in  charge. 

Economy  of  water. — An  excessive  use  of  water  on  irrigated  lands  is 
often  more  injurious  than  an  insufficient  supply  during  occasional  dry 
seasons;  and  since,  where  large  tracts  are  to  be  colonized,  the  settlers 
will  be  generally  ignorant  of  the  requirements  for  success,  it  seems 
important  that  a  careful  study  be  made,  under  the  different  climatic 
conditions  of  the  arid  States,  to  determine  the  quantity  and  frequency 
of  application  of  water  best  adapted  to  different  crops  and  localities, 
the  results  of  the  investigations  to  be  widely  published  by  the  Govern- 
ment for  the  benefit  of  settlers.  In  many  localities  the  amount  of  land 
suitable  for  irrigation  is  largely  in  excess  of  that  for  which  a  sufficient 
volume  of  water  is  available,  and  therefore,  from  the  point  of  view  of 
developing  the  country,  it  becomes  important  to  determine  the  mini- 
mum quantity  of  water  that  will  produce  the  proper  results  at  differ- 
ent locations  and  under  different  conditions  of  precipitation  and  climate. 

REPORTS  AND  STATEMENTS. 

By  H.  N.  SAVAGE,  Consulting  Engineer. 

During  the  last  month  I  have  had  an  opportunity  of  visiting  a  num- 
ber of  projects  in  the  States  of  Idaho,  Oregon,  Washington,  and  Mon- 
tana. I  have  been  impressed  with  the  importance  of  making  rapid 
yet  accurate  preliminary  reconnaissance  examinations  to  determine  the 
general  feasibility  and  controlling  factors  of  a  project  before  expensive 
field  survey  parties  are  put  to  work,  and  particularly  with  the  necessity 
of  keeping  the  district  and  supervising  engineers  fully  informed  as  to 
the  exact  character,  progress,  and  results  of  the  work  being  carried 
on  by  each  chief  of  party  or  each  individual  working  separately. 

For  the  best  results,  monthly  statements  are,  in  my  judgment,  not 
sufficiently  frequent,  and  I  would  suggest  that  a  concise  report,  to 
consist  of  a  few  paragraphs,  be  compiled  at  the  end  of  each  calendar 
week  and  promptly  sent  in.  Brief  recommendations  as  to  the  future 
conduct  of  work  should  also  be  invited  and  encouraged  from  those 
reporting.  Such  frequent  reports  would  aid  the  district  engineers  in 
formulating  and  perfecting  the  plans  for  the  works  under  their  charge, 
and  at  the  same  time  would  develop  and  indicate  the  engineering  com- 
prehension and  efficiency  of  the  engineers  jind  others  reporting. 

I  also  want  to  call  attention  to  the  unusually  complete  and  valuable 
opportunity  for  young  engineers  to  fully  acquaint  themselves  with 
the  engineering  work  of  the  reclamation  service  and  at  the  same  time 
to  acquire  training  and  experience  of  the  highest  order.  The  policy 
already  in  force  in  the  field  enables  every  engineer  to  become  fully 


250  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

conversant  with  the  data,  its  method  of  acquisition,  and  its  develop- 
ment into  plans,  and  if  the  offices  of  the  district  engineers  are  located 
near  the  projects,  as  I  trust  they  may  be,  it  will  be  feasible  for  all 
those  employed  to  gain  also  a  complete  knowledge  of  construction, 
embracing  all  details  of  contracts,  supervision,  and  results,  as  well  as 
costs.  In  my  judgment  too  much  can  not  be  said  nor  done  looking 
toward  mutual  cooperation  and  mutual  development  in  our  engineer 
corps. 

METHODS  AND  REPORTS. 

By  J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT. 

In  connection  with  reports  and  the  importance  of  having  these 
promptly,  I  wish  to  present  the  scheme  that  I  have  prepared  for  use 
in  California.  This  is  embodied  in  the  following  paragraphs.  It  is 
more  or  less  experimental  in  character,  but  is  intended  to  cover  exist- 
ing conditions. a 

MEMORANDUM   FOR   REPORTS   TO   SUPERVISING   ENGINEER. 

All  reports  relating  to  work  done  in  California  (including  Colorado  River  work) 
by  members  of  the  hydrographic  branch  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey, 
including  the  reclamation  service,  should  be  addressed  to  Mr.  J.  B.  Lippincott, 
Supervising  Engineer,  408  Byrne  Building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  All  accounts  and  corre- 
spondence addressed  to  the  chief  engineer  should  pass  through  the  office  of  the 
supervising  engineer. 

The  following  reports  should  be  rendered: 

1.  A  weekly  time  report,  showing  where  each  employee  has  worked  and  what  he 
has  done. 

2.  A  monthly  time  report,  made  up  from  the  weekly  time  report. 

3.  A  weekly  progress  report,  stating  results,  recommendations,  etc. 

4.  A  monthly  progress  report. 

5.  A  monthly  report  of  expenditures. 

1.  Weekly  time  report. — Each  chief  of  party  must  make  a  weekly  time  report  of  the 
services  rendered  by  his  party.    Each  individual  working  independently  must  also 
make  a  similar  weekly  report  of  services.     These  reports  must  be  made  on  the  filing 
cards  furnished.     They  must  be  approved  by  the  chief  of  party  and  mailed  to  the 
supervising  engineer  promptly.     This  report  should  show  concisely  the  manner  in 
which  the  person  was  occupied  and  will  constitute  his  personal  record  of  work  in  the 
offices  of  the  supervising  engineer  and  of  the  chief  engineer  at  Washington.     The 
card  should  show  by  dates  the  kind  of  occupation  for  each  day  of  the  week.     The 
instructions  on  the  back  of  the  monthly  report  (Form  9-245)  should  be  followed  in 
filling  out  these  cards.     If  a  field  party  Or  an  individual  is  employed  on  more  than 
one  project  during  the  week,  a  separate  card  must  be  made  out  for  each  project. 

2.  Monthly  time  report. — Before  sending  the  weekly  time  report  to  the  supervis- 
ing engineer  each  individual  working  independently  should  fill  out  from  it  that 
portion  of  the  monthly  report  (Form  9-245)  covering  the  week,  so  that  the  monthly 
report  will  be  an  exact  copy  of  the  several  time  reports  covering  the  month.     At  the 
end  of  the  calendar  month  the  monthly  report  should  be  forwarded  to  the  supervis- 
ing engineer,  accompanied  by  a  monthly  progress  report  and  a  diagram  showing 
where  the  work  was  done,  as  will  be  described  below. 

a  See  also  pp.  45-50. 


NEWELL.]  WEEKLY    AND    MONTHLY    REPORTS.  251 

A  chief  of  party  need  not  fill  out  a  monthly  report  (Form  9-245)  for  each  man  in 
his  party,  but  should  send  in  one  for  himself  and  the  party.  It  should  be  headed, 

'  '•  Report  of  services  rendered  by and  party  during  the  month  of , 

1904. "     (Use  Form  9-245. ) 

3.  Weekly  report  to  supervising  engineer. — The  engineer  in  the  field  should  keep  him- 
self thoroughly  informed  as  to  the  details  and  progress  of  the  work  in  hand.  To 
maintain  the  greatest  possible  efficiency  the  supervising  engineer  should  be  fully 
informed  as  to  the  progress,  results,  needs,  and  cost  of  each  project,  and  in  order 
that  he  may*  obtain  this  information  it  is  desired  that  a  short  report  be  rendered 
once  a  week.  It  will  be  well  to  forward  this  report  with  the  weekly  time-report 
cards. 

This  report  should  be  made  by  each  chief  of  party,  or  by  each  individual  working 
independently  in  the  field,  and  should  state  concisely,  in  a  few  paragraphs,  what  has 
been  accomplished  since  the  last  report  was  made.  If  work  has  not  progressed  sat- 
isfactorily for  any  cause,  the  reason  for  and  extent  of  the  delay  should  be  stated. 

Recommendations  concerning  the  work  in  hand,  the  completeness  of  the  surveys, 
additional  investigations  required  or  suggested,  or  other  matters  affecting  the  value 
of  the  work  should  be  made  when  necessary.  Estimates  should  be  made  of  the 
time  necessary  to  complete  the  work  under  way,  when  it  is  nearing  completion,  in 
order  that  arrangements  may  be  made  for  transferring  men  and  material  to  other 
places.  Recommendations  and  suggestions  are  particularly  desired. 

A  general  rule  regarding  these  weekly  reports  is  that  they  should  relate  principally 
to  the  progress  of  the  work  which  comes  directly  under  the  care  of  the  supervising 
engineer.  Anything  concerning  purchases,  vouchers,  instruments,  the  detailing  of 
work  to  assistants,  and  the  general  administrative  work  should  not  be  embodied  in 
these  reports. 

Nothing  in  these  instructions  is  to  be  construed  as  interfering  with  correspond- 
ence with  the  supervising  engineer  at  any  time  during  the  week.  Much  of  the 
detail  office  work  regarding  supplies,  instruments,  etc.,  is  attended  to  by  his  assist- 
ants. The  correspondence  of  the  office  is  so  large  that  it  is  desired  to  separate  the 
reports  from  the  mere  detail  work  of  the  office.  Concise  accounts  of  work  done  will 
greatly  assist  in  this  matter. 

3.  Monthly  progress  report. — A  monthly  progress  report,  accompanied  by  the 
monthly  time  report  and  a  sketch  map  (base  for  which  will.be  furnished),  should 
be  rendered  to  the  supervising  engineer  at  the  end  of  each  month  by  each  chief  of 
party  and  each  individual  working  independently  in  the  field.  After  they  have  been 
inspected  by  the  supervising  engineer  these  reports  will  be  forwarded  to  Washington 
for  the  information  of  the  chief  engineer. 

The  monthly  progress  report  must  be  concise,  comprising  but  a  few  paragraphs, 
and  must  refer  strictly  to  the  progress  of  the  work  and  the  results  accomplished 
since  the  last  monthly  progress  report  was  made,  all  statements  of  details  being 
reserved  for  the  weekly  reports,  as  noted  above.  If  work  has  been  prosecuted  on 
more  than  one  project,  a  separate  report  will  be  required  on  each,  and  the  amount 
of  work  done  on  each  must  be  clearly  set  forth. 

In  case  of  surveys  for  reservoir  sites  the  report  should  state  approximately  the 
number  of  square  miles  surveyed,  scale  of  map,  contour  interval,  character  of 
country  (as  rough,  broken,  wooded),  etc.  In  reporting  on  leveling,  the  number  of 
miles  run  and  number  of  bench  -marks  established,  etc.,  should  be  stated.  In 
reporting  on  canal  surveys,  the  number  of  miles  run,  whether  location  or  prelimi- 
nary, the  number  of  miles  contoured,  the  character  of  country,  whether  rough, 
wooded,  etc.,  should  be  stated.  In  reporting  on  drilling  for  bed  rock  at  a  dam  site, 
the  number  of  holes  sunk,  the  aggregate  number  of  feet  driven,  and  the  number  of 
feet  of  diamond  drilling  should  be  stated,  and  a  general  statement  should  be  added 


252  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

as  to  the  suitability  of  the  location  as  a  dam  site  so  far  as  developed.  In  reporting 
stream-gaging  trips  the  routes  traversed  should  be  stated,  and  the  number  of  gagings 
made  and  where  they  were  made.  In  reconnaissance  work  a  general  account  should 
be  given  of  the  route  traversed,  the  localities  visited,  and  the  conclusions  drawn. 
Kecommendations  for  the  abandonment  of  old  gaging  stations  or  establishing  of 
new  ones  are  desired. 

Each  chief  of  party  or  man  working  independently  will  be  supplied  with  a  sketch 
map  of  the  locality  in  which  he  is  working,  on  which  he  should  indicate  the  areas 
surveyed,  the  routes  traveled,  etc.  The  monthly  progress  report,  map,  and  monthly 
time  report  (Form  9-245)  should  be  pinned  or  bound  together  and  forwarded 
promptly  to  the  supervising  engineer.  Exception  to  this  rule  will  be  made  only 
when  men  are  engaged  in  extensive  reconnaissance  or  in  stream-gaging  trips. 

4.  Monthly  report  of  expenditures  and  cost  of  work. — At  the  end  of  the  month  each 
chief  of  party  or  individual  working  independently  in  the  field,  in  charge  of 
work,  such  as  topography,  leveling,  canal  surveys,  borings  at  dam  sites,  etc.,  shall 
submit  to  the  supervising  engineer  an  estimate  of  the  amount  of  wrork  done  and  the 
total  expenses  incurred  for  such  work  during  the  month.  He  shall  also  estimate  as 
closely  as  possible  the  cost  per  unit  for  the  work,  as  per  square  mile  for  topography, 
per  foot  for  borings,  per  mile  for  canal  surveys,  etc.  At  the  completion  of  the  survey 
detailed  estimates  of  the  total  cost  and  unit  cost  of  work  will  be  required  from  each 
chief  of  party. 

In  case  several  projects  are  under  way  at  the  same  time  and  are  paid  for  out  of  a 
general  fund,  the  chief  of  party  will  apportion  the  cost  among  the  different  projects  as 
closely  as  possible.  It  is  realized  that  this  is  not  precisely  accurate,  but  it  will 
closely  approximate  the  actual  cost. 

IRRIGATION  SURVEYS  AND  THE  USE  OF  THE  PLANE 

TABLE. 

By  J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT. 

It  is  the  purpose  in  this  discussion  to  give  a  brief  account  of  some 
work  done  with  the  plane  table  several  years  ago  for  the  Bear  Valley 
Irrigation  Company  in  San  Bernardino  County,  Cal.  It  is  not  claimed 
that  the  methods  described  are  new,  except  in  a  few  instances,  but 
because  so  much  topographic  work  is  done  by  methods  that  seem  to 
those  who  understand  the  plane  table  as  being  painfully  crude,  this 
discussion  may  be  interesting  and  perhaps  useful. 

The  Bear  Valley  Irrigation  Company  surveyed,  and  in  part  con- 
structed, a  canal  from  Santa  Ana  Canyon  to  the  town  of  Alessandro,  a 
distance  of  about  40  miles.  The  canal  was  to  be  a  cemented  channel, 
designed  to  carry  about  240  cubic  feet  per  second.  The  plan  adopted 
for  these  surveys  was  to  first  run  a  preliminary  transit  angle  line  for 
the  control  of  a  topographic  map  on  which  the  location  was  to  be 
plotted.  Three  methods  of  topographic  mapping  were  tried: 

1.  Contours  were  located  in  a  few  instances  with  slope  board  and 
rod,  the  party  consisting  by  this  method  of  three  men.     The  most 
ground  was  covered  in  this  way,  but  the  least  accuracy  was  obtained. 

2.  Kodmen  were  located  on  given  contours  at  right  angles  to  the 
stations  by  a  level  man,  using  a  hand  level  and  obtaining  his  eleva- 


NEWELL.]  USE    OF    PLANE    TABLE.  253 

tions  from  the  stations.  Measurements  were  then  made  to  the  rods 
from  center,  and  all  notes  were  recorded  by  the  topographer  in  his 
notebook.  The  party  in  this  case  consisted  of  a  topographer,  level 
man,  two  rodmen,  and  one  or  two  tape  men.  The  notes  were  sent  to 
the  office,  where  a  draftsman  compiled  the  map. 

3.  The  plane  table  was  used.  The  preliminary  line  had  been  run 
and  the  line  plotted  and  all  elevations  recorded  on  the  plane-table  sheet. 
The  board  was  set  up  over  a  convenient  stake  or  hub,  the  level  man 
carried  his  elevation  from  the  bench  marks,  giving  a  check  on  these 
as  he  went,  the  rods  were  placed  on  contours  and  sighted  with  the 
alidade,  sights  being  taken  with  care  and  not  allowed  to  be  over  300 
feet  long.  Philadelphia  rods  were  used. 

In  a  country  where  the  slope  is  somewhat  even  and  about  2  hori- 
zontal to  1  vertical  with  canyons  from  30  to  70  feet  deep  every  300  to 
500  feet  and  with  no  brush,  the  speed  with  a  party  of  five  (topogra- 
pher, level  man,  two  rodmen,  and  a  general  helper  for  umbrella  man) 
will  be  from  2,500  to  4,000  feet  a  day,  actually  locating  four  10-foot 
contours  and  sketching  five  or  six  more,  and  interpolating  the  5-foot 
contours.  In  the  same  country  the  speed  with  method  No.  2,  locating 
the  same  number  of  contours,  will  be  about  the  same,  reading  being 
taken  at  each  station.  With  the  slope  board  the  speed  will  be  doubled, 
with  readings  at  every  station.  There  will,  however,  be  a  marked 
difference  in  the  quality  of  work. 

Suppose  we  have  the  preliminary  line  running  up  to  and  crossing 
canyons  50  or  60  feet  deep  and  say  200  feet  wide.  There  may  be  the 
opportunity  of  selecting  a  crossing  from  two  or  three  different  points 
or  of  running  approximately  around  on  the  contour.  The  plane  table 
has  a  600-foot  range  before  leaving  the  center  line.  By  a  traverse  the 
plane  table  may  occupy  a  series  of  new  points  at  any  distance  from  the 
line,  giving  new  points  of  observation,  from  which  may  be  made  a 
detail  survey  of  the  canyon  quickly  and  closely.  By  the  use  of  the 
vertical  angle  the  scope  of  the  work  is  greatly  increased.  As  for  the 
slope  board,  in  a  case  of  this  sort  it  is  helpless.  Its  range  is  only  15 
or  20  feet  and  the  topographer  can  make  only  a  rough  sketch  by  the 
eye  of  remaining  portions. 

With  the  second  method  the  conditions  are  improved  by  the  use  of  a 
hand  compass,  and  the  tape  traverse  line  may  be  carried  up  a  canyon, 
and  the  elevations  taken  along  with  the  hand  level,  but  the  work  will 
be  of  the  crudest  nature.  There  are  no  fstadia  wires  to  take  readings 
across  the  canyons  and  no  vertical  arc  to  assist  in  extending  the  infor- 
mation desired,  and  most  of  all,  the  great  advantage  of  skilled  and 
intelligent  sketching  directly  on  the  sheet  at  the  time  of  observation, 
assisted  by  numerous  located  points  is  lost. 

It  has  been  the  verdict  of  topographers  on  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey  that  the  only  way  to  get  an  expressive  and  accurate 


254  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

topographic  map  is  to  plot  and  sketch  it  in  the  field.  Where  field 
notes  are  turned  over  to  an  office  man,  or  even  where  the  notes  are 
recorded  and  subsequently  developed  by  the  same  man,  it  is  believed 
that  numerous  errors  are  unavoidable,  and  that  nearly  all  the  expres- 
sion is  lost. 

The  same  argument  pertains  with  especial  force  to  places  where 
a  tunnel  is  proposed.  The  possibilities  of  several  positions  can  be 
studied  on  the  plane-table  sheets,  including  in  many  cases,  the  length 
of  line  around  the  point,  a  condition  that  could,  with  difficulty,  if  at 
all,  be  covered  by  either  of  the  other  two  methods  of  procedure. 
Some  may  argue  that  all  these  conditions  ought  to  be  shown  by  addi- 
tional preliminary  lines.  This  may  be  true  and  frequently  the  work 
is  done  in  this  way,  but  it  takes  nearly  as  long  and  a  larger  party  to 
run  the  preliminary  line  as  to  run  four  or  five  10-foot  contours,  and 
the  information  from  the  bare  line  is  not  nearly  so  complete.  I  might 
state  that  it  has  been  my  experience  that  a  line  of  this  nature  may  be 
run  b}r  plane-table  traverse  around  a  canyon  or  point  a  distance  of 
from  2,000  to  4,000  feet  and  may  close  on  the  board  within  from  1  to 
3  feet,  the  work  being  on  a  scale  of  50  feet  to  1  inch. 

When  the  country  is  open  and  smooth,  without  canyons,  from  5,000 
to  6,000  feet  a  day  can  be  made,  locating,  say,  about  6  contours  of 
5-foot  interval  and  sketching  the  2-foot  intervals. 

In  running  through  a  very  broken  mesa  country,  and  usually  across 
drainage  lines,  the  slopes  being  about  1  to  1,  with  everything  covered 
by  a  dense  growth  of  brush,  an  average  speed  of  about  1,700  feet  a 
day  was  maintained,  and  at  this  time,  as  at  others,  a  careful  map  was 
made,  frequentty  from  500  to  1,000  feet  on  each  side  of  the  line,  in 
order  to  give  information  concerning  several  routes. 

Unfortunately,  location  lines  were  plotted  only  on  the  topographic 
sketch  that  was  drawn  on  the  plane  table,  so  that  an  absolute  compari- 
son of  accuracy  between  the  different  methods  can  not  be  given  at 
present.  However,  the  plane-table  work  has  stootl  severe  tests.  The 
average  error  of  the  contour  map  is  about  6  inches.  These  errors 
came  in  principally  on  crossing  canyons,  and  are  on  the  steep  slopes; 
on  the  benches  and  uniform  slopes  the  average  error  is  about  3  inches. 

With  a  map  of  this  nature  a  very  detailed  study  can  be  made  of 
various  grades,  and  from  the  slopes  shown  an  accurate  estimate  of  the 
cost  of  the  work  can  be  had.  The  cost  of  this  plane-table  work  is 
about  $18.50  for  each  working  da}7.  In  country  such  as  was  first 
described,  with  a  speed  of  3,500  feet  a  day,  this  will  amount  to  say  $28 
a  mile;  in  smooth,  open  country,  at  5,000  to  6,000  feet  a  day,  we  have 
a  cost  of  say  $18  a  mile;  and  in  the  country  last  described,  where  all 
the  conditions  are  about  as  bad  as  possible,  the  cost  will  be  about 
$57.50  a  mile. 


NEWELL.]  ALKALINE    WATER    IN    IRRIGATION.  255 

The  cost  of  taking-  topography  by  the  second  method,  i.  e.,  with  hand 
level,  when  we  consider  the  increased  expense  of  office  work,  is  just 
about  the  same,  and  the  results  are  much  less  satisfactory  than  with 
the  plane  table.  A  portion  of  the  survey  for  the  Santa  Ana  canal  is 
along  the  face  of  a  box  canyon,  which  is  practically  a  vertical  rock  wall. 
Jn  cases  of  this  kind  topographic  work  had  to  be  done  largely  by  the 
use  of  vertical  angles,  the  rods  being  taken  wherever  they  could  be 
held  and  as  many  points  as  possible  located  by  intersection,  the  topog- 
raphy being  in  the  nature  of  a  general  sketch.  In  this  locality  the 
preliminary  line  was  run  as  near  to  an  assumed  grade  as  possible,  but 
triangulation  was  frequently  resorted  to. 

On  the  general  topographic  map  a  grade  line  was  plotted  and  men 
were  put  to  work  to  clear  out  a  trail  as  near  this  line  as  possible.  This 
line  was  then  run  out  and  plotted  on  plane-table  sheets  of  uniform 
size  on  a  scale  of  30  feet  to  1  inch.  The  sheets  were  put  on  a  board 
without  a  tripod  and  taken  on  the  line.  The  rods  were  placed  on  con- 
tour with  hand  level  and  measurements  taken  to  them,  the  points  being 
plotted  on  the  board  and  sketching  done  at  the  same  time.  Measure- 
ments of  this  nature  were  taken  at  short  intervals,  and  the  topography 
was  put  in  with  precision.  The  final  location  was  then  plotted  on  these 
sheets.  This  method  gives  very  good  satisfaction  in  country  of  this 
nature. 

In  undulating  rough  or  side  hill  country  a  plane  table  survey  in  detail 
as  described  above  is  believed  to  be  justifiable,  but  for  a  flat  or  uniform 
plain  probably  satisfactory  results  can  be  obtained  at  less  cost  by  elimi- 
nating the  contour  map  and  trusting  to  angle  lines  alone. 

THE  USE  OF  ALKALINE  WATERS  FOB  IKRIO ATIOIST. « 

By  THOMAS  H.  MEANS, 

In  charge  of  alkali  reclamation  work  for  the  Bureau  of  Soils  of  the. 
Department  of  Agriculture. 

During  the  summer  of  1902  a  representative  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils 
visited  the  oases  of  the  Oued  Rihr  country  in  the  Desert  of  Sahara,  in 
eastern  Algeria.  In  these  oases  artesian  waters  carrying  very  large 
quantities  of  soluble  matter  are  used  successfully  for  irrigation.  From 
the  information  gathered  there,  and  from  experience  in  this  country, 
it  seems  that  the  amount  of  soluble  matter  allowable  in  an  irrigation 
water  has  been  greatly  underestimated  by  American  writers,  and  that 
many  sources  of  water  which  have  been  condemned  can  be  used  with 
safety  and  success,  provided  the  proper  precautions  are  taken  to  pre- 
vent the  accumulation  of  the  salts.  As  the  precautions  are  those 
which  should  be  taken  by  every  irrigator,  even  if  pure  water  is  used, 

a  Extract  from  Circular  No.  10  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  July  1,  1903. 


256  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

it  seems  an  important  matter  to  bring  before  the  American  people  the 
methods  in  use  in  the  Sahara. 

The  staple  crop  grown  by  the  Arabs  in  the  oasis  country. is  the  date, 
the  fruit  of  a  palm  tree  known  to  be  one  of  the  plants  most  resistant 
to  alkaline  or  saline  conditions  of  the  soil,  but  in  addition  to  this  con- 
siderable quantities  of  deciduous  fruits,  garden  vegetables,  and  alfalfa 
are  produced  for  home  consumption. 

Some  of  the  vegetables  successfully  grown  are  those  considered 
sensitive  to  alkali,  and  yet  they  are  irrigated  with  water  containing  in 
some  instances  as  much  as  800  parts  of  soluble  salts  to  100,000  parts 
of  water,  sometimes  as  high  as  50  per  cent  of  the  salts  being  sodium 
chloride. 

The  limit  of  concentration  for  irrigation  water  in  the  United  States, 
even  where  only  the  most  resistant  field  crops  are  to  be  grown,  has 
been  placed  by  some  authorities  at  30  parts  sodium  chloride  (common 
salt)  or  sodium  carbonate  (black  alkali),  and  at  from  170  to  300  parts 
of  the  less  harmful  salts,  per  100,000  of  water.  The  Bureau  of  Soils, 
however,  several  years  ago  insisted  that  water  of  a  somewhat  higher 
salt  content  might  be  used  if  the  soil  had  good  natural  drainage,  or 
artificial  drainage  were  supplied,  and  the  methods  of  irrigation  were 
modified  to  suit  the  different  conditions.  Thus  in  1899  a  the  following 
statements  were  made  after  a  study  of  soils  and  alkali  conditions  in 
the  Pecos  Valley,  New  Mexico: 

Next  to  the  ownership  of  the  land  and  the  labor  questions  the  most  important 
cause  of  the  trouble  in  the  larger  portion  of  the  Pecos  Valley  is  the  high  salt  content 
of  the  irrigation  water,  especially  in  certain  seasons. 

At  Roswell  the  principal  water  supply  contains  about  76  parts  of  soluble  matter  in 
100,000  parts  of  water.  At  Hagerman  this  is  increased  to  about  200  parts,  at  Carlsbad 
to  240  parts,  at  Florence  to  280  parts,  at  Red  Bluff  to  316  parts,  at  Pecos  City,  Tex.,  to 
400  parts,  and  below  Pecos  City  to  over  500  parts.  Five  hundred  parts  of  soluble 
matter  may  be  taken  as  the  extreme  limit  of  endurance  for  plants,  while  250  or  300 
parts  mark  the  danger  point  at  which  the  results  of  the  use  of  the  water  are  very 
uncertain. 

».#•-.;..*-"»•.•»•#.* 

The  limit  of  endurance  for  most  cultivated  plants  in  a  water  solution  is  about  1  per 
cent,  or  1,000  parts  of  the  readily  soluble  salts  in  100,000  parts  of  water,  but  it  must 
be  remembered  that  in  field  culture  the  water  is  applied-  to  soils  already  containing 
more  or  less  of  these  salts,  and  also  that  evaporation  and  consequent  concentration 
immediately  set  in  after  the  application  of  water.  It  was  found  at  Carlsbad  that 
about  300  parts  of  soluble  matter  per  100,000  parts  of  water  marked  the  extreme 
limit  of  safety  of  the  use  of  water  at  that  place. 

*  *  *  *  *  *  * 

One  thing  should  be  said  in  connection  with  the  Carlsbad  area,  which  seems 
rather  anomalous  in  view  of  the  statements  of  other  investigators,  namely,  that  with 
a  water  supply  so  near  the  limit  of  crop  endurance  as  this  becomes  at  times  and  in 
those  areas  in  which  there  is  already  a  large  accumulation  of  salts,  economy  in  the 
use  of  irrigation  water,  which  is  generally  recommended  in  alkali  regions,  is  one  of 

a  Rept.  64,  Field  Operations,  Division  of  Soils,  1899. 


NEWEM,]  ALKALINE    WATERS    IN    THE    SAHARA.  257 

the  worst  methods  which  can  be  practiced.  Where  the  soil  contains  a  relatively 
large  amount  of  salt  and  but  little  water  containing  much  salt  is  frequently  applied, 
the  ordinary  evaporation  will  increase  the  salt  content  of  the  soil  to  such  an  extent 
that  crops  can  no  longer  survive;  whereas  if  adequate  drainage  is  provided,  and  a 
large  amount  of  water  is  used,  the  excess  of  salt  resulting  from  the  evaporation  of 
previous  applications  of  water  may  be  removed,  and  the  soil  moisture  be  maintained 
at  nearly  the  same  concentration  as  the  water  supply. 

The  fact  that  the  Arabs  in  Algerian  oases  are  actually  growing  sen- 
sitive plants  by  the  aid  of  irrigation  waters  containing  from  400  to  800 
parts  of  soluble  salts,  in  some  instances  50  per  cent  sodium  chloride, 
shows  that  the  Bureau  has  been  on  the  conservative  side  in  -its  esti- 
mates, and  should  encourage  a  more  hopeful  feeling  among  people 
occupying  areas  where  only  alkali  water  is  available  for  irrigation. 

The  prerequisite  to  the  use  of  water  of  high  salt  content  in  irrigation 
is  the  knowledge  that  the  methods  employed  are  opposed  to  the  teach- 
ings of  most  American  writers  on  the  subject.  Those  who  place  low 
the  limit  of  safety  for  alkaline  irrigation  waters  have  taught  that 
where  water  was  badly  alkaline  irrigation  should  be  sparing.  They 
have  not  insisted  on  thorough  drainage,  and  they  have  warned  irriga- 
tors  against  too  frequent  irrigation.  With  such  practices  the  limit  of 
concentration  which  they  set  is  probably  high  enough,  and  even  then 
all  except  the  most  sandy  soils  or  those  with  exceptionally  good 
natural  drainage  would  ultimately  be  damaged. 

The  methods  in  the  oases  are  quite  different.  The  Arab  gardens  are 
divided  into  small  plots  about  20  feet  square,  between  which  run  drain- 
age ditches  dug  to  a  depth  of  about  3  feet.  The  soils  being  very  light 
and  sandy,  this  ditching  at  short  intervals  insures  the  most  rapid  and 
thorough  drainage.  Irrigation  is  by  the  check  method,  and  application 
is  made  at  least  once  a  week,  though  often  two  wettings  a  week  are 
deemed  necessary.  A  large  quantity  of  water  is  used  at  each  irriga- 
tion. Thus  a  continuous  movement  of  the  water  downward  is  main- 
tained, there  is  little  opportunity  for  the  soil  water  to  become  more 
concentrated  than  the  water  as  applied,  and  the  interval  between 
irrigations  being  so  short  but  little  accumulation  of  salt  from  evapo- 
ration at  the  surface  takes  place.  What  concentration  or  accumulation 
does  occur  is  quickly  corrected  by  the  succeeding  irrigation. 

The  native  gardens  are  situated  in  the  date  palm  groves  and  the 
vegetables  and  fruit. are  grown  in  the  partial  shade  cast  by  these  trees. 
The  natives  not  only  have  the  question  of  very  saline  irrigation  waters 
to  contend  with,  but  the  soils  originally  are  often  very  alkaline.  In 
three  years  they  reclaim  land  too  salty  to  ^row  the  minor  crops,  using 
the  saline  water  for  that  purpose,  following  the  same  plan  of  drainage 
and  weekly  irrigation  as  where  crops  are  growing.  One  garden  situated 
on  the  side  of  a  salt  flat  and  originally  very  saline  was  visited.  Here 
alfalfa  was  in  very  good  condition,  and  fig,  pomegranate,  melon,  tomato, 
IRK  93—04 17 


258  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93.] 

cabbage,  pepper,  and  other  plants  were  growing  luxuriantly.  The 
reclamation  of  this  plat  \>y  irrigation  twice  a  week  had  taken  three 
years. 

The  native  gardeners  exercise  great  judgment  in  adapting  their  crops 
to  the  soil  conditions.  Where  most  alkaline  the  date  palm  alone  is 
found;  in  other  parts  of  the  grove  are  grown  the  fig  and  pomegranate, 
and  in  other  parts  the  vegetables  less  resistant  to  alkali.  The  amount 
of  salt  in  the  soil  sufficient  to  injure  the  palm  was  not  determined,  but 
the  French  were  unsuccessful  in  an  attempt  to  establish  a  grove,  the 
water  used  in  irrigation  being  taken  from  a  salt  pond  and  containing, 
according  to  field  determinations,  3  parts  sodium  carbonate,  5  parts 
sodium  bicarbonate,  and  1,036  parts  sodium  chloride  in  100,000  parts. 

The  irrigation  water  is  all  drawn  from  artesian  wells.  Field  tests 
showed  as  high  as  816  parts  to  100,000  water  in  actual  use  on  soils 
growing  vegetables. 

Enough  has  been  written  to  show  that  much  more  can  be  done  with 
alkaline  irrigation  water  than  has  hitherto  been  generally  thought 
possible,  and  while  the  intensive  culture  of  the  Algerian  gardeners  is 
not  suited  to  our  western  conditions,  there  is  believed  to  be  no 
reason  why  their  methods  can  not  be  adapted,  even  with  an  improve- 
ment in  point  of  econom}^  to  more  extensive  cropping  of  the  soil. 

The  soils  in  the  Pecos  Valley  are  not  unlike  those  of  the  oases,  and 
the  general  conditions  in  the  two  places  are  somewhat  similar,  although 
the  irrigation  water,  even  at  the  lowest  stage  of  the  Pecos  River,  is 
not  as  alkaline  as  the  artesian  water  of  the  desert,  nor  are  the  soils 
naturally  as  alkaline.  Employing  the  Algerian  method  of  frequent 
irrigation  with  generous  amounts  of  water  on  land  well  drained  by 
open  ditches  or  tile-drains,  large  areas  now  out  of  cultivation  might 
be  used  to  grow  alfalfa,  truck,  and  other  crops. 

It  is  believed  that  a  comprehension  of  these  facts  will  be  of  great 
value  to  the  people  of  this  country  residing  in  regions  affected  with 
alkali,  and  that  it  will  result  ultimately  in  bringing  into  cultivation 
much  land  that  has  hitherto  been  thought  worthless  because  of  the 
character  of  the  water  available  for  irrigation. 


ACCOMPANYING  PAPERS. 


THE   RECLAMATION  !LAW. 

The  full  text  of  the  reclamation  law  dated  June  17,  1902,a  is  as 
follows: 

AN  ACT  Appropriating  the  receipts  from  the  sale  and  disposal  of  public  lands  in  certain  States  and 
Territories  to  the  construction  of  irrigation  works  for  the  relamation  of  arid  lands. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America 
in  ( 'ongress  assembled,  That  all  moneys  received  from  the  sale  and  disposal  of  public 
lands  in  Arizona,  California,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Kansas,  Montana,  Nebraska,  Nevada, 
New  Mexico,  North  Dakota,  Oklahoma,  Oregon,  South  Dakota,  Utah,  Washington, 
and  Wyoming,  beginning  with  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  thirtieth,  nineteen  hun- 
dred and  one,  including  the  surplus  of  fees  and  commissions  in  excess  of  allowances 
to  registers  and  receivers,  and  excepting  the  five  per  centum  of  the  proceeds  of  the 
sales  of  public  lands  in  the  above  States  set  aside  by  law  for  educational  and  other 
purposes,  shall  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  reserved,  set  aside,  and  appropriated  as 
a  special  fund  in  the  Treasury  to  be  known  as  the  "  reclamation  fund,"  to  be  used  in 
the  examination  and  survey  for  and  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  irrigation 
works  for  the  storage,  diversion,  and  development  of  waters  for  the  reclamation  of 
arid  and  semiarid  lands  in  the  said  States  and  Territories,  and  for  the  payment  of  all 
other  expenditures  provided  for  in  this  Act:  Provided,  That  in  case  the  receipts  from 
the  sale  and  disposal  of  public  lands  other  than  those  realized  from  the  sale  and  dis- 
posal of  lands  referred  to  in  this  section  are  insufficient  to  meet  the  requirements  for 
the  support  of  agricultural  colleges  in  the  several  States  and  Territories,  under  the 
Act  of  August  thirtieth,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety,  entitled  "An  Act  to  apply  a 
portion  of  the  proceeds  of  the  public  lands  to  the  more  complete  endowment  and 
support  of  the  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  estab- 
lished under  the  provisions  of  an  Act  of  Congress  approved  July  second,  eighteen 
hundred  and  sixty -two,"  the  deficiency,  if  any,  in  the  sum  necessary  for  the  support 
of  the  said  colleges  shall  be  provided  for  from  any  moneys  in  the  Treasury  not  other- 
wise appropriated. 

SEC.  2.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to 
make  examinations  and  surveys  for,  and  to  locate  and  construct,  as  herein  provided, 
irrigation  works  for  the  storage,  diversion,  and  development  of  waters,  including 
artesian  wells,  and  to  report  to  Congress  at  the  beginning  of  each  regular  session  as 
to  the  results  of  feuch  examinations  and  surveys,  giving  estimates  of  cost  of  all  con- 
templated works,  the  quantity  and  location  of  tfce  lands  which  can  be  irrigated 
therefrom,  and  all  facts  relative  to  the  practicability  of  each  irrigation  project;  also 
the  cost  of  works  in  process  of  construction  as  well  as  of  those  which  have  been 
completed. 

SEC.  3.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall,  before  giving  the  public  notice 
provided  for  in  section  four  of  this  Act,  withdraw  from  public  entry  the  lands  required 
for  any  irrigation  works  contemplated  under  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  and  shall 

oStat.  L..  vol.  32,  p.  388, 

259 


260  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

restore  to  public  entry  any  of  the  lands  so  withdrawn  when,  in  his  judgment,  such 
lands  are  not  required  for  the  purposes  of  this  Act;  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
is  hereby  authorized,  at  or  immediately  prior  to  the  time  of  beginning  the  surveys 
for  any  contemplated  irrigation  works,  to  withdraw  from  entry,  except  under  the 
homestead  laws,  any  public  lands  believed  to  be  susceptible  of  irrigation  from  said 
works:  Provided,  That  all  lands  entered  and  entries  made  under  the  homestead  laws 
within  areas  so  withdrawn  during  such  withdrawal  shall  be  subject  to  all  the  pro- 
visions, limitations,  charges,  terms,  and  conditions  of  this  Act;  that  said  surveys 
shall  be  prosecuted  diligently  to  completion,  and  upon  the  completion  thereof, 
and  of  the  necessary  maps,  plans,  and  estimates  of  cost,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
shall  determine  whether  or  not  said  project  is  practicable  and  advisable,  and  if 
determined  to  be  impracticable  or  unadvi sable  he  shall  thereupon  restore  said  lands 
to  entry;  that  public  lands  which  it  is  proposed  to  irrigate  by  means  of  any  contem- 
plated works  shall  be  subject  to  entry  only  under  the  provisions  of  the  homestead 
laws  in  tracts  of  not  less  than  forty  nor  more  than  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres,  and 
shall  be  subject  to  the  limitations,  charges,  terms,  and  conditions  herein  provided: 
Provided,  That  the  commutation  provisions  of  the  homestead  laws  shall  not  apply 
to  entries  made  under  this  Act. 

SEC.  4.  That  upon  the  determination  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  that  any  irri- 
gation project  is  practicable,  he  may  cause  to  be  let  contracts  for  the  construction  of 
the  same,  in  such  portions  or  sections  as  it  may  be  practicable  to  construct  and  com- 
plete as  parts  of  the  whole  project,  providing  the  necessary  funds  for  such  portions 
or  sections  are  available  in  the  reclamation  fund,  and  thereupon  he  shall  give  public 
notice  of  the  lands  irrigable  under  such  project,  and  limit  of  area  per  entry,  which 
limit  shall  represent  the  acreage  which,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Secretary,  may  be 
reasonably  required  for  the  support  of  a  family  upon  the  lands  in  question;  also  of 
the  charges  which  shall  be  made  per  acre  upon  the  said  entries,  and  upon  lands  in 
private  ownership  which  may  be  irrigated  by  the  waters  of  the  said  irrigation  proj- 
ect, and  the  number  of  annual  installments,  not  exceeding  ten,  in  which  such  charges 
shall  be  paid  and  the  time  when  such  payments  shall  commence.  The  said  charges 
shall  be  determined  with  a  view  of  returning  to  the  reclamation  fund  the  estimated 
cost  of  construction  of  the  project,  and  shall  be  apportioned  equitably:  Provided, 
That  in  all  construction  work  eight  hours  shall  constitute  a  day's  work,  and  no 
Mongolian  labor  shall  be  employed  thereon. 

SEC.  5.  That  the  entryman  upon  lands  to  be-irrigated  by  such  works  shall,  in  addi- 
tion to  compliance  with  the  homestead  laws,  reclaim  at  least  one-half  of  the  total 
irrigable  area  of  his  entry  for  agricultural  purposes,  and  before  receiving  patent  for 
the  lands  covered  by  his  entry  shall  pay  to  the  Government  the  charges  apportioned 
against  such  tract,  as  provided  in  section  four.  No  right  to  the  use  of  water  for  land 
in  private  ownership  shall  be  sold  for  a  tract  exceeding  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres 
to  any  one  landowner,  and  no  such  sale  shall  be  made  to  any  landowner  unless  he 
be  an  actual  bona  fide  resident  on  such  land,  or  occupant  thereof  residing  in  the 
neighborhood  of  said  land,  and  no  such  right  shall  permanently  attach  until  all  pay- 
ments therefor  are  made.  The  annual  installments  shall  be  paid  to  the  receiver  of 
the  local  land  office  of  the  district  in  which  the  land  is  situated,  and  a  failure  to  make 
any  two  payments  when  due  shall  render  the  entry  subject  to  cancellation,  with  the 
forfeiture  of  all  rights  under  this  Act,  as  well  as  of  any  moneys  already  paid  thereon. 
All  moneys  received  from  the  above  sources  shall  be  paid  into  the  reclamation  fund. 
Registers  and  receivers  shall  be  allowed  the  usual  commissions  on  all  moneys  paid 
for  lands  entered  under  this  Act. 

SEC.  6.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  use 
the  reclamation  fund  for  the  operation  and  maintenance  of  all  reservoirs  and  irriga- 
tion works  constructed  under  the  provisions  of  this  Act:  Provided,  That  when  the 
payments  required  by  this  Act  are  made  for  the  major  portion  of  the  lands  irrigated 


NEWELL.]  THE    RECLAMATION    LAW.  261 

from  the  waters  of  any  of  the  works  herein  provided  for,  then  the  management  and 
operation  of  such  irrigation  works  shall  pass  to  the  owners  of  the  lands  irrigated 
thereby,  to  be  maintained  at  their  expense  under  such  form  of  organization  and 
under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  acceptable  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Inte- 
rior: Provided,  That  the  title  to  and  the  management  and  operation  of  the  reservoirs 
and  the  works  necessary  for  their  protection  and  operation  shall  remain  in  the 
Government  until  otherwise  provided  by  Congress. 

SEC.  7.  That  where  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  Act  it  becomes  necessary 
to  acquire  any  rights  or  property,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  authorized 
to  acquire  the  same  for  the  United  States  by  purchase  or  by  condemnation  under 
judicial  process,  and  to  pay  from  the  reclamation  fund  the  sums  which  may  be 
needed  for  that  purpose,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Attorney-General  of  the 
United  States  upon  every  application  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  under  this  act, 
to  cause  proceedings  to  be  commenced  for  condemnation  within  thirty  days  from  the 
receipt  of  the  application  at  the  Department  of  Justice. 

SEC.  8.  That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  as  affecting  or  intended  to 
affect  or  to  in  any  way  interfere  with  the  laws  of  any  State  or  Territory  relating  to 
the  control,  appropriation,  use,  or  distribution  of  water  used  in  irrigation,  or  any 
vested  right  acquired  thereunder,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  in  carrying  out 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  proceed  in  conformity  with  such  laws,  and  nothing 
herein  shall  in  any  way  affect  any  right  of  any  State  or  of  the  Federal  Government 
or  of  any  landowner,  appropriator,  or  user  of  water  in,  to,  or  from  any  interstate 
stream  or  the  waters  thereof:  Provided,  That  the  right  to  the  use  of  water  acquired 
under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  appurtenant  to  the  land  irrigated,  and 
beneficial  use  shall  be  the  basis,  the  measure,  and  the  limit  of  the  right. 

SEC.  9.  That  it  is  hereby  declared  to  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act,  so  far  as  the  same  may  be  practicable  and 
subject  to  the  existence  of  feasible  irrigation  projects,  to  expend  the  major  portion 
of  the  funds  arising  from  the  sale  of  public  lands  within  each  State  and  Territory 
hereinbefore  named  for  the  benefit  of  arid  and  semiarid  lands  within  the  limits  of 
such  State  or  Territory:  Provided,  That  the  Secretary  may  temporarily  use  such  por- 
tion of  said  funds  for  the  benefit  of  arid  or  semiarid  lands  in  any  particular  State  or 
Territory  hereinbefore  named  as  he  may  deem  advisable,  but  when  so  used  the 
excess  shall  be  restored  to  the  fund  as  soon  as  practicable,  to  the  end  that  ultimately, 
and  in  any  event,  within  each  ten-year  period  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  the 
expenditures  for  the  benefit  of  the  said  States  and  Territories  shall  be  equalized 
according  to  the  proportions  and  subject  to  the  conditions  as  to  practicability  and 
feasibility  aforesaid. 

SEC.  10.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  authorized  to  perform  any 
and  all  acts  and  to  make  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  necessary  and  proper 
for  the  purpose  of  carrying  the  provisions  of  this  act  into  full  force  and  effect. 

SCOPE  OF  RECLAMATION   LAW. 

The  first  step  in  any  action  taken  under  the  law  is  a  request  from 
the  engineers  of  the  reclamation  service,  made  through  the  head  of 
the  organization,  the  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey,  to  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Interior,  for  the  withdrawal  from  entry  of  certain 
specified  lands  with  a  view  to  their  examination  in  the  field,  in  order  to 
determine  the  practicability  of  constructing  irrigation  works  for  reclaim- 
ing them.  When  this  request  is  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  the  proper  steps  are  taken,  by  the  General  Land  Office,  for 


262  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

the  withdrawal  of  the  lands  through  the  local  land  office  for  the  dis- 
trict in  which  they  are  located.  Thereafter  no  entries  will  be  allowed, 
except  under  the  provisions  of  the  homestead  law,  as  modified  b}^  the 
limitations  and  conditions  of  the  act.  In  accordance  therewith  they 
may  be  limited  to  an  area  as  small  as  40  acres,  and  will  not  be  subject 
to  the  commutation  provisions  of  the  homestead  law.  The  entryman 
may,  therefore,  be  required  to  reduce  the  area  of  his  entry  to  such 
limit  as  in  the  opinion  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  may  be  reason- 
ably required  for  the  support  of  a  family,  and  will  be  called  upon  to 
pay  the  charges  per  acre  which  may  be  determined  on  in  not  more 
than  ten  annual  installments. 

As  soon  as  possible  after  such  withdrawal,  engineers  are  instructed 
to  make  the  survey  of  the  lands  and  of  proposed  canals  and  reservoirs; 
also  to  conduct  necessary  engineering  investigations  concerning  the 
water  supply  and  the  conditions  under  which  the  construction  will  be 
carried  on.  Upon  the  completion  of  this  work  the  results  are  to  be 
summarized  and  submitted  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  with  such 
recommendations  as  may  be  deemed  advisable  by  the  Director  of  the 
Geological  Survey,  together  with  maps,  plans,  and  estimates  of  cost. 

It  will  then  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  determine 
whether  or  not  such  project  is  practicable  and  advisable.  If  deter- 
mined to  be  impracticable  or  inadvisable,  he  will  restore  to  the  public 
domain  the  lands  withdrawn,  and  they  will  become  subject  to  the 
public-land  laws,  as  if  such  withdrawal  had  never  been  made.  If  the 
project  is  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  he  may  cause 
contracts  to  be  let  for  the  construction  of  the  proposed  works,  either 
as  a  whole  or  for  such  portion  or  section  as  will  constitute  a  complete 
system,  if  it  should  be  deemed  best  not  to  undertake  the  entire  project 
at  that  time.  He  will  thereupon  give  public  notice  of  the  land  which 
may  be  reclaimed  thereunder,  and  of  the  particular  limitations  con- 
templated by  the  law  as  to  area,  cost,  number  of  installments,  date  of 
payments,  etc. 

As  soon  as  it  shall  be  possible  to  furnish  water  for  the  irrigation  of 
any  particular  portion  of  the  lands  involved,  the  entrymen  thereon 
will  be  allowed  to  take  the  water;  and  as  construction  progresses 
additional  lands  will  be  supplied  from  time  to  time. 

When  payments  have  been  made  in  full  for  the  major  portion  of  the 
lands  irrigable  under  any  system,  the  management  and  operation  of 
the  irrigation  works  will  pass  to  the  owners  of  the  land  irrigated 
therefrom,  to  be  maintained  at  their  expense,  under  such  form  of 
organization  and  under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  accept- 
able to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior;  it  is  provided,  however,  that 
the  title  to  the  reservoirs  and  the  works  necessary  for  their  protection 
and  operation  shall  remain  in  the  Government,  and  that  they  shall  con- 
tinue under  the  control  and  management  of  the  Government  unless 
otherwise  provided  by  Congress. 


NEWELL.]  MISCELLANEOUS    PAPERS.  263 

MEASUREMENT  OF  FLOW  OF  STREAMS. 
By  E.  C.  MURPHY. 

The  minimum  yearly  flow  of  streams  for  periods  of  about  a  week  is 
very  important,  and  resident  hydrographers  should  make  special  effort 
to  obtain  it  on  all  important  streams.  It  is  not  the  smallest  quantity 
that  flows  past  the  station  per  year  that  is  desired,  but  the  average 
natural  flow  for  about  a  week  when  the  flow  is  least. 

On  nearly  all  important  streams  a  part  of  the  natural  flow  is  held 
back  in  ponds  for  a  few  hours  a  day  and  on  the  smaller  streams,  in 
some  cases,  for  two  or  more  days  at  a  time  and  then  allowed  to  flow 
through  water  wheels  in  a  comparatively  short  time.  Ordinarily,  the 
pond  is  drawn  down  below  the  crest  of  the  dam  during  the  day  and 
fills  up  again  during  part  of  the  night.  The  proper  time  to  make  a 
measurement  of  the  flow  in  a  case  of  this  kind  is.  early  in  the  morning, 
before  the  water  wheels  are  put  into  use  and  while  the  water  is  still 
flowing  over  the  crest  of  the  dam. 

The  gage  reader  should  read  the  gage  carefully  to  hundredths  of  a 
foot  twice  a  day,  once  when  the  wheels  are  running  and  once  when 
they  are  not  running.  He  should  also  keep  a  record  of  the  number  of 
hours  a  day  that  the  wheels  are  in  use. 

The  low-water  conditions  at  each  gaging  station  on  which  the  accu- 
racy of  the  work  depends  should  be  carefully  described,  such  as  num- 
ber of  channels,  depth,  width,  velocity,  and  roughness  of  each  channel^ 
as  well  as  the  effect  of  dams,  canals,  etc.,  on  the  flow. 

No  gaging  station  should  be  established  without  the  written  consent 
of  the  chief  engineer.  A  request  for  a  station  should  be  addressed  to 
the  director  of  the  Geological  Survey  and  sent  to  the  resident  hydrog- 
rapher,  who  will  examine  the  need  therefor,  the  proposed  site,  and 
report  to  the  chief  engineer  with  recommendations.  The  selection  of 
gaging  stations  is  the  most  important  part  of  the  resident  hydrog- 
rapher's  work,  and  should  not  be  entrusted  to  an  assistant. 

The  first  and  most  important  question  to  settle  at  a  proposed  station 
is,  will  the  results  obtained  be  of  a  reasonable  degree  of  accuracy  for 
all  river  stages.  If  not,  the  station  must  not  be  established  at  this 
place. 

Ordinary  flow  and  minimum  flow  results  are,  as  a  rule,  of  more 
economic  value  than  those  for  high  water;  hence  the  low-water  con- 
ditions at  a  proposed  station  determine  whether  it  is  a  good  one  or 
not.  It  follows  also  that  the  proper  time  to  seek  new  gaging  stations 
on  a  stream  is  during  low  water.  A  station  may  appear  to  be  a  good 
one  at  high  water  but  prove  to  be  a  very  poor  one  at  low  water,  on 
account  of  sluggish  flow. 

No  discharge  measurements  should  be  made  where  the  mean  velocity 
is  less  than  half  a  foot  per  second  in  85  per  cent  of  the  cross  section. 


264  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

When  it  is  found  that  the  mean  velocity  is  less  than  half  a  foot  per 
second  in  85  per  cent  of  the  cross  section,  the  station  must  be  aban- 
doned unless  a  section  having  a  velocity  of  one  foot  per  second  or  more 
can  be  found  within  a  reasonable  distance  from  the  station  that  can  be 
used  as  a  measuring  station  during  low  water. 

A  station  should  not  be  in  the  influence  of  backwater  from  another 
stream  or  lake,  and  should  not  be  in  the  influence  of  a  pond  that  may 
be  drawn  down  below  the  level  of  its  spillway. 

A  station  should  not  be  located  at  a  bend  in  a  stream  nor  at  a  bridge 
that  crosses  the  stream  obliquely,  unless  the  piers  of  the  bridge  are 
parallel  with  the  trend  of  the  stream. 

The  stream  bed  at  a  proposed  station  should  be  fairly  regular  in 
shape  and  the  velocity  well  distributed  through  the  cross  section.  No 
station  should  be  established  unless  at  least  one  discharge  measurement 
has  been  made  and  it  is  seen  that  the  shape  of  the  cross  section  and  the 
distribution  of  velocity  are  satisfactory. 

Resident  h3Tdrographers  should  remember  that  records  of  flow  for 
short  periods,  except  minimum  flow  records,  are  of  comparatively 
little  value.  The  records  should  cover  a  period  sufficiently  long  to 
include  the  extremes  of  run-off.  The  stations  should  therefore  be 
selected  and  equipped  so  that  little  or  no  change  in  them  will  be 
necessary  for  a  period  of  several  years. 

The  resident  hydrographer  must  keep  in  mind  also  the  cost  of  main- 
taining the  station  and  the  economic  value  of  the  results  obtained,  as 
well  as  the  accuracy-  of  the  results.  The  cost  of  equipping  a  station  is, 
on  an  average,  about  $25,  and  the  cost  of  maintenance  for  one  year  is 
about  $110,  making  a  total  for  the  first  j^ear  of  about  $135.  The  cost 
of  maintenance  being  large,  the  number  of  important  streams  of  large 
size  being  great,  and  the  funds  at  disposal  being  limited,  the  Survey 
can  not  maintain  stations  on  small  streams,  the  data  from  which  are  only 
of  small  and  local  value.  In  the  case  of  a  small  stream  the  data  desired 
is  the  flow  for  a  week  or  month  per  year  when  the  flow  is  least.  This 
data  can  be  obtained  at  small  expense  without  establishing  a  station  in 
cooperation  with  the  party  desiring  the  information. 

Experience  has  shown  that  the  wire  gage  is  too  inaccurate  and  tem- 
porary to  be  longer  used  b}^  this  Survey.  Those  now  in  use  should 
be  replaced  as  soon  as  possible  by  wooden  ones  if  the  conditions  at 
the  station  will  permit.  If  a  wooden  gage  can  not  be  used,  then  a 
chain  one  should  be  used.  It  is  desirable  that  all  these  chain  gages 
should  be  alike.  To  this  end  application  should  be  made  to  the  office 
of  the  chief  engineer  for  all  the  necessary  hardware,  including  weight, 
chain,  pulley,  lock,  and  key. 

There  should  be  two  bench  marks  at  each  station — one  on  the  bridge, 
from  which  the  elevation  of  the  water  surface  can  be  obtained  with  a 
steel  tape;  the  other  on  the  shore  (preferably  a  copper  bolt  in  rock), 


NEWELL.]  INSTRUMENTS    AND    CAMP    EQUIPMENT.  265 

abov7c  high  water.  The  length  of  the  chain  gage  should  be  measured 
at  each  visit  to  the  station;  also  the  distance  from  the  bench  mark  to 
the  water,  and  if  the  chain  length  is  found  to  have  changed,  it  should 
be  corrected  by  the  adjusting  device  at  the  upper  end  of  the  weight. 
Whenever  a  new  gage  is  installed,  care  should  be  taken  to  have  its  0 
(zero)  exactly  at  the  elevation  of  the  0  of  the  old  one,  so  that  a  correc- 
tion to  the -gage  heights  will  not  be  necessary. 

The  length  of  chain,  elevation  of  each  bench  mark,  elevation  of 
water  surface  corresponding  to  gage  reading  when  gage  was  installed, 
and  all  data  necessary  for  checking  the  gage  reading  from  the  meas- 
urement of  surface  elevation  with  the  steel  tape  should  be  written  on 
the  underside  of  the  cover  of  the  gage  box  with  an  indelible  pencil, 
so  that  gage  chain  can  be  adjusted,  if  necessary,  before  measuring 
discharge. 

The  standard  United  States  Geological  Survey  lock  should  be  used 
on  the  gage  box,  so  that  no  time  will  be  lost  in  finding  a  key  when 
the  gage  is  visited. 

INSTKTJMI^TS  A1STD  CAMP  EQUIPMENT. 

By  E.  M.  DOUGLAS. 

In  order  to  anticipate  the  needs  of  the  average  field  party,  and  to 
provide  a  guide  for  district  engineer  and  chiefs  of  field  parties,  cor- 
respondence has  been  had  with  a  number  of  .field  men,  and  various 
persons  have  been  consulted  regarding  the  articles  needed  for  the 
work. 

There  has  been  brought  together  an  abstract  list  of  instruments, 
giving  the  sizes,  extras,  names  of  makers,  etc.,  which  seemed  best 
adapted  for  the  work  of  the  Survey  in  general.  In  this  list  is  included 
every  instrument  thought  necessary  for  work  now  in  hand.  There  is 
also  given  a  descriptive  list  of  camp  equipment.  In  preparing  these 
lists  suggestions  have  been  received  from  Messrs.  A.  P.  Davis,  C.  H. 
Fitch,  J.  B.  Lippincott,  A.  L.  Fellows,  John  T.  Whistler,  S.  A.  Aplin, 
E.  G.  Paul,  and  others. 

INSTRUMENTS. 

Transits. — Made  by  Berger  &  Sons,  catalogue  number,  Ic.  Has  2|-ineli  compass 
needle,  6] -inch  horizontal  circle,  two  double  verniers,  reading  to  30  seconds;  double 
set  of  figures  reading  from  0  to  360  in  opposite  directions,  5-inch  vertical  circle,  gradu- 
ated to  minutes,  all  graduations  being  on  solid  silver;  4-inch  level  on  telescope,  object 
glass  6J-inc.li  clear  aperture,  erecting  eyepiece;  stadia  wires  set  to  read  5  feet  on  rod 
500  feet  distant.  Magnifying  power,  24  diameters. 

Telescopic  alidades. — Made  by  Fauth  &  Co.;  18-inch  ruler,  beveled  on  left  edge,  no 
graduations;  4-inch  aluminum  column,  telescope  12-inch  focal  length;  object  glass 
If-inch  clear  aperture;  inverting  eyepiece,  with  prism  if  requested;  stadia  wires  set 
to  cover  5  feet  on  rod  500  feet  distant;  vertical  arc,  2|-inch  radius,  facing  eyepiece 
end;  flush  vernier,  reading  to  minutes;  reversible  striding  level,  each  division  repre- 


266  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

senting  one  minute  of  arc;  box  compass,  4-inch  needle,  attached  to  alidade  ruler. 
(Circular  level,  1-inch  diameter,  for  leveling  plane  table,  etc.,  separate.) 

Box  compasses. — For  attaching  to  plane-table  boards,  or  for  use  separately,  4-inch 
needle,  one-half-inch  arc. 

Wye  levels. — Telescope  20  inches  in  length  over  all,  made  by  W.  &  L.  E.  Gurley; 
level  bubbles,  10  seconds  of  arc  for  each  division;  stadia  wires  reading  3  feet  on  rod 
300  feet  distant. 

Wye  levels  for  running  short  lines  and  setting  gages,  made  by  W.  &  L.  E.  Gurley; 
length  of  telescope,  15  inches;  stadia  wires,  3  to  300  feet. 

Mountain  transits.—  Made  by  W.  &  L.  E.  Gurley;  4-inch  needle;  horizontal  circle, 
5£  inches  in  diameter,  graduated  on  silver  to  single  minutes,  figured  in  both  direc- 
tions, 0°  to  360°;  vertical  circle,  4£  inches  in  diameter,  graduated  to  single  minutes; 
level  on  telescope;  packed  in-  leather  case  with  carrying  straps;  extension  tripod  or 
stiff -leg  tripod,  as  desired. 

A neroids.—  Diameter,  2f  inches,  pocket  style;  heights,  3,000,  5,000,  8,000,  10,000, 
and  15,000  feet;  the  3,000  feet  reads  altitudes  to  10  feet,  the  5,000  to  20  feet,  and  the 
others  to  50  feet. 

Field  glasses. — "Lemaire"  make;  jointed  frames;  5  inches  long  when  closed; 
If -inch  objective. 

Price  current  meter. — Made  by  W.  &  L.  E.  Gurley,  in  two  sizes.  Small  size,  total 
length,  15  inches;  outside  diameter  of  revolving  cup  wheel,  5  inches.  Large  size, 
extreme  length,  23  inches;  diameter  of  revolving  cup  wheel,  6  inches.  All  meters 
equipped  with  50  feet  of  double-conductor  insulated  wire  and  supplied  with  elec- 
tric buzzer,  battery  and  chemicals  for  replenishing  same,  and  lead  weights. 

Bell  odometers. — Registering  miles  and  hundredths.  In  ordering,  size  of  wagon 
wheel  must  be  given. 

Plane-table  boards. — Size,  24  by  31  inches,  18  by  24  inches,  and  15  by  15  inches,  the 
latter  having  compass  attached  if  desired.  Waterproof  wooden  or  leather  cases 
furnished  for  large-sized  boards;  leather  or  canvas  case  for  15  by  15  inch  boards. 

Plane-table  tripods. — Fitted  with  Johnson  style  heads;  made  by  W.  &  L.  E.  Gurley; 
48-inch  split  legs.  All  boards  mentioned  above  supplied  with  plates  to  fit  this  tripod. 

Rain  gages. — Weather  Bureau  standards. 

Leveling  rods. — Xew  York  pattern;  made  by  W.  &  L.  E.  Gurley;  reading  by  ver- 
niers to  thousandths  of  feet,  each  tenth  figured;  graduated  on  side  for  stadia  read- 
ing; furnished  with  canvas  covers  and  detached  plumbing  levels.  These  rods  should 
be  used  for  all  primary  leveling.  Philadelphia  pattern;  to  be  used  for  secondary 
leveling;  made  by  W.  &  L.  E.  Gurley;  self-reading  to  hundredths  of  a  foot;  reading 
by  verniers  to  thousandths  of  a  foot;  without  plumbing  level. 

Tapes,  steel. — From  Lufkin  Rule  Company;  length,  300  feet,  100  feet,  50  feet,  and 
6  feet;  300-foot  tape  to  be  used  with  spring  balance  and  thermometer,  latter  to  be 
standard  make;  tape  graduated  entire  length  in  feet;  last  foot  at  each  end  subdi- 
vided into  tenths.  One-hundred-foot  tape  one-fourth  inch  in  width;  detachable 
handles;  graduated  entire  length  in  feet,  tenths,  and  hundredths.  Fifty-foot  tape, 
graduated  on  one  side  to  feet,  tenths,  and  hundredths;  graduated  on  reverse  side  to 
links.  Six-foot  tape,  graduated  to  inches  and  sixteenths;  graduated  on  reverse  side 
to  millimeters. 

Tapes,  metallic. — Length,  50  feet  and  25  feet;  graduated  in  feet,  tenths,  and  hun- 
dredths. 

Traverse  plane  tables,  etc. — Board  15  by  15  inches,  with  compass  attached;  used 
with  light  tripods,  and  folding  sight  alidade  6  inches  in  length. 

Drawing  instruments. — Furnished  on  contract  from  Interior  .Department  supplies 
Specify  kinds  and  sizes  desired.  Sets  not  furnished. 

Bench-mark  tablets. — Standard,  aluminum. 


NEWELL.]  CAMP    EQUIPMENT.  267 

Beach-mark  posts. — Standard,  iron,  4£  feet  long,  with  brass  caps. 

Drawing  paper. — Double-mounted  for  plane-table  sheets;  single-mounted  paragon 
paper  for  traverse  work  and  general  drawing. 

Soaks,  1 : 45000,  1 : 90000,  and  special  flat  boxwood,  with  celluloid  edges. 

flagpoles. — Round  iron  pipe,  three-fourths  inch  in  diameter,  with  steel  shoes,  6  feet 
in  length. 

Locke  hand  levels. — Standard  size. 

Abney  hand  or  slope  level. — Arc  reads  to  five  minutes. 

CAMP   EQUIPMENT. 

Book  bags,  of  heavy  ducking,  leather  bound,  will  be  furnished  from  this  office  on 
requisition. 

Water  barrels. — Wine  or  whisky  barrels  are  generally  the  only  ones  obtainable. 
These  should  be  of  a  size  proportionate  to  the  needs  of  the  camp. 

Saddle  or  pack  blankets. — Purchase  the  ordinary  grade  of  coarse  blankets;  not  bed 
blankets. 

Mess  boxes. — These  should  be  made  by  a  carpenter.  The  length  should  be  equal 
to  the  width  of  the  wagon  box  inside.  They  should  have  double  covers,  so  that 
when  the  top  cover  is  turned  back  the  two  covers  will  make  a  table.  In  size  they 
should  be  in  proportion  to  the  camp,  but  not  so  large  that  when  packed  with  supplies 
they  will  be  unreasonably  heavy  to  lift  into  the  wagon. 

Stationery  boxes. — These  may  be  made  by  a  carpenter,  or  steamer  trunks  may  be 
purchased.  A  stationery  box  designed  by  John  T.  Whistler  is  recommended. 

Riding  bridles. — These  and  similar  articles  should  be  plain,  of  good  quality,  but 
not  with  fancy  fittings. 

Buckets  or  pails  should  always  be  of  galvanized  iron;  never  of  granite  iron. 

Canteens. — Covered,  3-pint  army  canteens  will  be  supplied  by  the  office  on  requisi- 
tion. Larger  canteens,  of  galvanized  iron  or  tin,  and  holding  from  one-half  to  1 
gallon,  may  be  purchased  if  necessary. 

Chairs  should  be  folding,  all  wood,  with  slats  for  seats  (not  perforated). 

Stools  should  be  folding,  with  heavy  canvas  seats. 

Table  cloths  should  be  of  oilcloth,  cotton,  or  medium  grade  linen,  white  or  colored. 

Cups. — Cups  and  all  dishes  for  use  on  table  should  be  of  white  enameled  ware, 
preferably  with  white  outside.  China,  earthenware,  glass,  or  tin  should  not  be 
bought  for  use  on  camp  tables.  Gray  granite  ironware  may  be  purchased  if  the 
white  enameled  ware  is  not  available. 

Flags. — A  standard  flag,  3  by  5  feet  in  size,  and  also  the  regular  survey  flag,  should 
be  displayed  over  every  camp  during  working  hours.  These  will  be  furnished  from 
the  office  on  requisition. 

Tent  floors. — Worn-out  tents  may  be  cut  up  and  the  canvas  used  for  floors,  or 
12  or  14  ounce  canvas  may  be  purchased  for  the  purpose.  Wood  floor  of  matched 
boards  is  preferred  for  a  permanent  camp.  Floors  should  be  provided  for  all  sleep- 
ing and  office  tents. 

Table  forks,  teaspoons,  and  tablespoons  should  be  silver-plated  on  white  metal. 

Table  knives  should  be  silver-plated  on  steel. 

Harness  should  be  of  good  quality,  but  not  fancy.  Heavy  styles,  with  collars, 
preferred. 

Harness  blinds  should  bear  nickel-plated  letters,  U.  S. 

Branding  irons  for  branding  animals  and  numbers  for  hoof  brands  will  be  furnished 
from  the  office  on  requisition. 

Kettles. — Cooking  kettles  should  be  of  sheet  iron  or  sheet  steel  and  of  different, 
sizes,  so  that  when  packed  they  will  nest  one  in  the  other. 


268  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

Lamps. — Kerosene-oil  hanging  lamps  should  be  provided  for  the  cook's  tent,  and 
table  or  hanging  Rochester  lamps  for  each  office  tent;  smaller  sizes  for  each  sleeping 
tent.  "  Electrolite"  acetylene  lamps  may  be  purchased  for  use  where  transportation 
is  by  pack  train. 

Napkins,  cotton  or  linen,  white  or  colored,  should  be  provided. 

Bread  and  dish  pans  should  be  of  tin  only;  never  of  granite  iron. 

Stewpans,  stew  basins,  and  similar  dishes  for  use  on  the  stove  should  be  of  granite 
iron. 

Riding  saddles  should  be  plain,  substantial,  and  without  elaborate  ornamental 
fittings. 

Saws  should  be  of  medium  length,  with  neither  coarse  nor  fine  teeth. 

Stoves. — Cooking  stoves  should  be  of  sheet  or  cast  iron,  or  Donavin  ranges  may  be 
used.  Heating  stoves  may  be-  of  the  Sibley  style,  but  sheet  iron  or  small  cast-iron 
box  stoves  are  preferred. 

Tables  should  be  of  size  proportionate  to  the  number  of  men  in  camp,  to  be  made 
by  a  carpenter,  and  should  be  folding  or  with  detachable  legs.  The  "Johnson" 
style  is  recommended.  For  a  party  of  six  or  eight  men  a  good  size  table  is  6  feet 
long,  3  feet  wide,  28  or  30  inches  high.  For  the  office  tent  a  rolling  table  may 
be  purchased  if  preferred  to  those  made  by  the  carpenter. 

Tents.— Wall  tents,  7  by  8,  9  by  9,  or  14  by  14  feet,  all  but  the  first  with  flies,  with 
or  without  poles  or  pins,  can  be  procured  on  requisition  from  United  States  quarter- 
master, either  in  drab  or  khaki  color.  For  office  tents,  white  canvas  is  preferable 
and  may  be  purchased  from  dealers.  The  10  by  12  and  12  by  16  tents  designed  by 
A.  L.  Fellows  are  recommended  in  preference  to  the  army  tents.  They  may  be 
secured  from  the  Denver  contractor  through  Mr.  Fellows. 

Wagons. — For  small  parties  2J-inch  steel  skein  Studebaker  wagons,  and  for  larger 
parties  one  or  more  3-inch  steel  skein  Studebaker  mountain  wagons  are  recom- 
mended, of  proper  gage  for  the  field  of  work.  The  3-inch  wagon  should  have  high 
seat,  and  both  sizes  should  have  bows  and  canvas  cover.  Each  should  have  on  the 
brake  side  a  box  fitted  for  carrying  a  5-gallon  kerosene  oil  can.  On  the  opposite  side 
should  be  a  stand  for  water  barrel,  above  which  iron  hooks  should  be  provided  on 
which  to  carry  tent  poles  and  stovepipe.  On  the  rear  a  rack,  braced  by  a  chain  or 
rod,  may  be  placed  if  desired,  for  carrying  baled  hay,  stoves,  etc.;  a  tool  or  "jockey 
box"  should  be  in  front.  For  light  wagons  to  be  used  in  transporting  men  and 
instruments,  IJ-mch  spring  wagons  of  standard  make  are  preferred. 

SURVEYS  IN  OKLAHOMA. 

By  GERARD  H.  MATTHES. 

On  August  6,  1901,  there  was  opened  to  settlement  the  southwest 
portion  of  Oklahoma  Territory,  previously  held  in  reserve  by  the 
Federal  Government  for  the  Kiowa,  Comanche,  and  Apache  Indians. 
Three  counties  came  thus  simultaneously  into  existence,  called  Kiowa, 
Caddo,  and  Comanche  counties,  with  county  seats  at  Hobart,  Ana- 
darko,  and  Lawton,  respectively.  The  lots  in  the  town  sites  of  these 
now  so-called  cities  were  sold  by  the  Government  to  the  highest  bidder, 
the  proceeds  of  the  sales  aggregating  a  sum  of  nearly  three-quarters  of 
a  million  dollars,  and  on  these  lands,  in  the  incredibly  short  period  of 
fourteen  months,  there  arose  cities  with  populations  ranging  from 
3,300  to  8,000  inhabitants.  Though  at  first  mere  agglomerations  of 
hastily  erected  tents,  these  u  rag  towns,"  built  out  on  the  open  prairie, 


NEWELL.]  OPENING    OF    OKLAHOMA.  269 

soon  underwent  complete  metamorphoses,  and  in  the  course  of  two 
years  assumed  the  aspects  of  towns.  In  keeping'  with  the  mushroom- 
like  growth  of  these  cities  the  adjacent  country  was  rapidly  taken  up, 
and  as  claim  after  claim  was  fenced  in  the  once  boundless  prairie  was 
made  to  bristle  with  fence  posts  and  barbed  wire. 

The  act  of  March  3,  1901  (Stat.  L.,  vol.  31,  p.  1094),  which  opened 
the  new  country  to  settlement,  provided,  among  other  things,  that  the 
proceeds  of  the  town-lot  sales  should  be  set  aside  for  the  construction 
of  public  improvements  in  the  three  counties  and  their  county  seats. 
The  following  paragraph  is  an  extract  from  this  law: 

The  receipts  from  the  sale  of  these  lots  in  the  respective  county  seats,  shall,  after 
deducting  the  expenses  incident  to  the  surveying,  subdividing,  platting,  and  selling 
of  the  same,  be  disposed  of  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  in  the 
following  manner:  A  court-house  shall  be  erected  therewith  at  such  county  seat,  at 
a  cost  of  not  exceeding  ten  thousand  dollars,  and  the  residue  shall  be  applied  to  the 
construction  of  bridges,  roads,  and  such  other  public  improvements  as  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  shall  deem  appropriate,  including  the  payment  of  all  expenses  actu- 
ally necessary  to  the  maintenance  of  the  county  government  until  the  time  for  col- 
lecting county  taxes  in  the  calendar  year  next  succeeding  the  time  of  the  opening. 
No  indebtedness  of  any  character  shall  be  contracted  or  incurred  by  any  of  said 
counties  prior  to  the  time  for  collecting  county  taxes  in  the  calendar  year  next  suc- 
ceeding the  opening,  excepting  where  the  same  shall  have  been  authorized  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

The  act  was  amended  on  June  30,  1902  (Stat.  L.,  vol.  32,  pt.  1,  p. 
506),  the  amendment  reading: 

Provided  further,  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  be,  and  he  nereby  is,  author- 
ized, out  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  town  lots  in  the  towns  of  Lawton,  Comanche 
County;  Anadarko,  Caddo  County;  and  Hobart,  Kiowa  County,  in  the  Territory  of 
Oklahoma,  heretofore  had  pursuant  to  the  authority  of  the  act  aforesaid,  to  cause  to  be 
expended,  subject  to  his  control  and  supervision  and  upon  the  recommendation  of  the 
legally  constituted  authorities  of  each  of  said  towns,  for  the  construction  of  public 
waterworks,  schoolhouses,  and  such  other  municipal  improvements  as  may  be  advis- 
able and  advantageous  to  the  inhabitants  of  said  towns,  the  following  additional 
sums,  to  writ: 

For  the  town  of  Lawton,  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  for  the  town 
of  Anadarko,  sixty  thousand  dollars,  and  for  the  town  of  Hobart,  fifty  thousand 
dollars:  Provided  further,  that  the  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars,  provided  in  the  act 
whereof  this  is  amendatory  for  the  construction  of  a  county  court-house  in  each  of 
the  towns  aforesaid,  shall  be  and  hereby  is  increased  to  the  sum  of  thirty  thousand 
dollars  each  for  the  construction  of  such  court-house  in  each  town. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  this  latter  act  requires  a  recommendation  by 
the  legally  constituted  authorities  of  each  of  the  towns  in  the  matter 
of  waterworks,  schoolhouses,  and  other  municipal  improvements. 
This  is  not,  however,  requisite  in  the  case  of  county  works. 

Among  the  first  public  improvements  to  be  made,  bridges  figure 
conspicuously.  Efforts  were  also  made  by  the  various  local  authorities 
to  provide  for  court-houses,  jails,  schools,  and  waterworks,  but  at  this 
stage  of  the  proceedings  the  Department  in  Washington  found  it  neces- 


270  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

sary  to  reject  a  number  of  plans  ;md  to  annul  contracts  on  account  of 
the  inefficiency  and  inadequacy  of  the  improvements  contemplated; 
and  on  account  also  of  irregular  and  unbusinesslike  proceedings  on  the 
part  of  the  city  and  county  officials.  The  failure  of  these  officials  to 
deal  successf  ully  with  public  matters  of  such  paramount  importance, 
and  the  serious  apprehensions  entertained  by  numerous  citizens  in  the 
three  counties,  who  realized  that  the  large  expenditure  involved  in  the 
construction  of  these  public  works  offered  unusual  opportunities  for 
theft,  resulted  in  a  number  of  requests  being  directed  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior,  asking  that  the  Federal  Government  detail  compe- 
tent men  to  superintend  the  letting  of  contracts  and  to  inspect  their 
construction. 

When,  in  March,  1903,  engineers  of  the  Geological  Survey  were 
detailed  for  this  purpose,  they  were  confronted  with  a  condition  of 
affairs  which  well-nigh  baffle  description.  Months  of  careful  investi- 
gation were  required  to  straighten  out  the  tangles  and  difficulties  in 
which  matters  relating  to  public  improvements  had  been  allowed  to 
become  involved.  It  was  found  that  such  work  as  had  been  accom- 
plished had  in  no  instance  been  done  in  full  compliance  with  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Session  Laws  of  Oklahoma  or  with  such  regulations  as 
had  been  promulgated  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  relating  to  the 
manner  of  appropriating  money  for  public  improvements,  to  be  paid 
for  out  of  the  town-lot  fund. 

In  one  county  innumerable  small  bridges  and  culverts  had  been  con- 
structed without  proper  authority  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 
Examination  of  the  claims  submitted  for  the  building  of  some  of  these 
bridges  arid  culverts  showed  that  not  only  had  exorbitant  prices  been 
charged  for  lumber,  but  that  more  material  had  been  charged  for  than 
was  actually  used.  It  also  became  known  that  bridge  lumber  had  been 
purloined  and  used  for  private  purposes  for  building  dancing  platforms 
and  ha}7  racks.  Several  bridge  contracts  had  been  let  for  steel  struc- 
tures without  providing  for  proper  approaches,  so  that  the  bridges, 
although  built,  remained  inaccessible  for  travel  for  a  long  period.  As 
one  local  critic  expressed  himself,  "It  required  a  balloon  to  get  up  on 
one  end  of  some  of  these  bridges,  and  a  parachute  to  get  down  off  the 
other  end." 

In  a  number  of  cases  the  bridges  contracted  for  were  too  short  to 
properly  span  the  streams,  and  are,  therefore,  of  doubtful  or  limited 
value,  since  they  do  not  afford  safe  crossing  at  times  of  high  water. 
In  one  instance  the  local  authorities  realized  the  fact  that  a  bridge  was 
too  short  for  use  at  a  chosen  place  and  had  it  erected  at  a  different 
point  on  the  stream,  overlooking  the  fact  that  the  new  site  selected  was 
on  an  Indian  allotment  and  not  on  a  public  highway.  The  Indian  agent, 
in  order  to  stop  travel  over  the  Indian  lands,  had  the  approaches 
destroyed,  and  the  bridge  remains  unused  and  unpaid  for  to  this  day, 


NEWELL.]  CONDITIONS    IN    OKLAHOMA.  271 

and  has  gone  down  in  the  history  of  Cornanche  County  as  the  "Lost 
bridge." 

In  Kiowa  County  contracts  were  let  for  the  construction  of  a  number 
of  masonry  bridge  piers  that  were  designed  to  support  steel  structures. 
It  was  found  upon  examination  that  in  no  instance  had  suitable 
foundations  been  provided;  and,  besides,  the  masonry  was  so  poor 
that  it  had 'to  be  condemned  as  unfit  for  the  purpose.  Among  the 
claims  submitted  to  the  Department  for  this  work  were  found  three 
claims  for  structures  that  had  never  been  built.  This,  county,  which 
covers  about  1,150  square  miles,  is  still  without  highway  bridges, 
except  small  wooden  bridges  and  culverts.  The  Secretary  ordered 
an  investigation  of  the  matter,  and  a  number  of  indictments  have  been 
brought  against  county  commissioners  and  contractors.  In  the  city 
of  Hobart  the  construction  of  a  court-house  was  stopped,  it  being 
found  that  the  foundations  were  worthless.  The  mortar  used  was  so 
far  from  strong  that  it  lacked  even  the  quality  of  being  adhesive. 

It  has  been  the  duty  of  the  engineers  of  the  Geological  Survey  not 
only  to  investigate  the  conditions  above  described  and  to  furnish  to 
the  United  States  attorney  the  evidence  necessary  for  the  prosecution 
of  the  guilty  parties,  but  also  to  investigate  the  sources  of  water  sup- 
ply for  the  three  county  seats,  to  provide  plans,  specifications,  and 
forms  of  contract,  and  to  advertise  for  proposals  for  the  construction 
of  the  various  public  works  mentioned.  In  doing  this  work  they  are 
confronted  almost  daily  with  the  difficulty  of  having  to  advise  and 
confer  with  local  officials,  who  in  a  majority  of  cases  appear  to  have  no 
conception  of  the  duties  that  pertain  to  their  respective  offices.  These 
officers  are  not  disposed  to  cooperate  with  the  Department,  and  it  is 
difficult  to  get  them  to  make  proper  recommendations  to  the  Secretary 
for  the  construction  of  works  that  will  be  adequate  for  the  purposes 
for  which  they  are  needed  and  reasonable  in  cost.  After  this  difficulty 
is  overcome,  it  is  necessary  finally  to  secure  the  sanction  of  the  Secre- 
tary for  the  construction  of  the  improvements  desired;  and  where  so 
many  authorities  have  to  be  consulted  much  time  is  necessarily 
required,  and  progress  under  such  conditions  becomes  slow.  To 
further  complicate  matters,  the  amounts  set  aside  from  the  town-lot 
funds  are  in  many  instances  insufficient  for  the  purposes  for  which 
they  are  intended,  and  the  towns  are  required  to  supply  the  deficiencies 
by  voting  bonds. 

During  the  summer  season  of  1903  an  irrigation  reconnaissance  was 
carried  on  by  members  of  the  reclamation  service  in  the  western  and 
northwestern  counties  of  Oklahoma  Territory,  which  are  situated  on 
the  western  edge  of  the  semiarid  belt,  with  a  view  to  ascertaining  the 
possibilities  of  constructing  storage  works  and  canals  for  irrigation. 
But  two  feasible  reservoir  schemes  have  been  surveyed,  though  canaJ 
lines  now  cover  large  sections  of  land,  mostly  in  Kiowa  and  Comanche 


272  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

counties.  The  reconnaissance  in  the  northwestern  counties,  which 
extended  into  the  extreme  western  portion  of  Beaver  County,  resulted 
in  the  discovery  of  no  irrigation  prospects  worthy  of  note.  The  soil 
in  the  neighborhood  of  large  rivers  is  sandy,  and  any  diversion  of 
water  from  them  will  involve  considerable  loss  by  seepage. 

The  rivers  of  western  Oklahoma,  though  they  carry  large  amounts 
of  water  during  the  spring  season,  nearly  all  dry  up  in  summer,  and 
do  not  contain  much  water  during  the  remainder  of  the  year.  Reser- 
voirs can  therefore  be  filled  but  once  a  year,  and  will  be  subject  to  great 
losses  by  evaporation,  which  it  will  not  be  possible  to  offset.  In  this 
part  of  the  country  irrigation  is  not  absolutely  essential  to  successful 
agriculture,  but  may  be  urgently  needed  once  every  two  or  three  years. 
Fair  crops  were  grown  this  year  without  the  aid  of  irrigation. 

Briefly,  the  outlook  for  irrigation  enterprises  in  Oklahoma  is  not 
favorable.  There  are  no  vacant  public  lands  under  either  of  the  reser- 
voir sites  surve}^ed,  nor  are  there  practical  irrigators  in  that  part  of 
Oklahoma.  Farmers  here  and  there  say  they  desire  to  have  irrigation 
works  built  by  the  Government,  but  most  of  them  seem  to  regard  irri- 
gation as  a  matter  of  experiment,  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  in  the  end 
they  will  be  willing  to  pay  for  the  costly  storage  works  contemplated. 

COLORADO  RIVER  RECLAMATION  PROJECTS. 

By  E.  T.  PERKINS. 

A  consideration  of  the  results  of  the  investigation  made  in  the  winter 
of  1902-3  along  Colorado  River,  from  latitude  35°  12'  north  to  the 
Mexican  line  has  convinced  the  engineers  in  charge  that  the  following 
projects  are  either  feasible  or  worthy  of  further  examination.  In  order 
of  their  importance  and  urgent  need  of  investigation  the  projects  are 
ranked  as  follows: 

First.  A  dam  at  the  Yuma  dam  site,  with  canals  from  this  point  to 
lands  in  California  and  lands  in  Arizona. 

Second.  A  diversion  at  the  proposed  headworks  of  the  Blythe  Estate 
canal  in  California. 

(A  strong  argument  for  these  two  propositions  is  that  California 
will  thereby  obtain  its  rights  under  the  reclamation  act.) 

Third.  A  diversion  at  Head  Gate  Rock,  above  Parker,  Ariz.,  with 
canal  covering  the  Colorado  River  Indian  Reservation  in  Arizona. 

Fourth.  A  dam  at  Williams  for  storage  purposes. 

Fifth.  A  diversion  at  Bulls  Head,  Ariz.,  with  canal  leading  to  the 
lands  of  the  Mohave  Valley,  Arizona.  Also  a  further  investigation 
for  bed  rock  at  Bulls  Head  for  a  high  dam  for  storage  purposes. 

It  is  believed  that  storage  sites  exist  at  points  above  Bulls  Head, 
but  they  have  not  been  investigated. 

Commencing  at  the  upper  project,  at  Bulls  Head,  and  proceeding 
downstream,  the  various  schemes  under  consideration  present  the  fol- 


NEWELL.]  COLORADO    RIVER    PROJECTS.  273 

lowing1  salient  features.  In  an  investigation  for  the  Bulls  Head  dam, 
the  first  site  proposed  was  abandoned.  Back  of  the  rocky,  river  hills 
there  was  exposed  a  contact  point  of  clay  and  sand  at  an  elevation  suf- 
ficiently low  to  jeopardize  the  plan  for  a  100-foot  dam  at  this  place. 
Such  a  structure  here  would  create  a  reservoir  with  a  capacity  of 
845,000  acre-feet  and  a  surface  area  of  16,750  acres.  While  the  con- 
ditions were  unfavorable  for  a  dam  so  high,  there  is  a  possibility  that 
a  dam  to  be  carried  60  or  70  feet  above  low  water  may  be  constructed, 
provided  bed  rock  is  sufficiently  close  to  the  surface.  A  dam  70 
feet  high  would  form  a  reservoir  having  a  capacit}r  of  392,000  acre- 
feet  and  a  surface  area  of  13,600  acres.  In  consideration  of  this  fact 
it  is  deemed  necessary  to  continue  the  investigations  here  during  the 
coming  season.  The  capacity  and  surface  acreage  are  computed  only 
to  latitude  35°  12'.  We  have  no  topographic  maps  beyond  this  lati- 
tude, but  the  river  here  enters  a  canyon,  and  it  is  not  believed  that 
much  additional  capacity  exists  above  this. 

DIVERSION  AT  BULLS  HEAD. 

Though  no  suitable  place  for  a  high  dam  has  yet  been  found  at 
Bulls  Head  it  is  feasible  to  construct  here  a  diverting  weir  about  28 
feet  high  above  low  water.  From  this  weir  could  be  carried  a  canal, 
which  would  cover  47,000  acres  of  land  in  Arizona  between  Bulls 
Head  and  Mellon.  It  is  also  possible,  by  diverting  the  river  to  a 
former  course,  to  transfer  to  the  Arizona  side  10,600  acres  which  are 
now  in  California  and  Nevada,  making  a  total  acreage  of  57,600  acres 
gross  under  the  proposed  canal.  Of  this  area  36,000  acres  were  class- 
ified by  surveying  parties  of  the  reclamation  service  as  first  and  second 
class  farming  lands. 

DAM   AT  WILLIAMS. 

The  topographic  maps  show  that  a  75-foot  dam  at  the  Williams  dam 
site  would  create  a  reservoir  with  a  capacity  of  1,300,000  acre-feet 
and  a  surface  acreage  of  50,873  acres.  Such  a  dam  would  not  flood  the 
town  of  Needles,  nor  would  it  compel  the  raising  of  much  of  the  track 
of  the  Santa  Fe  Pacific  Railroad,  but  it  would  probably  necessitate  the 
raising  of  the  Red  Rock  Bridge  at  Mellon  about  10  feet.  This  reser- 
voir would  probably  be  the  largest  of  its  class  in  the  world,  and  would 
serve  a  good  purpose  in  regulating  the  river  and  in  silting  the  bottom 
land  of  the  lower  Mohave  Valley.  This  proposition  should  be  further 
investigated  during  the  coming  season.  % 

DIVERSION   AT   HEAD   GATE   ROCK. 

Below  Head  Gate  Rock,  on  the  Arizona  side  of  the  river,  lie  the  low 
lands  of  the  Colorado  River  Indian  Reservation,  comprising  129,000 
IKR  93—04 18 


274  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

acres.  Two  propositions  for  reclaiming  this  land  present  themselves. 
A  canal  might  possibly  be  constructed  from  the  Williams  dam. 
Should  this  prove  too  expensive,  a  diversion  may  be  made  at  Head 
Gate  Rock.  Previously  such  a  diversion  was  attempted  by  the  Indian 
Bureau,  but  bad  engineering  resulted  in  a  failure.  Such  a  canal  would 
cover  129,000  acres  above  Ehrenberg,  and  probably  about  100,000 
acres  below.  Topographic  maps  of  the  region  below  Ehrenberg  have 
not  been  completed  and  we  can  not  compute  accurately  this  lower 
acreage.  Almost  this  entire  area  is  in  Government  possession.  The 
length  of  canal  from  Williams  dam  to  Head  Gate  Rock  would  be  15 
miles.  A  high-line  canal  at  this  point  would  not  reclaim  materially 
more  valuable  land  than  would  be  reclaimed  by  a  low-line  canal. 

DIVERSION   AT   BLYTHE   ESTATE. 

On  the  California  side,  10  or  12  miles  above  Ehrenberg,  Ariz.,  is  a 
possible  diversion  point.  A  canal  from  this  point  would  cover  the 
Blythe  estate  (40,000  acres)  and  adjacent  lands,  in  all  about  95,000 
acres.  It  is  possible  that  this  canal  could  also  be  extended  to  cover 
Milpetas  Valley,  reclaiming  altogether,  as  estimated  by  Mr.  Marvin, 
supervisor  of  Yuma  County,  Ariz.,  150,000  acres.  This  project  is 
worthy  of  prompt  consideration,  as  it  is  one  of  the  very  few  large 
ones  now  known  in  California  that  seem  worthy  of  serious  considera- 
tion under  the  reclamation  act. 

PICACHO   DAM   SITE    (OR   GOLDEN   DREAM   DAM   SITE). 

At  one  time  the  construction  of  a  dam  at  the  Golden  Dream  dam 
site,  for  storage  purposes,  was  favorably  considered,  but  the  present 
belief  of  the  engineers  in  charge  is  that  such  a  reservoir  would  injure 
more  good  land  above  the  dam  than  could  be  additionally  reclaimed 
below.  For  the  present,  therefore,  the  site  is  abandoned  pending 
investigations  below. 

YUMA   DAM    SITE. 

At  a  point  22  miles  above  Yuma,  Ariz. ,  the  Colorado  River  passes 
through  its  last  rocky  gorge,  the  walls  of  which  are  about  1,500  feet 
apart.  The  topographic  maps  show  that  the  construction  here  of  a 
diversion  dam  60  feet  in  height  would  enable  the  reclamation  of  155,000 
acres  in  Arizona  and  23,000  acres  in  California  in  the  river  bottom,  with 
a  possibility  of  so  extending  the  California  canal  as  to  cover  all  the 
lands  of  the  Salton  Sink,  where  it  is  roughly  estimated  there  are  about 
300,000  acres  of  good  land  not  now  under  ditch.  This  project  is  the 
only  one  so  far  discovered  in  which  a  high-line  canal  is  considered 


NEWELL.]  COLORADO    EIVER   PROJECTS.  275 

advisable.  Of  the  Arizona  acreage,  65,000  acres  are  inesa  lands,  which 
could  be  devoted  to  citrus  fruits,  the  remaining  90,000  acres  being 
bottom  lands,  suitable  for  general  agricultural  products. 

The  general  plan  for  the  reclamation  of  lands  adjoining  Colorado 
River,  as  proposed  by  Mr.  A.  P.  Davis,  supervising  engineer  of  the 
reclamation  service,  provides  that  the  project  farthest  down  the  river 
shall  be  first  taken  in  hand,  diversions  to  be  made  and  reservoirs 
formed  as  needed,  the  dams  being  of  such  heights  as  to  permit  the  silt- 
ing of  low  bottoms  which  could  afterwards  be  made  agricultural  lands 
by  diverting  water  from  lower  outlets  in  the  dam.  The  building  of 
the  Yuma  dam  would  be  in  harmony  with  such  a  plan,  and  that  project 
would  also  have  independent  intrinsic  merit  of  the  highest  order.  The 
extreme  upper  waters  of  the  reservoir  would  cover  the  low  lands  lying 
between  Picacho  and  Ehrenberg,  but  would  not  "drown"  any  large 
amount  of  land  at  present  suited  for  agriculture.  The  desirability  of 
extending  the  work  in  the  way  proposed  by  Mr.  Davis,  or  in  some 
similar  way,  would  depend  upon  further  study.  The  building  of  this 
dam  is  dependent  upon  the  finding  of  bed  rock  at  the  dam  site  within 
reasonable  depths. 

This  project  is  conveniently  located  for  transportation  facilities  and 
would  reclaim  lands  that  now  have  a  growing  market  for  their  produce. 
Furthermore,  the  construction  of  the  system  here  proposed  would  aid 
a  most  deserving  number  of  citizens  of  the  United  States,  the  farmers 
below  Yuma,  who  are  now  struggling  with  defective  irrigation  and 
reclamation  systems.  These  men  lately  obtained  the  titles  to  their 
land  by  brave  and  unwearying  effort  in  the  courts  in  conflict  with 
claimants  under  a  Spanish  grant.  They  are  pioneers  in  the  settle- 
ment of  a  great  region,  and  are  undergoing  all  the  deprivations  and 
hardships  which  fall  to  such  a  lot.  They  are  most  worthy  of  aid  at 
the  hand  of  the  Federal  Government. 

CONCLUSION. 

The  merits  of  the  various  propositions  having  been  carefully 
weighed,  with  due  regard  to  a  general  scheme  of  reclamation  along 
the  entire  river,  after  consultation  with  the  consulting  engineers  of 
the  reclamation  service  it  has  been  decided  that  all  possible  effort  be 
made  to  push  the  Yuma  dam  site  project  to  successful  completion. 

SUMMARY. 

The  following  gross  amounts  of  land  twould  be  reclaimed  by  the 
various  propositions: 

Acres. 

Diversion  at  Bulls  Head 58,  000 

Diversion  at  Parker 230, 000 

Diversion  at  Blythe  estate 150, 000 


276  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO,  93. 

Diversion  at  Yuma:  Acres.      Acres. 

In  Arizona 155, 000 

In  California 23,  000 

In  Salton  Sink,  approximately 300, 000 

478,000 

Total.. 916,000 

RECLAMATION  AND  WATER  STORAGE  IN  NEBRASKA. 
By  O.  V.  P.  STOUT. 

AGRICULTURAL  CONDITIONS. 

The  position  of  Nebraska  as  an  irrigation  State  is  unique.  The 
eastern  part  lies  well  within  the  region  where  the  normal  precipita- 
tion, in  amount  and  in  seasonal  distribution,  is  favorable  to  liberal 
yields  of  general  crops.  The  western  part  of  the  State,  on  the  other 
hand,  is  favored  with  sufficient  rainfall  for  successful  agriculture  in 
occasional  years  onty,  or  in  short  series  of  years.  The  change  from 
the  one  condition  to  the  other,  as  we  pass  over  the  intervening  terri- 
tory, is  gradual.  For  more  than  200  miles  west  of  Missouri  River 
lands  are  cultivated  by  men  who  have  risen  from  poverty  to  affluence 
through  the  practice  of  agriculture  without  irrigation,  and  until  we  go 
still  farther  west  we  find  that  the  burden  rests  too  heavily  upon  irriga- 
tion enterprises  to  justify  their  existence  and  to  repay  the  money  which 
has  been  invested  in  them.  Even  in  the  extreme  western  part  of  the 
State,  where  to  attain  even  reasonably  uniform  success  in  raising  crops 
the  aid  of  irrigation  must  be  invoked,  the  first  advocates  and  pro- 
moters of  irrigation  met  with  determined  resistance  on  the  part  of 
those  whose  real  or  fancied  interest  lay  in  opposition  to  the  concep- 
tion of  that  country  as  an  arid  or  semiarid  region.  Since  about  1890, 
however,  irrigation  development  has  enlisted  the  eager  attention  and 
active  effort  of  practically  all  persons  whose  homes  'or  investments 
lay  in  that  locality. 

A  very  large  proportion  of  the  area  of  Nebraska  consists  of  tillable 
land.  The  only  deduction  of  consequence  to  be  made  is  the  sand-hill 
region  of  the  northwest-central  portion  of  the  State.  Thus  it  is  that 
while  it  may  be  possible  to  irrigate  in  Nebraska  a  percentage  of  the 
total  area  approaching  that  which  obtains  in  the  States  which  have 
extensive  mountain  areas,  it  is  frequently  made  to  seem  smaller 
through  comparison  with  the  tillable  areas  instead  of  the  total  areas 
of  the  States. 

Practically  nothing  has  yet  been  done  to  conserve  the  surplus  and 
unseasonable  water  supply,  and  much  remains  to  be  done  to  perfect 
methods  of  conveyance,  distribution,  and  use,  to  the  end  that  the 
greatest  possible  area  may  be  served  by  the  available  water. 


NEWELL.]  CONDITIONS    IN    NEBRASKA.  277 

The  period  of  irrigation  development  thus  far  has  been  also  a  period 
of  general  readjustment  in  the  portions  of  the  State  which  are  most 
directly  affected.  The  high  dry  plains,  at  one  time  cultivated,  have 
reverted  to  a  large  extent  to  grazing.  Irrigation  has  been  introduced 
in  the  valleys.  Alfalfa  has  become  a  leading  crop.  The  corn  crop, 
once  preeminent,  has  partly  given  way  to  small  grain.  It  has  been 
demonstrated  that  sugar  beets  make  a  successful  crop  in  many  locali- 
ties. The  value  and  adaptability  of  kaffir  corn  has  been  discovered. 
Some  of  the  most  experienced  fruit  growers  claim  to  have  demon- 
strated that  certain  localities  in  the  semiarid  country  are  especially 
adapted  to  their  industry.  The  winter  feeding  of  range  stock  has 
become  general,  and  this  and  other  demands  of  the  stockman  furnish 
a  large  market  close  at  hand  for  the  surplus  products  of  the  irrigated 
land. 

The  present  tendencies  are  toward  continued  irrigation  develop- 
ment, in  the  nature  of  better  use  of  the  facilities  which  have  been 
provided  and  the  further  provision  of  facilities  for  the  conservation 
and  use  of  the  water  which  now  runs  to  waste.  More  attention  will 
be  given  to  markets,  with  a  view  to  supplying  their  demands.  The 
prospective  industrial  development  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming  will 
create  new  markets  which  irrigated  Nebraska  will  have  a  share  in 
supplying. 

NORTH  PLATTE  RIVER. 

The  principal  source  of  water  supply  for  irrigation  in  Nebraska  is 
North  Platte  River.  Although  the  greatest  number  of  canals,  the 
largest  canals,  and  the  greatest  irrigated  acreage  in  the  State  are  in 
this  valley,  only  a  relatively  small  portion  of  the  water  which  the 
stream  carries  is  used.  It  is  true  that  the  season  of  low  water,  from 
late  July  into  September,  is  frequently  a  time  of  apprehension  on  the 
part  of  irrigators,  but  the  very  large  excess  of  the  flood  volume,  and 
practically  the  entire  winter  flow  of  several  thousand  cubic  feet  per 
second,  run  to  waste. 

The  drainage  area  contributing  to  the  flow  at  Mitchell,  Nebr.,  about 
15  miles  east  of  the  Wyoming  line,  is  24,400  square  miles,  which 
includes  all  of  the  mountainous  portion  of  the  drainage  area. 

The  United  States  Geological  Survey  has  maintained  gaging  stations 
at  various  points  on  the  river  since  1895.  A  study  of  the  resulting 
records  has  been  made  with  a  view  to  determining  the  proportion  of 
the  total  supply  which  different  volumes  6*f  storage  would  make  avail- 
able. In  the  absence  of  definite  figures  on  a  number  of  the  points 
involved,  it  has  been  found  necessary  to  assume  figures  which  seem 
reasonable  and  probable.  It  has  been  found  impracticable  to  obtain 
continuous  winter  records  of  the  flow  of  the  stream  without  resort  to 
unusual  and  unduly  expensive  methods.  Consequently  the  discharges 


278 


FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE. 


[NO.  93. 


for  the  months  which  were  lacking  in  the  record  were  interpolated. 
The  demand  was  assumed  to  cover  all  use  and  all  losses  from  canals  and 
reservoirs.  Two  separate  assumptions  were  made  in  respect  to  this 
demand.  In  the  first,  designated  as  demand  A,  it  was  assumed  that 
November,  December,  January,  Februaiy,  and  March  would  each 
require  10  per  cent  of  the  amount  required  for  June;  April  and  Sep- 
tember would  each  require  50  per  cent;  May,  80  per  cent;  July,  100 
percent;  August,  85  per  cent,  and  October,  25  percent.  For  demand 
B,  the  demand  for  the  months  of  the  year  in  succession  were  respec- 
tively 5,  5,  5,  20,  80,  100,  110,  90,  30,  15,  5,  and  5.  Then  calculations 
were  made  as  to  the  amount  of  storage  necessary  to  make  available 
different  percentages  of  the  total  supply,  ranging  from  60  to  100  per 
cent.  It  was  assumed  that  stored  water  would  be  drawn  upon  only 
when  the  flow  in  the  stream  was  unequal  to  the  demand.  The  years 
1895  to  1902  were  embraced  in  the  investigation.  The  following  table 
sets  forth  the  supplying  capacity  of  the  river,  as  ascertained  and 
estimated  from  the  records: 

Discharge  of  North  Platte  River  in  thousands  of  acre-feet. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

1895  .  . 

123 

139 

185 

203 

433 

644 

193 

28 

14 

49 

81 

92 

1896 

123 

115 

123 

168 

273 

377 

95 

57 

56 

62 

89 

92 

1897  

123 

111 

123 

121 

859 

827 

125 

65 

29 

30 

128 

123 

1898 

123 

111 

123 

97 

274 

418 

100 

16 

7 

15 

62 

184 

1899  

185 

167 

308 

396 

630 

954 

752 

174 

64 

84 

108 

197 

1900 

154 

173 

215 

322 

640 

581 

127 

30 

17 

23 

30 

92 

1901 

123 

139 

145 

143 

472 

447 

145 

25 

19 

24 

29 

92 

1902  

92 

111 

139 

95 

267 

292 

80 

13 

.4 

18 

34 

62 

From  Table  I,  page  280,  based  on  the  above  mean  monthly  flow  of 
the  river  near  the  Wyoming-Nebraska  State  line,  the  storage  necessary 
each  month  and  year  to  utilize  60  per  cent  of  the  total  supply  on  the 
basis  of  demand  B  may  be  ascertained.  All  the  quantities  except  those 
in  the  first  line,  "Demand  in  per  cent,"  are  given  in  thousand  acre-feet. 
The  minus  sign  indicates  a  deficiency  of  water  flowing  in  the  river, 
the  flow  is  not  sufficient  to  satisfy  the  demand,  and  hence  storage  is 
necessary.  All  the  other  numbers  signify  an  excess  of  water  after  the 
monthly  demand  is  satisfied. 

These  numbers  are  obtained  as  follows:  The  total  supply  for  the 
eight  years  is  17,437,400  acre-feet.  The  average  annual  supply  is  one- 
eighth  of  this  amount,  which  equals  2,179,675  acre-feet.  Sixty  per 
cent  of  this  equals  1,307,805  acre-feet.  The  demand  for  the  year, 
expressed  in  per  cent,  is  470  per  cent  of  the  June  demand,  as  seen 
from  the  first  line  of  the  table.  The  June  demand  in  acre-feet  is 
1,307,805  -4-  4.70  =  278.26  thousand  acre-feet.  The  monthly  demand 
for  each  of  the  other  months  is  given  in  the  second  line  of  this  table 
and  is  found  by  multiplying  the  June  demand  by  the  per  cent  for  that 
month.  The  difference  between  the  monthly  flow  and  the  monthly 


NEWELL.]  STORAGE    NEEDED    OK    THE    NORTH    PLATTE.  279 

demand  is  the  excess  or  deficiency  for  that  month,  according  as  the 
flow  is  greater  or  less  than  the  demand.  Take  for  example  the  year 
1896.  There  is  a  deficiency  in  July  of  211.10  thousand  acre-feet  and 
storage  of  this  volume  mast  be  provided  for  this  month.  There  is 
also  a  deficiency  in  August  and  September  of  this  year  amounting  to 
193.43  and  27.48  thousand  acre-feet,  respectively.  The  total  deficienc}r 
for  the  year  is  432.01  thousand  acre-feet,  and  since  the  period  of  defi- 
ciency is  continuous  this  is  the  volume  of  storage  necessary  for  the 
year.  The  excess  between  the  first  of  the  year  and  the  beginning  of 
the  period  of  deficiency  is  437. 62  thousand  acre-feet,  and  being  larger 
than  the  deficiency  it  would  not  be  necessary  to  store  any  water  until 
the  first  of  the  year.  In  1902,  however,  it  is  seen  that  the  deficiency 
is  greater  than  the  accumulated  excess  since  the  close  of  the  period  of 
deficiency  in  1901,  and  consequently  storage  equal  in  amount  to  11.33 
thousand  acre-feet  must  be  carried  over  from  June  of  1901. 

Table  II  sets  forth  the  corresponding  figures  when  it  is  assumed  that 
the  entire  supply  will  be  utilized  on  the  basis  of  demand  A.  It  is  seen 
that  the  greatest  deficiency  for  any  one  year,  considered  by  itself,, 
occurs  in  1902,  and  amounts  to  1,218.81  thousand  acre-feet.  To  find 
the  volume  of  storage  necessary  in  order  that  there  may  be  a  sufficient 
amount  of  water  at  all  times  to  meet  the  demand,  and  at  the  same  time 
no  water  shall  be  permitted  to  run  to  waste,  the  monthly  excesses  and 
deficiencies  must  be  combined  by  months  throughout  the  entire  period 
of  eight  years.  This  has  been  done  in  the  third  of  the  following  tables, 
in  which  each  tabular  quantity  is  the  algebraic  sum  of  all  corresponding- 
quantities  in  the  second  table,  together  with  the  addition  throughout 
of  1,000  thousand  acre-feet,  in  order  to  avoid  negative  quantities.  The 
addition  of  thU  1,000  thousand  acre-feet  is  equivalent  to  assuming  that 
stored  water  to  the  extent  of  that  amount  was  available  at  the  beginning 
of  the  period  under  consideration.  It  is  found  that  the  lowest  stage  of 
the  stored  water  occurs  in  October,  1898,  and  the  highest  in  June,  1900. 
The  range  between  these  two  extremes  is  3,164.23—124.08  =  3,040.15 
thousand  acre-feet,  and  this  is  the  capacity  of  the  reservoir  or  reser- 
voirs which  will  fulfill  the  conditions  which  have  been  imposed,  namely: 
No  waste  and  no  unsatisfied  deficiency. 

From  the  first  of  the  following  tables  it  appears  that  on  the  basis  of 
demand  B,  using  60  per  cent  of  the  total  supply  and  permitting  40  per 
cent  to  be  wasted,  storage  to  the  extent  of  570,350  acre-feet  would  be 
required.  If  reservoir  area  equal  to  one  ^township  be  assumed,  these 
figures  correspond  to  an  average  depth  of  22  feet.  Similarly,  to 
utilize  the  entire  supply,  averaging  2,179,675  acre-feet  yearly,  reser- 
voir capacities  equivalent  to  about  132  feet  in  depth  over  a  township 
would  be  required.  The  capacit}^  of  such  reservoirs  would  be  suffi- 
cient to  hold  nearly  50  per  cent  more  than  the  average  discharge  for 
one  year. 


280 


FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE. 


[NO.  93, 


TABLE  I. — Monthly  increment  of  excess  or  deficiency,  assuming  the  utilization  of  60  per  cent 
of  the  entire  supply  from  1895  to  1902,  on  the  basis  of  demand  B. ' 


Year. 

January. 

February. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Demand  in  per  cent  a 
Demand,  acre-  feet.  . 

1895.  .  . 

5 
13.91 

5 
13.91 

5 
13.91 

20 
55.65 

80 
222.60 

100 

278.  26 

110 
306.10 

109.09 
109.  09 
109.  09 
109.09 
171.09 
140.  09 
109.09 
'  78.09 

125.09 
101.09 
97.09 
97.09 
153.  09 
159.  09 
125.  09 
97.09 

171.09 
109.09 
109.09 
109.09 
294.09 
201.09 
131.09 
125.09 

147.  35 
112.35 
65.35 
41.35 
340.  &> 
266.  35 
87.  35 
39  35 

210.  40 
50.40 
636.  40 
51.40 
407.  40 
417.40 
249.  40 
44.40 

365.74 
98.74 
548.74 
139.  74 
675.  74 
302.  74 
168.  74 
13.74 

-113.10 
-211.10 
-181.10 
-206.  10 
+445.  90 
-179.10 
-161.10 
-226.  10 

1896 

1897  

1898  

1899 

1900  

1901 

1902  

Total  

934.  72 

954.  72 

1,249.72 

1,099.80 

2,067.20 

2,  313.  92 

-831.  80 

Year. 

August. 

Septem- 
ber. 

October. 

Novem- 
ber. 

Decem- 
ber. 

Total 
yearly 
excess. 

Total 
yearly  de- 
ficiency. 

Avail- 
able for 
addi- 
tional 
storage. 

Demand  inpercent« 
Demand,  acre-feet  . 

1895 

90 
250.43 

30 

83.48 

15 
41.74 

5 
13.91 

5 
13.91 

-     222.43 
-     193.  43 
-     185.  43 
-     234.  43 
-      76.  43 
-     220.  43 
-     225.  43 
-    237.43 

-  69.48 
-  27.48 
-  54.48 
-  76.48 
-  19.48 
-  66.48 
-  64.48 
-  83.08 

+  7.26 
+20.  26 
-11.74 
-26.  74 
+42.  26 
-18.  74 
-17.  74 
-23.  74 

67.09 
75.09 
114.  09 
48.09 
94.09 
16.09 
15.09 
20.09 

78.09 
78.09 
109.  09 
170.  09 
183.  09 
78.09 
78.09 
48.09 

1,281.20 
754.20 
1,788.94 
765.  94 
2,  807.  10 
1,580.94 
963.  94 
465.94 

405.  01 
432.  01 
432.  75 
543.  75 
95.91 
484.  75 
468.  75 
570.35 

+    876.  19 
+    322.19 
+1,356.19 
+    222.19 
+2,711.19 
+  1,0%.  19 
+     495.19 
-     104.  41 

1896  

1897  .  .  . 

1898  

1899 

1900  

1901      . 

1902  

Total  

-1,595.44 

-461.  44 

-28.92 

449.  72 

822.72 

10,  408.  20 

3,  433.  18 

+6,  974.  92 

TABLE  II. — Monthly  increments  of  excess  or  deficiency,  assuming  the  utilization  of  the  entire 
supply  from  1895  to  1902,  on  the  basis  of  demand  A. 


Year. 

January. 

February. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Demand  in  per  centf 
Demand,  acre-feet  .  . 

1895 

10 
40.36 

10 
40.36 

10 
40.36 

50 
201.82 

80 
322.92 

100 

403.64 

100 
403.  64 

82.63 
82.63 
82.63 
82.63 
144.  63 
113.  63 
82.63 
51.63 

98.64 
74.64 
70.64 
70.64 
126.  64 
132.  64 
98.  64 
70.64 

144.  64 

82.  64 
82.64 
82.  64 
267.  64 
174.  64 
104.64 
98.64 

+     1.18 
-  33.82 
-  80.82 
-104.  82 
194.18 
120.  18 
-  58.82 
-106.  82 

110.  08 
-      49.  92 
536.  08 
-      48.92 
307.  08 
317.  08 
149.08 
-      55.92 

240.  36 
-      26.  64 
423.36 
14.36 
550.  36 
177.  36 
43.36 
-     111.  64 

-     210.64 
-     308.64 
-     278.  (14 
-     303.64 
+     348.  36 
-    276.64 
-     25S.  64 
-    323.64 

1896..   . 

1897 

1898  

1899 

1900  

1901 

1902  

Total  

723.04 

743.  12 

1,038.12 

-  69.56 

+1,  264.  64 

+1,310.88 

-1,  612.  12 

,       Year. 

August. 

Septem- 
ber. 

October. 

Novem- 
ber. 

Decem- 
ber. 

Total 
yearly 
excess. 

Total 
yearly  de- 
ficiency. 

Availa- 
ble for 
addi- 
tional 
storage. 

Demand  inpercenta 
Demand,  acre-feet. 

1895 

85 
343.10 

50 
201.  82 

25 
100.91 

10 
40.36 

10 
40.36 

-    315.  10 
-     286.  10 
278  10 

-     187.82 
-     145.  82 
172  82 

-  51.91 
-  38.91 
70  91 

40.64 
48.64 
87.64 
21.64 
67.64 
-  10.36 
-  11.36 
-     6.36 

51.64 
51.64 
82.64 
143.64 
156.64 
51.64 
51.64 
21.64 

769.  81 
340.19 
1,  365.  63 
415.  55 
2,  163.  17 
1,087.17 
529.99 
242.55 

765.47 
889.  85 
881.29 
1,  065.  21 
323.  83 
862.  83 
906.65 
1,  218.  81 

1896  

1897  

1898  

-    327.  10 
-     169.10 
-     313.  10 
-    318.  10 
-    330.  10 

-     194.  82 
-    137.82 
-    184.  82 
-     182.  82 
-    201.  42 

-  85.91 
-  16.91 
-  77.91 
-  76.91 
-  82.91 

1899  

1900 

1901  

1902 

Total  

-2,336.80 

-1,408.16 

502  28 

+238.  12 

+611.  12 

6,914.06 

6,913.94 

«  All  other  figures  are  in  thousand  acre-feet. 


NKWF.TJ,.] 


STORAGE    NEEDED    ON    THE    NOKTIT    "PLATTE. 


TAHLE  III. — Amount  of  water  in  reservoirs  at  end  of  each  monlli,  assuming  that  1,000 
acre-feet  are  stored  at  the  beginning  of  the  period  considered  (Demand  A,  entire  supply 
utilized}. 


Year. 

January. 

February. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

1895  .  .  . 

1,  082.  63 

1,181.27 

1  325  91 

1  327  09 

1  437  17 

1  677  53 

189f> 

1,086.97 

1,161  61 

1  244  25 

1  210  43 

1  160  51 

1  133  87 

1897  .-  

537.  31 

607.  95 

690.  59 

609  77 

1  145  85 

1  569  21 

1898  '  

1,021.65 

1,092.29 

1  174  93 

1  070  11 

1  021  19 

1  035  55 

1899 

433  99 

560  (53 

828  27 

1  0'-)2  45 

1  329  53 

1  879  89 

1900  

2,  242.  33 

2,  374.  97 

2  549  61 

2  669  79 

2  986  87 

3  164  23 

1901 

2  435  67 

2  534  31 

2  638  95 

2  580  13 

2  729  21 

2  772  57 

1902  

2,  028.  01 

2,  098.  65 

2,  197.  29 

2  090  47 

2  034  55 

1  922  91 

Year. 

July. 

August. 

September. 

October. 

November. 

December. 

1895 

1  166  89 

1  151  79 

963  97 

912  06 

952  70 

1  004  34 

189f>  

825.  23 

539.  13 

393.  31 

354  40 

403  04 

454  68 

1897 

1  290  57 

1  012  47 

839  65 

768  74 

856  38 

939  02 

18«)8  

731.91 

404.  81 

209  99 

124  08 

145  72 

289  36 

1899  

2,228  25 

2  059  15 

1  921  33 

1  904  42 

1  972  06 

2  128  70 

1900 

2  887  59 

2  574  49 

2  389  67 

2  311  76 

2  301  40 

2  353  04 

1901  

2,513  93 

2,195  83 

2  013  01 

1  936  10 

1  9l)4  74 

1  976  38 

1902 

1  5')')  •>! 

1  269  17 

1  067  75 

984  84 

978  48 

1  000  12 

Estimates  and  computations,  of  which  the  foregoing  are  examples, 
have  resulted  in  the  figures  set  forth  in  the  following  table: 

Estimated  necessary  storage  of  waters  of  North  Platte  River  entering  Nebraska. 
[Unit  of  volume  of  storage  is  1,000  acre-feet.] 


Percentage  of  supply  utilized. 

Demand  A. 

Demand  B. 

60... 

518  00 

570  36 

70 

817  00 

885  00 

80  

1  100  00 

1  152  40 

90  

1  615  00 

1  662  34 

95  

2  333  69 

2  416  00 

100  

3  040  15 

3  126  60 

According  to  the  best  estimates  now  obtainable  relating  to  the  duty 
of  water  in  Nebraska,  the  total  flow  of  the  river,  if  made  available, 
would  suffice  for  the  complete  irrigation  of  1,000,000  acres.  The  State 
engineer  of  Nebraska  reports  that  560,000  acres  are  now  under  ditch 
in  the  Platte  and  North  Platte  valleys.  It  is  known,  however,  that  not 
nearly  all  of  this  is  irrigated. 

No  reservoir  sites  of  significant  magnitude,  presenting  favorable 
conditions  for  construction,  and  situated  to  serve  for  the  storage  of  the 
waters  of  the  North  Platte  River,  have  as  yet  been  discovered  in 
Nebraska.  Examination  of  the  topographical  maps  published  by  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  indicates  that  sites  suitably  situated 
and  in  other  respects  fairly  favorable  to  the  service  of  Nebraska  land, 
may  be  found  in  Wyoming.  A  reconnaissance  by  the  State  engineer 
of  Nebraska  has  verified  these  indications  to  a  considerable  extent. 
The  work  necessary  to  take  advantage  of  these  sites  would  be  of  great 
magnitude  and  would  cost  a  vast  sum  of  money.  Since  the  largest 


282  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

reservoir  sites  lie  at  considerable  heights  above  the  river  the  large 
feeder  canals  would  have  great  length.  It  has  been  suggested  that  the 
complete  utilization  of  North  Platte  waters  can  be  most  successfully 
accomplished  by  diverting  the  entire  flow  at  all  times  into  a  canal  which 
will  lie  at  a  greater  elevation  than  the  reservoir  sites  which  may  be 
determined  upon  as  available,  and  will  serve  as  a  feeder  to  all  of 
the  reservoirs.  As  a  part  of  this  scheme  it  is  contemplated  that  all 
present  or  future  canals  shall  derive  their  supply  from  this  main  canal 
or  from  the  reservoirs  which  are  fed  by  it.  A  necessary  and  econom- 
ical modification  of  the  scheme  is  to  the  effect  that  a  portion,  at  least, 
of  the  waters  of  maximum  floods  should  be  diverted  from  the  river 
into  the  minor  canals,  as  it  would  be  extravagant  to  construct  the  main 
canal  of  size  to  carr}^  the  entire  volume  of  these  maximum  floods.  A 
canal  constructed  of  such  size  would  be  utilized  to  its  full  capacity  only 
in  the  most  exceptional  years.  It  is  doubtful  if  it  would  be  wise  to 
approach  this  size  of  main  canal  so  nearly  that  the  excess  of  maximum 
floods  would  all  be  taken  from  the  river  by  the  minor  canals.  In  other 
words,  until  water  has  a  value  for  irrigation  considerably  in  excess  of 
what  may  be  expected  in  this  generation  in  the  North  Platte  Valley  it 
will  not  be  advisable  to  undertake  to  make  available  the  entire  discharge 
of  the  stream  and  to  prevent  all  of  the  waste  which  ensues  from  the 
passage  of  the  water  down  the  river. 

The  considerable  reservoir  sites  in  Wyoming  in  which  water  may 
be  stored  for  Nebraska  lands  lie  on  the  north  side  of  the  river,  so  far 
as  they  have  come  to  the  attention  of  the  writer.  When  we  come  to 
consider  the  high  lands — that  is,  the  lands  higher  than  first  and  second 
bottom — it  is  found  that  a  vastly  larger  acreage  is  susceptible  of  irri- 
gation on  the  south  side  of  the  river  than  on  the  north.  The  advan- 
tages and  disadvantages  of  each  site  as  they  shall  be  brought  to  light 
by  surveys  and  other  investigations  should  be  carefully  considered,  in 
order  to  decide  on  which  side  of  the  river  the  large  development  shall 
be  undertaken  or  whether  the  large  potential  supply  of  water  shall  be 
divided  between  the  two  sides. 

OTHER  RIVERS. 

On  the  upper  part  of  Republican  River,  and  on  its  tributary,  French- 
man River,  agriculture  without  irrigation  is  an  occupation  yielding 
uncertain  results.  At  the  same  time  agriculture  with  irrigation  meets 
with  satisfactory-  returns.  Hence  the  irrigation  ditches  which  have 
been  constructed  are  used  regularly  to  the  extent  of  the  supply  of 
water  available  from  the  streams,  and  better  and  better  results  are 
obtained  by  the  irrigators  from  year  to  year.  The  problem  of  storing 
and  utilizing  the  supply,  which  under  present  conditions  is  not  avail- 
able, is  now  an  important  one  in  the  minds  of  the  users  of  water,  and 


NEWELL.]  RECLAMATION    IN    NEBRASKA.  283 

it  is  safe  to  assume  that  some  attention  will  be  given  to  it  by  the  engi- 
neers of  the  reclamation  service  in  the  near  future.  The  conditions 
are  such  that  little  can  be  done  toward  the  solution  of  the  problem 
until  it  has  been  taken  up  on  the  ground  in  detail.  Since  no  part  of 
the  drainage  area  is  mountainous,  the  floods  are  due  entirely  to  rain- 
fall, which  is  mainly  of  irregular  occurrence  in  point  of  time  and  of 
uncertain  magnitude. 

The  unseasonable  discharge  which  at  present  runs  to  waste  would 
be  the  principal  and  most  definite  item  to  be  considered.  It  may  be 
estimated  roughly  that  if  this  could  be  conserved  the  irrigating 
capacity  of  the  streams  would  be  doubled.  This  would  be  possible 
only  in  case  sites  suitable  for  the  storage  of  75,000  to  100,000  acre-feet 
can  be  found.  No  surveys  or  examinations  other  than  the  most  casual 
have  been  made  to  determine  if  such  sites  can  be  located. 

Reckoned  on  the  basis  of  total  discharge,  Loup  River  is  second  to  the 
North  Platte.  The  seasonal  distribution  of  its  discharge  is,  however, 
markedly  different.  The  discharge  arises  mainly  from  the  precipitation 
in  the  sand-hill  region,  which  is  of  such  a  character  that  even  the 
heaviest  rains  sink  at  once  and  almost  entirely  into  the  soil  and  the 
water  reaches  the  streams  in  the  form  of  springs,  resulting  in  a  flow 
which  is  subject  to  only  relatively  small  variations.  The  total  dis- 
charge of  the  Loup  at  the  gaging  station  a  few  miles  above  its  mouth, 
during  the  irrigation  season  of  the  year,  is  about  three-fourths  that  of 
the  North  Platte  for  the  same  period.  Even  in  the  case  of  a  discharge 
presenting  such  a  marked  degree  of  uniformity  it  can  not  of  course  be 
assumed  that  the  demand  and  the  supply  will  be  exactly  conformable  to 
each  other.  If,  therefore,  irrigation  from  the  stream  is  ever  developed 
to  such  a  point  that  the  supply  is  at  times  unequal  to  the  demand  upon 
it,  the  question  of  storage  will  have  to  be  considered.  There  is  a  pros- 
pect that  practically  the  entire  flow  of  the  river  will  be  used  at  an 
early  date  for  the  development  of  power  at  some  point  in  its  lower 
course  or  after  the  water  has  entered  the  bed  of  Platte  River.  If 
projects  now  in  contemplation  are  carried  to  completion  and  their 
rights  to  the  use  of  the  water  are  perfected,  no  storage  except  that  of 
the  surplus  waters  of  occasional  floods  can  be  accomplished  without 
considering  these  rights.  This  would  complicate  the  problem  of  the 
storage  of  the  winter  flow.  It  is  not  known  that  any  consideration 
has  been  given  to  the  problem  of  extensive  water  conservation  on  this 
stream.  The  character  of  the  stream  in  respect  to  the  extent  and 
uniformity-  of  discharge  and  the  relatively  small  amount  of  irrigation 
development  which  has  taken  place  on  the  stream  and  its  tributaries 
have  combined  to  make  the  storage  of  its  waters  seem  less  important 
than  that  of  the  waters  of  some  of  the  other  streams.  It  may  be 
expected  that  when  an  investigation  along  this  line  is  taken  up  on 


284  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  INO .93. 

Loup  River  there  will  be  some  difficulty  in  finding  reservoir  sites  of 
sufficient  capacit}T,  property  situated,  and  attended  by  suitable  geo- 
logical conditions. 

It  is  not  believed  that  Niobrara  River  will  come  early  into  promi- 
nence as  an  irrigation  stream.  Its  course  through  the  semiarid  region 
lies  for  the  most  part  in  the  sand  hills,  a  region  which  presents  very 
limited  prospects  for  general  agriculture.  Moreover,  the  stream  runs 
at  a  great  depth  (more  than  100  feet  in  many  places)  below  the  land 
which  it  might  be  desirable  to  water,  so  that  long  lines  of  diversion 
canals  would  be  necessary  to  lead  the  water  to  the  land.  As  these 
canals  would  have  to  be  constructed  for  the  most  part  in  soil  of 
decidedly  unfavorable  character,  so  far  as  the  capacity  to  hold  water 
is  concerned,  it  is  probable  that  their  efficiency  would  be  small  and 
that  great  losses  and  waste  would  ensue.  Aside  from  a  considerable 
number  of  minor  irrigation  enterprises  on  the  upper  portion  of  the 
river,  it  has  been  considered  mainly  as  a  source  of  supply  of  water 
for  the  production  of  power.  At  least  two  large  projects  have  been 
receiving  the  attention  of  promoters  for  a  number  of  years,  and  it 
seems  that  the  natural  advantages  in  respect  to  topography  and  water 
supply  are  such  that,  as  soon  as  assurance  can  be  given  that  there  will 
be  a  demand  for  the  power  which  may  be  generated,  the  plants  will 
be  installed. 

The  natural  advantages  in  respect  to  water  supply  are  the  consider- 
able amount  of  the  discharge  and  the  almost  unequaled  degree  of 
uniformity  which  attaches  to  it.  The  lowest  measured  or  estimated 
discharge  of  the  stream  is  about  600  cubic  feet  per  second.  The 
highest  is  about  1,500  cubic  feet  per  second.  The  ratio  of  maximum 
to  minimum  observed  discharge  is  therefore  only  two  and  one-half. 
This  exceedingly  low  ratio  .is  a  guaranty  of  its  reliability  as  a  source 
of  supply  for  water  power,  and  so  far  as  its  utilization  for  that 
purpose  is  concerned,  there  is  no  occasion  to  take  up  the  discussion  of 
the  artificial  regulation  of  the  flow  by  storage  or  otherwise. 

In  addition  to  the  principal  streams  which  have  been  discussed  there 
are  a  number  of  minor  streams  which  are  rendering  good  service 
in  irrigation,  or  have  the  capacity  to  render  such  service.  Some  of 
these,  also,  it  may  be  well  to  investigate  at  some  time,  with  a  view  to 
determining  the  extent  to  which  their  usefulness  can  be  increased  by 
storage  and  other  methods  of  conservation. 

PORTLAND-CEMENT  MANUFACTURE.  « 
By  EDWIN  C.  ECKEL. 

The  important  building  material  known  as  Portland  cement  was 
first  manufactured  in  England  in  182-1.  Its  name  is  not,  as  is  com- 
monly supposed,  due  to  the  fact  that  it  is  manufactured  at  Portland 

"Revised  from  a  series  of  articles  published  in  Municipal  Engineering  during  1902. 


NEWELL.]  POETLAND    CEMENT.  285 

in  England,  Portland  in  Maine,  or  Portland  in  Oregon,  for  it  is  not 
and  never  has  been  made  at  these  points.  The  name  "Portland"  was 
applied  to  this  cement  because,  after  setting,  it  resembles  somewhat  a 
gray  limestone  extensively  quarried  at  Portland,  England.  The  origi- 
nal patents  on  Portland  cement  expired  long  ago,  and  it  may  now  be 
manufactured  at  any  point  where  suitable  raw  materials  arc  obtainable. 
As  defined  by  good  authorities,  Portland  cement  is  an  artificial 
product,  obtained  by  burning  to  semifusion  an  intimate  mixture  of 
finely  pulverized  materials,  this  mixture  containing  lime,  silica,  and 
alumina  in  certain  fixed  and  definite  proportions,  after  which  burning 
the  resulting  u clinker"  is  crushed  very  finely.  Four  points  may 
therefore  be  regarded  as  of  cardinal  importance  in  the  manufacture  of 
Portland  cement.  These  are: 

1.  The  cement  mixture  must  be  of  the  proper  chemical  arid  physical 
composition. 

2.  The  materials  of  which  it  is  composed  must  be  finely  ground  and 
intimately  mixed  before  burning. 

3.  The  burning  must  be  conducted  at  the  proper  temperature. 

4.  After  burning,  the  resulting  clinker  must  be  finely  ground.     • 
These  points  will  be  taken  up  in  order. 

RAW  MATERIALS. 

For  the  present  purposes  it  is  sufficiently  accurate  to  say  that  a  Port- 
land-cement mixture  ready  for  burning  contains  approximately  75  per- 
cent lime  carbonate  and  20  per  cent  clayey  material,  i.  e.,  silica,  alumina, 
and  iron.  The  essential  elements — lime,  silica,  alumina,  and  iron — 
entering  into  this  mixture  are  very  common  and  widely  distributed  in 
nature,  and  it  is  obvious  that  such  a  mixture  could  be  made  by  com- 
bining in  an  almost  infinite  number  of  ways  many  different  raw  mate- 
rials. The  necessity  for  producing  the  mixture  as  cheaply  as  possible, 
however,  rules  out  a  number  of  raw  materials  which  would  be  avail- 
able so  far  as  their  composition  only  is  concerned.  In  the  following 
pages  the  combinations  of  raw  materials  now  actually  used  in  the 
United  States  in  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement  are  grouped 
under  six  heads.  Each  of  these  six  different  combinations  of  raw 
materials  will  be  treated  separately,  brief  descriptions  of  their  chemi- 
cal composition,  economic  advantages,  and  geographic  distribution 
being  given. 

Argillaceous  limestone  and  pure  limestone. — An  argillaceous  lime- 
stone containing  approximately  75  per  certt  lime  carbonate  and  20  per 
cent  of  clayey  materials  would,  of  course,  be  the  ideal  Portland-cement 
material,  as  it  would  require  no  addition  of  other  material  in  order  to 
give,  on  burning,  a  good  Portland  cement.  Certain  deposits  of  argil- 
laceous limestone  occurring  in  the  United  States  approach  this  ideal 
composition  very  closely.  The  most  important  of  these  deposits  at 


286 


FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE. 


[NO.  93. 


present  is  that  which  is  so  extensively  utilized  for  Portland  cement  in 
New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.  As  this  district  still  produces  about 
two-thirds  of  all  the  Portland  cement  made  in  the  United  States,  its 
raw  material  will  be  described  in  detail. 

The  cement  rock  of  the  Lehigh,  Nazareth,  and  Easton  districts  is  a 
highly  argillaceous  limestone  of  Trenton  (Lower  Silurian)  age.  The 
rock  is  a  very  dark  gray  in  color,  with  usually  a  slaty  fracture.  In 
composition  it  varies  from  60  per  cent  lime  carbonate  with  40  per  cent 
silica  and  alumina,  up  to  80  per  cent  lime  carbonate  with  20  per  cent 
silica  and  alumina.  Its  magnesia  content  is  always  high,  as  Portland- 
cement  materials  go,  varying  from  3  to  6  per  cent. 

Underlying  these  cement  beds  are  beds  of  purer  limestone,  ranging 
from  85  to  96  per  cent  lime  carbonate.  The  usual  practice  in  Penn- 
sylvania and  New  Jersey  plants  is,  therefore,  to  mix  a  relatively  small 
amount  of  this  purer  limestone  with  the  argillaceous  "cement  rock," 
and  thus  obtain  a  cement  mixture  of  proper  composition. 

The  technologic  and  economic  advantages  of  using  this  combination 
of  materials  are  well  marked.  Both  the  materials,  particularly  the 
"cement  rock,"  are  quarried  easily  and  cheaply.  As  quarried  they 
carry  little  water,  so  that  the  expense  of  drying  them  is  slight.  The 
fact  that  four-fifths  or  more  of  the  mixture  is  made  up  of  a  natural 
cement  rock  permits  coarser  grinding  of  the  mixture  than  is  common 
in  plants  using  marl  or  limestone  and  clay,  and  it  seems  probable  that 
this  fact  also  decreases  the  amount  of  fuel  necessary  to,  clinker  the 
mixture. 

Such  mixtures  of  argillaceous  limestone  and  pure  limestone  possess, 
therefore,  important  advantages  over  mixtures  of  limestone  with  clay 
or  marl  with  clay,  but  are,  on  the  other  hand,  more  expensive  than  the 
combination  discussed  under  "Chalky  limestone  and  clay." 

The  analyses  in  the  table  below  are  fairly  representative  of  the  mate- 
rials used  in  the  Lehigh  and  adjoining  districts,  the  first  four  being 
of  "cement  rock,"  the  last  two  of  pure  limestone. 

Cement  rock  and  limestone. 


Cement  rock. 

Limestone. 

Silica... 

10.02 
|    6.26 

78.65 
4.71 

9.52 
4.72 

80.71 
4.92 

14.52 

6.52 

73.52 
4.69 

16.10 

2.20 

76.23 
3.54 

3.02 
1.90 

92.05 
3.04 

1.98 
.70 

95.19 
2.03 

Alumina 

Iron  oxide  

Lime  carbonate 

Magnesium  carbonate  '.  

Marl  and  clay. — In  the  northern  and  central  Western  States  large 
deposits  of  calcareous  marls  occur,  usually  filling  old  lake  basins  and 
being  due  to  the  precipitation  of  lime  carbonate  from  solution  by  the 
action  of  vegetable  and  animal  life.  These  marls  have  formed  the 
basis  for  a  large  Portland-cement  industry  and  are  now  worked 


NEWELL.] 


PORTLAND-CEMENT    MATERIALS. 


287 


extensively  for  this  purpose,  principally  in  Michigan,  northern  Indi- 
ana and  Ohio,  and  central  New  York. 

As  shown  by  the  analyses  below,  marls  are  usually  very  pure  lime 
carbonates.  They  therefore  require  the  addition  of  considerable  clay 
to  bring  them  up  to  the  proper  composition  for  a  Portland-cement 
mixture. 

The  marls  are  readily  excavated,  but  necessarily  carry  a  large  per- 
centage of  water.  The  mixture,  on  this  account,  is  commonly  made  in 
the  wet  way,  resulting  in  a  very  large  consumption  of  fuel  in  the 
kilns.  Analyses  of  typical  marls  and  clays  are  given  in  the  following 
table. 

Marl  and  clay. 


Marl. 

Clay. 

Silica 

0.25 

3.0 

1.60 

40.48 

52.0 

63.75 

Alumina  

1        in 

f    17.0 

16.40 

Iron  oxide 

}      -10 

1.55 

20.95 

1      5.0 

6.36 

Lime  carbonate  

94.39 

93.0 

88.9 

25.  80 

20.0 

4.0 

Magnesium  carbonate     »  . 

.38 

1.5 

.94 

.99 

2.1 

Chalky  limestone  and  day. — In  certain  Southern  and  Western  States 
a  chalky  limestone  is  used  in  combination  with  clay.  These  chalky 
materials  are  geologically  nearly  all  of  Cretaceous  age.  The  principal 
deposits  available  for  use  in  Portland-cement  manufacture  occur  in 
three  distinct  and  widely  separated  areas,  occupying,  respectively,  (a) 
parts  of  Texas  and  Arkansas,  (b)  parts  of  Alabama  and  Mississippi, 
and  (c)  isolated  areas  in  North  and  South  Dakota,  Nebraska,  and  Colo- 
rado. 

In  composition  these  chalks,  or  "  rotten  limestones,"  vary  from  a 
rather  pure  calcium  carbonate,  low  in  both  magnesia  and  clayey  mate- 
rials, to  an  impure  clayey  limestone  requiring  little  additional  clay  to 
make  it  fit  for  use  in  Portland-cement  manufacture.  Analyses,  quoted 
from  various  authors,  of  a  number  of  these  chalky  limestones  are  given 
in  the  table  below  and  will  serve  to  show  their  range  of  composition. 

Chalky  limestones. 


Demopolis, 
Ala. 

San  Anto- 
nio, Tex. 

Dallas, 
Tex. 

White 
Cliffs,  Ark. 

Yankton, 
S.  Dak. 

Milton, 
N.  Dak. 

Silica  

12.  13 

5.77 

23.55 

7.97 

8.20 

9.15 

Alumina 

4.17 

1                         0     1,4 

f             4.80 

Iron  oxide  

3.28 

\                        2'U 

1.50 

1.09 

2.30 

Lime  carbonate  

75.07 

90.15 

70.21 

88.64 

83.59 

63.75 

Magnesium  carbonate 

.92 

.58 

.58 

.73 

n.  d. 

1.25 

—  4— 

Materials  of  this  type  are,  in  general,  excavated  and  pulverized 
more  cheaply  and  more  easily  than  hard  limestones.  They  also  have 
an  important  advantage  over  the  marls  of  the  Northern  and  Central 
States  in  that  they  carry  practically  no  water. 


288 


FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE. 


Portland-cement  plants  are  now  operating  on  materials  of  this  type 
in  the  States  of  Alabama,  Texas,  Arkansas,  South  Dakota,  and  North 
Dakota,  and  it  seems  probable  that  these  easily  handled  materials  will 
soon  prove  to  be  the  basis  of  an  important  iridustrj7. 

Pure  (hard)  limestone  and  clay  or  shale. — Hard  limestones  are  used, 
with  clays  or  shales,  in  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement.  This 
combination  of  materials  was  first  employed  in  New  York  State,  but 
many  plants  now  utilize  it.  The  expense  of  excavating  hard  limestone 
is  of  course  usually  greater  than  that  of  dredging  marl,  but  this  dis- 
advantage is  counterbalanced  by  the  fact  that  the  limestone,  as  quar- 
ried, is  usually  dry,  while  marl  may  carry  over  40  per  cent  of  water. 
Analyses  of  typical  materials  of  this  group  are  given  in  the  table 
below,  the  first  four  being  of  limestone,  the  others  of  clays  or  shales. 

Limestone,  clay  or  shale. 


Limestones. 

Clay  or  shale. 

Silica  

1.72 
1.63 
6.59 
90.58 

0.86 
.63 
1.03 
97.06 

0.56 
1.23 
.29 
97.  23 
.75 

0.40 
}•     .44 

97.  99 
.42 

63.56 
27.  32 

3.60 
2.60 

55.80 
30.  20 
2.54 

56.30 
29.  86 

60.00 
1     23.  26 
\      4.  32 
1.70 
1.50 

Alumina 

Iron  

Lime  carbonate 

Magnesium  corbonate  

Caustic  soda  waste  and  clay. — Precipitated  lime  carbonate,  occurring 
as  a  by-product  from  alkali  manufacture,  has  received  considerable 
attention  as  a  Portland-cement  material.  In  combination  with  clay  it 
is  used  at  several  plants  in  England  and  the  United  States.. 

Slag  and  limestone. — Blast-furnace  slags  running  high  in  lime  are 
valuable  as  one  of  the  constituents  of  a  Portland-cement  mixture. 
The  slag  is  a  by-product  and  as  such  can  be  furnished  cheaply  to  the 
cement  plants.  Usually  the  slag  is  granulated  as  it  flows  from  the 
furnaces  and  mixed  with  a  pure  limestone.  The  mixture  is  then 
ground  finely  arid  burned  in  rotary  kilns. 

The  slag  can  be  furnished  cheaply,  but  during  granulation,  which  is 
effected  by  causing  the  molten  slag  to  fall  into  troughs  or  tanks  con- 
taining cold  water,  it  takes  up  20  to  40,  per  cent  of  water  and  this  must 
be  almost  entirely  driven  off  before  grinding  can  be  attempted.  To 
partly  counterbalance  this  disadvantage,  the  lime  in  the  slag  is  present 
as  oxide,  not  as  carbonate,  so  that  there  will  be  a  slight  saving  in  the 
fuel  required  in  the  kilns. 

EXCAVATION  OF  THE  RAW  MATERIALS. 

The  natural  raw  materials  used  at  present  are  obtained  by  one  of 
three  methods — (a)  quarrying,  (b)  mining,  and  (c)  dredging.  The 
choice  between  these  different  methods  of  excavation  will  depend 
partly  on  the  physical  character  of  the  material  to  be  excavated  and 
partly  on  topographic  and  geologic  conditions. 


NEWELL.]  PORTLAND    CEMENTS.  289 

Quarrying. — The  term  "quarrying"  is  here  used  to  cover  all  meth- 
ods of  obtaining  dry  material  from  open  cuts  or  pits,  whether  the 
material  excavated  be  a  limestone,  shale,  or  clay.  Quarrying  is  the 
most  natural  and  common  method  of  obtaining  cement  materials.  If 
marl  (which  is  usually  worked  by  dredging)  be  excluded  from  consid- 
eration, it  is  probably  within  bounds  to  say  that  95  per  cent  of  the 
materials  used  in  American  Portland-cement  manufacture  are  obtained 
from  open  cuts  or  pits. 

In  the  majorit}7  of  quarries  the  material  is  blasted  out  and  loaded  by 
hand  onto  cars  and  carts.  In  a  few  limestone  quarries  this  method  is 
improved  by  using  a  steam  shovel  to  do  the  loading.  Steam  shovels 
are  more  frequently  employed  for  this  purpose  in  shale  quarries.  In 
certain  clay  and  shale  pits,  where  the  materials  are  of  such  character 
as  to  permit  it,  the  steam  shovel  does  all  the  work,  both  excavating  and 
loading  the  materials,  drilling  and  blasting  being  unnecessary. 

The  rock  is  usually  shipped  to  the  mill  as  quarried,  without  any 
treatment  except  sledging  it  to  convenient  size  for  loading.  At  a  few 
quarries,  however,  a  crushing  plant  is  installed  at  the  quarry,  the  rock 
being  shipped  to  the  mill  as  crushed  stone. 

Mining. — The  term  " mining"  is  used  in  distinction  from  "quarry- 
ing" to  cover  methods  of  obtaining  materials  by  underground  work 
through  shafts  or  tunnels.  Mining  is  rarely  employed  in  dealing  with 
materials  of  so  little  unit  value  as  are  employed  in  Portland-cement 
manufacture.  Occasionally,  however,  when  a  thin  bed  of  limestone 
or  shale  is  being  worked,  its  dip  will  carry  it  under  such  a  thickness 
of  other  rock  as  to  make  mining  cheaper  than  quarrying  for  that  par- 
ticular case.  There  are  a  few  advantages  in  mining  cement  materials 
that  serve  to  partly  counterbalance  the  greater  cost  per  ton  as  compared 
with  quarrying.  A  mine  can  be  worked  economically  in  all  kinds  of 
weather,  while  a  quarry  is  commonly  in  a  more  or  less  crippled  con- 
dition for  about  three  months  of  the  year.  Material  mined  is,  more- 
over, always  dry  and  clean/ 

Dredging. — The  term  "dredging"  is  here  used  to  cover  all  methods 
of  excavating  soft  and  wet  raw  materials.  Material  of  such  a  char- 
acter as  to  be  excavated  by  dredging  will  necessarily  occur  in  depres- 
sions, and  the  deposit,  in  addition  to  containing  "much  water  diffused 
throughout  its  mass,  may  be  covered  by  a  more  or  less  considerable 
depth  of  water.  This  ma}T  involve  draining  the  deposit  before  dredg- 
ing can  be  commenced. 

The  only  cement  material  extensively  Worked  by  dredging  in  the 
United  States  is  marl.  Occasionally  clay  is  obtained  from  deposits 
covered  by  more  or  less  water,  but  this  is  rarely  practiced  unless  marl 
occurs  associated  with  the  clay.  In  dredging  marl  the  excavator  is 
usualty  mounted  on  a  barge,  which  floats  in  a  channel  resulting  from 
IRR  93—04 19 


290  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

previous  excavation.  Occasionally  the  shovel  is  mounted  on  a  car 
running  on  tracks  laid  along  the  edge  of  the  marl  deposit. 

The  material  brought  up  by  the  bucket  may  be  sent  to  the  mill  in 
two  different  ways.  At  plants  using  dome  or  chamber  kilns,  or  at 
other  plants  where  the  cement  mixture  is  not  made  very  wet,  the  exca- 
vated marl  is  usually*  deposited  in  cars,  hauled  to  the  mill  by  horse  or 
steam  power.  At  plants  using  a  really  wet  process,  however,  it  is 
probable  that  the  second  method  is  more  economical.  This  consists  in 
dumping  the  marl  into  tanks  on  the  bank,  adding  sufficient  water  to 
make  it  flow  readily,  and  pumping  the  fluid  to  the  mill. 

Transportation  to  mill. — The  method  of  transporting  the  raw  mate- 
rials to  the  mill  is  almost  entirely  a  question  of  distance  and  grade. 
Most  cement  mills  are  located  close  to  at  least  one  of  their  raw  mate- 
rials, and  the  commonest  method  of  handling  and  transporting  is 
probably  to  load  the  material  on  cars  by  hand  at  the  quarry  face,  and 
run  the  cars  by  horse  power  to  a  point  where  they  are  fastened  to  a 
cable,  which  hauls  them  up  to  the  mill.  Where  a  hill  or  ravine  inter- 
venes between  quarry  and  mill,  or  where  there  is  a  great  difference  in 
elevation  between  the  two  points,  it  is  probable  that  an  aerial  cable- 
wa}7^  will  prove  to  be  the  most  satisfactory  method  of  transportation. 

Cost  of  raw  materials  at  mill. — The  most  natural  way,  perhaps,  to 
express  the  cost  of  the  raw  materials  delivered  at  the  mill  would  be  to 
state  it  as  being  so  many  cents  per  ton  or  cubic  yard  of  raw  material, 
and  this  is  the  method  followed  by  quarrymen  or  miners  in  general. 
To  the  cement  manufacturer,  however,  such  an  estimate  is  not  so  suit- 
able as  one  based  on  the  cost  of  raw  materials  per  ton  or  barrel  of 
finished  cement. 

In  the  case  of  hard  and  comparatively  dry  limestones  or  shales  it 
may  be  considered  that  the  raw  material  loses  33£  per  cent  in  weight 
on  burning.  Converting  this  relation  into  pounds  of  raw  material 
and  of  clinker  we  find  that  600  pounds  of  dry  raw  material  will  make 
about  4:00  pounds  of  clinker.  Allowing  something  for  other  losses  in 
the  process  of  manufacture,  it  is  convenient  and  sufficiently  accurate 
to  estimate  that  600  pounds  of  dry  raw  material  will  give  one  barrel 
of  finished  cement.  These  estimates  must  be  increased  if  the  raw  ma- 
terials carry  any  appreciable  amount  of  water.  Clays  will  frequently 
contain  15  per  cent  or  more  of  water,  while  soft  chalky  limestones,  if 
quarried  during  wet  weather,  may  carry  as  high  as  20  per  cent.  A 
Portland-cement  mixture  composed  of  a  pure  chalky  limestone  and  a 
clay  might,  therefore,  average  10  to  20  per  cent  of  water,  and  conse- 
quently about  700  pounds  of  such  a  mixture  would  be  required  to 
make  one  barrel  of  finished  cement. 

With  marls  the  loss  on  drying  and  burning  is  much  greater.  Rus- 
sell states a  that  according  to  determinations  made  by  E.  D.  Campbell 

a  Twenty-second  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  3,  1901,  p.  657. 


NEWELL.]  PORTLAND-CEMENT    MATERIALS.  291 

1  cubic  foot  of  marl  as  it  usually  occurs  in  the  natural  deposits  con- 
tains about  47i  pounds  of  lime  carbonate  and  4:8  pounds  of  water.  In 
making  cement  from  a  mixture  of  marl  and  clay,  therefore,  it  would 
be  necessary  to  figure  on  excavating  and  transporting  over  1,000 
pounds  of  raw  material  for  every  barrel  of  finished  cement. 

From  the  preceding  notes  it  will  be  understood  that  the  cost  of  raw 
materials  at  the  mill  per  barrel  of  cement  will  vary  not  only  with  the 
cost  of  excavation,  but  with  the  kind  of  materials  in  use. 

In  dealing  with  hard,  dry  materials  extracted  from  open  quarries 
near  the  mills  the  cost  of  raw  materials  may  vary  between  8  cents  and 
15  cents  per  barrel  of  cement.  The  lower  figure  named  is  probably 
about  the  lowest  attainable  with  good  management  and  under  favor- 
able natural  conditions.  The  higher  figure  is  probably  a  maximum 
for  fairly  careful  management  of  a  difficult  quarry  under  eastern  labor 
conditions.  When  it  is  necessary  to  mine  the  materials  the  cost  will 
be  somewhat  increased.  Cement  rock  has  been  mined  at  a  cost  equiv- 
alent to  10  cents  per  barrel  of  cement,  but  this  figure  is  attained  under 
particularly  favorable  conditions.  The  cost  of  mining  and  transpor- 
tation may  reach  from  this  figure  up  to  20  cents  per  barrel. 

With  regard  to  wet  marls  and  clays  it  is  difficult  to  give  even  an 
approximate  estimate.  It  seems  probable,  however,  when  the  dead 
weight  handled  is  allowed  for,  that  these  soft  materials  will  cost  almost 
as  much,  delivered  at  the  mill,  per  barrel  of  finished  cement,  as  the 
hard,  dry  limestones  and  shales. 

PREPARATION  OF  DRY  MATERIALS  FOR  THE  KILN. 

Whatever  the  raw  materials  employed,  the  object  of  all  the  opera- 
tions that  may  be  carried  on  prior  to  burning  is  simply  to  secure  an 
intimate  mixture  of  these  materials  and  to  insure  that  this  mixture  is 
finely  ground  and  of  proper  chemical  composition. 

The  character  of  the  materials  employed,  however,  has  determined 
two  general  methods  of  preparing  the  mixture  for  the  kiln,  the  dif- 
ferences between  these  methods  being  due  almost  entirely  to  the  phy- 
sical characteristics  of  the  raw  materials  used.  For  this  reason  a 
general  subject  of  preparing  the  materials  for  the  kiln  will  be  discussed 
under  three  heads: 

(a)  Mixing  and  grinding  dry  materials. 

(b)  Mixing  and  grinding  wet  materials. 

(c)  Mixing  and  grinding  slag  Portlands.     t 

Drying. — Raw  materials  as  they  come  from  the  mine  or  quarry  will 
almost  invariably  carry  appreciable,  though  often  very  small,  percent- 
ages of  water .  In  the  case  of  hard  limestones  the  water  will  usually 
range  from  one-half  per  cent  to  3  per  cent,  rarely  reaching  or  exceed- 
ing the  higher  figure.  With  the  chalky  limestones,  which  absorb 
water  rapidly,  the  percentage  can  be  kept  down  to  5  per  cent  or  less, 


292  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

while  prolonged  wet  weather  may  necessitate  the  handling  of  material 
containing  as  high  as  20  per  cent  of  water. 

The  clays  present  a  more  complicated  case.  In  addition  to  the 
hygroscopic  or  mechanically  held  water,  there  is  also  present  a  certain 
percentage  of  chemically  combined  water.  The  former  depends  on 
the  treatment  and  exposure  of  the  clay,  and  may  vary  from  1  per  cent 
or  so  in  clays  which  have  been  air  dried  to  as  high  as  30  per  cent  in 
fresh  clays.  The  chemically  combined  water  varies  from  3  to  10  per 
cent.  The  mechanically  held  water  can  be  driven  off  at  a  temperature 
of  212°  F.,  while  the  chemically  combined  water  is  lost  only  at  a  low 
red  heat.  The  total  water,  therefore,  to  be  driven  off  from  clays  may 
range  from  4  to  50  per  cent,  depending  on  the  weather,  drainage  of 
the  clay  pit,  and  care  taken  in  preventing  undue  exposure  of  the 
materials  to  moisture. 

In  dealing  with  shales  the  mechanically  held  water  will  rarely  rise 
above  10  per  cent,  and  can  commonly  be  kept  well  below  that  limit. 
An  additional  2  to  7  per  cent  of  water  will  be  carried  in  a  state  of 
chemical  combination. 

At  a  few  plants  marl  is  used  with  clay  in  a  dry  process.  As  noted 
elsewhere,  the  marls,  as  excavated,  carry  usually  about  50  per  cent  of 
water. 

It  will  be  seen  therefore,  that  cement  materials  may  carry  from  1 
per  cent  to  over  50  per  cent  of  water  when  they  reach  the  mill.  In  a 
dry  process  it  is  necessary  to  remove  practically  all  of  this  water,  for 
two  reasons,  One  reason  is  that  fine  pulverizing  can  not  be  econom 
ically  or  satisfactorily  accomplished  unless  absolutely  dry  materials 
are  fed  to  the  grinding  machinery.  The  other  reason  is  one  of  con- 
venience rather  than  of  necessity.  It  is  that  the  presence  of  water  in 
the  raw  materials  complicates  the  calculation  of  the  cement  mixture. 

The  type  of  drier  most  commonly  used  is  a  cylinder  approximately 
5  feet  in  diameter  and  40  feet  long,  set  at  a  slight  inclination  to  the 
horizontal  and  rotating  on  bearings.  The  raw,  wet  material  is  fed  in 
at  the  upper  end  of  the  cylinder,  moving  gradually  downward  under 
the  influence  of  gravity  as  the  cylinder  is  revolved.  Frequently  angle 
irons  are  bolted  to  the  interior  in  such  a  fashion  as  to  assist  the  drying 
of  the  material.  The  cylinder  is  heated  by  waste  gases  from  the  kilns 
or  by  a  separate  furnace,  the  products  of  combustion  being  introduced 
at  the  lower  end  of  the  cylinder,  forced  through  it,  and  sent  up  a  stack 
at  its  upper  end. 

The  drier  above  described  is  the  simplest  and  most  commonly  used. 
For  dealing  with  high  percentages  of  water,  however,  it  is  probable 
that  the  type  exemplified  by  the  Ruggles-Coles  drier  is  more  econom- 
ical. In  this  type  a  double  cylinder  is  employed.  The  material  to  be 
dried  is  fed  into  the  space  between  the  inner  and  outer  cylinders, 
while  the  heating  gases  pass  first  through  the  inner  cylinder  and  then 
in  the  reverse  direction  between  the  inner  and  outer  cylinders.  This 


NEWELL.J  PORTLAND-CEMENT    MATERIALS.  293 

double-heating  type  of  drier  is  largely  employed  in  slag  cement  plants, 
and  has  also  been  installed  in  several  Portland  plants. 

Drying  floors  and  drying  tunnels  are  in  use  to  a  limited  extent,  par- 
ticularly in  plants  using  marl. 

The  cost  of  drying  will  depend  on  the  cost  of  fuel,  the  percentage  of 
water  in  the  wet  material,  and  the  type  of  drier.  Even  under  the 
most  unfavorable  conditions  5  pounds  of  water  can  be  expected  to  be 
evaporated  per  pound  of  coal  used,  while  a  good  drier  will  usually 
evaporate  7  or  8  pounds  of  water  per  pound  of  coal. 
•  Grinding  and  mixing. — Part,  at  least,  of  the  grinding  is  usually 
accomplished  before  the  drying,  but  for  convenience  the  subjects  have 
been  separated  in  the  present  paper.  Usually  the  limestone  is  sent 
through  a  crusher  at  the  quarry  or  mill  before  being  dried,  and  occa- 
sionally the  raw  material  is  further  reduced  in  a  Williams  mill,  etc., 
before  drying,  but  the  principal  part  of  the  reduction  always  takes 
place  after  the  material  has  been  dried. 

After  the  two  raw  materials  have  been  separately  dried  they  may  be 
mixed  immediately,  or  each  may  be  further  reduced  separately  before 
mixing.  Automatic  mixers,  of  which  many  types  are  on  the  market, 
give  a  mixture  in  proportions  determined  upon  from  analysis  of  the 
materials.  ^ 

The  further  reduction  of  the  mixture  is  usually  carried  on  in  two 
stages,  the  material  being  ground  to,  say,  30  mesh  in  a  ball  mill,  kom- 
minuter,  Griffin  mill,  jstc.,  and  finally  reduced  in  a  tube  mill.  At  a 
few  plants,  however,  single-stage  reduction  is  practiced  in  Griffin  or 
Huntington  mills,  while  at  the  Edison  plant  at  Stewartsville,  N.  J. , 
the  reduction  is  accomplished  in  a  series  of  rolls. 

The  majority  of  plants  use  either  the  Griffin  mill  and  tube  mill  or 
the  ball  and  tube  mills,  and  there  is  probably  little  difference  in  the 
cost  of  operating  these  two  combinations.  The  ball  mill  has  never 
been  quite  as  much  of  a  success  as  its  companion,  the  tube  mill,  and 
has  been  replaced  at  several  plants  by  the  komminuter. 

Fineness  of  mixture. — After  its  final  reduction,  and  when  ready  for 
burning,  the  mixture  will  usually  run  from  90  to  95  per  cent  through 
a  100-mesh  sieve.  In  the  plants  of  the  Lehigh  district  the  mixture 
is  rarely  crushed  as  fine  as  when  limestone  and  clay  are  used.  New- 
berry  a  has  pointed  out  in  explanation  for  this  that  an  argillaceous 
limestone  (cement  rock)  mixed  with  a  comparatively  small  quantity  of 
purer  limestone,  as  in  the  Lehigh  plants,  requires  less  thorough  mix- 
ing and  less  fine  grinding  than  when  a  mixture  of  limestone  and  clay 
(or  marl  and  clay)  is  used;  for  even  the  coarser  particles  of  the  argil- 
laceous limestone  will  vary  so  little  in  chemical  composition  from  the 
proper  mixture  as  to  affect  the  quality  of  the  resulting  cement  but 
little,  should  either  mixing  or  grinding  be  incompletely  accomplished. 

a  Twentieth  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  6,  1899,  p.  545. 


294  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

Composition  of  mixture. — The  cement  mixture  ready  for  burning 
will  commonly  contain  from  74  to  77i  per  cent  of  lime  carbonate  or 
an  equivalent  proportion  of  lime  oxide.  Several  analyses  of  actual 
cement  mixtures  are  given  in  the  table  below.  Analysis  No.  1,  with  its 
relatively  high  percentage  of  magnesia,  is  fairly  typical  of  Lehigh  Val- 
ley practice.  Analyses  Nos.  2  and  3  show  mixtures  low  in  lime,  while 
anatysis  No.  4  is  probably  the  best  proportioned  of  the  four,  especially 
in  regard  to  the  ratio  between  silica  and  alumina  plus  iron.  This  ratio 
for  ordinary  purposes  should  be  about  2£  to  1,  as  the  cement  becomes 
quicker  setting  and  lower  in  ultimate  strength  as  the  percentage  of 
alumina-  increases.  If  the  alumina  percentage  be  carried  too  high, 
moreover,  the  mixture  will  give  a  fusible,  sticky  clinker  when  burned, 
causing  trouble  in  the  kilns. 

Analyses  of  cement  mixtures. 


1. 

2 

3. 

4. 

Silica 

12  62 

13  46 

13  85 

14  77 

Alumina  and  iron  oxide  

6.00 

(?) 

7.20 

4.35 

Carbonate  of  lime 

75  46 

73  66 

73  93 

76  84 

Magnesia  oxide 

2  65 

(f\ 

(f\ 

1  74 

Burning  the  cement  mixture. — After  the  cement  mixture  has  been 
carefully  prepared,  as  described  on  preceding  pages,  it  must  be  burned 
with  equal  care.  For  a  time  various  types  of  kiln  were  in  use,  but 
now  practice  in  burning  at  the  different  cernent  plants  is  rapidly 
approaching  uniformity. 

The  kiln  in  which  the  material  is  burned  is  now  invariably  of  the 
rotary  type,  the  rotary  process,  which  is  essentially  American  in  its 
inception  and  development,  being  based  on  the  substitution  of  machine 
for  hand  labor  wherever  possible. 

As  at  present  used,  the  rotary  kiln  is  a  steel  cylinder,  commonly  60 
feet  in  length  and  6  feet  in  diameter.  This  is  set  in  a  slightly  inclined 
position,  the  inclination  averaging  about  one-half  inch  to  the  foot. 
The  kiln  is  lined,  except  near  its  upper  end,  with  very  resistant  fire 
brick  to  withstand  the  high  temperature  to  which  its  inner  surface  is 
subjected. 

Fuel,  either  powdered  coal,  oil,  or  gas,  is  injected  at  the  lower  end 
of  the  kiln,  while  the  cement  mixture  is  fed  in  at  the  upper  end.  The 
kiln  is  slowly  revolved  about  its  axis,  and  this  revolution,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  inclination  at  which  the  kiln  is  set,  gradually  carries  the 
cement  mixture  to  the  lower  end  of  the  kiln.  In  the  course  of  this 
journey  the  intense  heat  from  the  fuel  first  drives  off  the  water  and 
carbon  dioxide  from  the  mixture  and  then  causes  the  lime,  silica, 
alumina,  and  iron  to  combine  chemically  to  form  the  partially  fused 
mass  known  as  "  cement  clinker."  This  clinker  drops  out  of  the  lower 
end  of  the  kiln,  is  cooled  so  as  to  prevent  injury  to  the  grinding 
machinery,  and  is  then  sent  to  the  grinding  mills. 


NEWELL.]  SOURCES    OF    CEMENT    SUPPLY.  295 

In  dealing  with  a  dry  mixture  one  rotary  kiln  will  produce  150  to 
200  barrels  of  cement  per  day  of  twenty-four  hours,  with  a  fuel  expend- 
iture of  105  to  MO  pounds  of  powdered  coal  per  barrel.  If  the  cement 
mixture  carries  much  water,  as  is  usually  the  case  where  marl  is  used 
as  one  ingredient,  the  output  of  the  kiln  is  greatly  reduced  and  its  fuel 
consumption  very  largely  increased. 

Grinding  the  clinker. — After  cooling  the  clinker,  which  is  usually 
effected  by  exposing  it  to  the  action  of  cool-air  currents,  it  is  sent  to 
the  grinding  mills.  In  order  to  retard  the  setting  time  of  the  cement 
sufficiently  to  give  good  results  in  use,  about  2^  per  cent  of  gypsum 
is  commonly  added  before  the  grinding  of  the  clinker  is  commenced. 
Clinker  grinding  is  commonly  carried  on  in  two  stages,  the  first  reduc- 
tion taking  place  in  Griffin  mills,  ball  mills,  or  komminuters.  These 
reduce  the  clinker  to  a  size  to  pass  a  screen  with  20  or  30  meshes  to 
the  linear  inch.  The  material  passing  these  screens  is  then  finely  pul- 
verized in  tube  mills,  which  reduce  it  fine  enough  for  about  95  per 
cent  to  pass  through  a  screen  with  100  meshes  to  the  linear  inch. 

The  ground  cement  is  sent  to  storage  bins,  from  which  it  is  drawn 
out  as  needed  and  packed  in  sacks,  bags,  or  barrels. 

Present  sources  of  cement  supply.—  At  present  the  following  cement 
plants  are  in  operation  in  the  West: 

(1)  Standard  Portland  Cement  Company  plant  is  located  at  Napa 
Junction,  Cal.     Ten  rotary  kilns  are  in  operation,  giving  a  nominal 
capacity  of  2,000  barrels  per  day.     The  materials  used  are  an  argilla- 
ceous limestone  and  a  pure  limestone.     Brand,  "Standard."     J.  F. 
Bachmann,  manager;  L.  T.  Bachmann,  chemist. 

(2)  Pacific  Portland  Cement  Company  plant  is  located  at  Cement,  a 
few  miles  east  of  Suisun,  Cal.     Eight  rotary  kilns  are  in  operation, 
giving  a  nominal  capacity  of  1,600  barrels  per  day.     The  materials 
used  are  a  pure  limestone  and  clay.     Brand,  "  Golden  Gate."     Morris 
Kind,  manager;  C.  J.  Wheeler,  chemist. 

(3)  California  Portland  Cement  Company  plant  is  located  at  Colton, 
Cal.    Three  rotary  kilns  are  in  operation,  giving  a  nominal  capacity  of 
600  barrels  per  day.     Materials  used  are  pure  limestone  and  clay. 
Brand,  "Colton."     A.  Neu,  chemist. 

(4)  Portland  Cement  Company  of  Utah  plant  is  located  at  Salt  Lake 
City,  Utah.     Four  rotary  kilns  are  in  operation,  giving  a  nominal 
capacity  of  800  barrels  per  day.     The  materials  used  are  an  argilla- 
ceous limestone  and  a  pure  limestone.    Brand, ' '  Red  Diamond. "    L.  M. 
Barley,  manager;  C.  S.  Batchelder,  chemist. 

(5)  Portland  Cement  Company  of  Colorado  plant  is  located  at  Port- 
land, a  few  miles  east  of  Florence,  Colo.     Six  rotary  kilns  are  in  use, 
giving  a  nominal  capacity  of  1,200  barrels  per  day.     The  materials 
used  are  an  argillaceous  limestone  and  a  pure  limestone.      Brand, 
"Ideal."     A.  Moore,  manager;  F.  W.  Brown,  chemist. 

(6)  lola  Portland  Cement  Company,  plant  is  located  at  lola,  Kans. 


296  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

Twenty-one  rotary  kilns  are  in  use,  giving  a  nominal  capacity  of 
4,200  barrels  per  day.  Materials  used  are  limestone  and  shale. 
Brand  ulola."  O.  Gerlach,  chemist. 

(7)  Kansas  Portland  Cement  Companj^,  plant  is  located  near  lola, 
Kans.  Eight  rotary  kilns  are  in  use,  giving  a  nominal  capacity  of 
1,600  barrels  per  day.  Materials  used  are  limestone  and  shale.  E.  C. 
Champion,  superintendent  and  chemist. 

THE  LEGAL  STATUS  OF  IRRIGATION. 
By  H.  L.  HOLGATE. 

IRRIGATION  AND  LITIGATION. 

in  1899,  according  to  the  reports  of  the  Twelfth  Census,  there  were 
in  the  States  and  Territories  usually  reckoned  arid  102,819  irrigated 
farms.  This  means  that,  at  a  low  estimate,  over  half  a  million  people 
in  those  States  and  Territories  were  then  directly  interested  in  irriga- 
tion. There  were  more  than  7,000,000  acres  irrigated,  and  the  value 
of  the  crops  produced  thereon  exceeded  $84,000,000.  The  irrigation 
systems  in  operation  represented  a  construction  cost  of  more  than 
$64,000,000. 

These  are  large  figures,  and  they  do  not  include  the  statistics  for  the 
semiarid  and  humid  regions,  the  increase  since  1899,  or  the  number  of 
people  and  amount  of  investments  indirectly  dependent  upon  irriga- 
tion. They  make  a  creditable  showing  for  the  courage  and  enterprise 
of  the  western  farmer,  but  when  we  learn  upon  what  a  frail  and 
uncertain  legal  foundation  the  great  and  immensely  important  structure 
of  irrigation  stands,  we  are  unable  to  pay  a  like  tribute  to  the  states- 
manship of  the  western  lawmaker.  Happily  there  is  at  present  a 
tendency  to  correct  the  statutes,  and  within  recent  years  a  number  of 
States  have  made  fairly  successful  attempts  to  perfect  laws  governing 
public  waters. 

The  history  of  water  diversion  in  the  West  is  so  replete  with  appeals 
to  the  courts  that  one  unconsciously  associates  irrigation  with  litigar 
tion.  The  money  spent  in  litigation  has  been  enormous.  In  taking  the 
Twelfth  Census  an  attempt  was  made  to  ascertain  the  cost  of  litigation 
over  water  rights  in  1899.  The  work  was  not  completed,  as  it  was 
found  impossible,  in  a  great  many  cases  that  were  continued  through 
a  number  of  years,  to  segregate  the  expenses  of  1899.  In  California 
the  owners  of  73  irrigation  ditches  reported  an  expense  during  that 
year  of  $125,000  for  court  and  lawyer  fees  incurred  in  defending  water 
rights.  Presumably  the  defendants  spent  as  much  more.  Here  we 
have,  without  taking  into  account  the  cases  unreported,  over  a  quarter 
of  a  million  dollars  spent  in  one  State  in  a  single  year  in  litigation  on 
this  subject,  and  few  of  the  decisions,  when  made,  were  conclusive  or 
gave  the  victors  a  sense  of  security. 


NEWELL.]  LEGAL    STATUS    OF    IRRIGATION.  297 

There  is  a  woeful  lack  of  uniformity  in  the  legislation  had  in  the  sev- 
eral States  and  Territories,  and  there  are  imperfect  laws  in  individual 
States.  The  need  for  reformation  is  imperative,  the  more  so  since  the 
National  Government  has  undertaken  the  heavy  responsibility  of  con- 
structing and  operating  reclamation  works. 

ACQUISITION  OF  WATER  RIGHTS. 

The  necessities  of  the  West  have  given  rise  to  a  new  legal  doctrine 
relative  to  water  diversion.  The  requirements,  originally  of  mining 
and  later  of  agriculture,  could  not  be  satisfied  by  the  operation  of  the 
common-law  doctrine  of  riparian  rights  which  exist  simply  by  virtue 
of  ownership  of  lands  adjacent  to  a  stream. 

The  new  doctrine  of  appropriation,  under  which  water  rights  are 
acquired  by  actual  diversion  for  beneficial  use,  independent  of  riparian 
ownership,  is  now  recognized  where  irrigation  is  generally  practiced. 
In  Arizona,  Colorado,  Idaho,  New  Mexico,  Nevada,  Wyoming,  and 
Utah  the  law  of  riparian  rights  has  been  repudiated,  and  in  Nebraska 
it  is  limited  to  the  humid  portion  of  the  State.  In  California,  Kansas, 
Montana,  the  Dakotas,  Oregon,  and  Washington  both  bases  of  water 
rights  are  recognized  either  by  statutes  or  court  decisions,  and  there 
is  a  resultant  legal  confusion  that  a  mass  of  judicial  decisions  has  not 
untangled.  It  is  impossible  to  define  the  relationship  between  the 
operations  of  the  two  doctrines  in  these  States.  In  Washington, 
which  has  a  somewhat  comprehensive  statute  relating  to  the  appro- 
priation of  water  rights,  it  has  been  held  that  long  and  unprotested 
usage  by  an  appropriator  is  no  bar  to  ouster  by  a  riparian  owner, 
while  in  Oregon,  a  neighboring  State,  where  the  written  law  recogniz- 
ing the  doctrine  is  brief  and  limits  the  right  of  appropriation  to 
corporations,  the  courts  have  recently  declared  that  riparian  owners 
can  not  interfere  with  appropriators  of  water  for  irrigation  who  have 
used  it  without  protest. 

STATE    CONTROL   OF   WATERS. 

In  Wyoming  and  western  Nebraska,  and,  by  an  act  of  the  last  legis- 
lature, in  Utah,  the  State  is  absolute  administrator  of  streams  and  the 
diversion  of  water  therefrom.  The  appropriator  must,  upon  written 
application,  secure  a  permit  from  the  State  engineer  before  beginning 
construction  of  diversion  works,  and  upon  satisfactory  completion  of 
the  works  he  receives  a  certificate  which^is  a  title  deed  to  his  water 
right. 

In  Colorado  and  in  Nevada,  under  its  very  recent  statute,  the  State 
administration  of  streams  does  not  begin  until  the  appropriation  is 
actually  made,  and  the  irrigation  officials  do  not  then  interfere  with 
the  use  of  water  except  upon  a  written  complaint,  but  the  authorized 
State  officials  are  clothed  with  sufficient  power  to  prevent  wasteful  use 


298  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

and  insure  equitable  distribution  to  appropriators  according  to  their 
decreed  rights.  The  water  commissioners  of  Washington  have  some- 
what similar  authority. 

ADJUDICATION    OF   PRIORITIES. 

Nebraska,  Nevada,  Utah,  and  Wyoming  have  enacted  laws  govern- 
ing the  adjudication  of  water  rights  based  upon  very  similar  princi- 
ples. Wyoming  initiated  this  system,  and  the  laws  of  Nebraska, 
Nevada,  and  Utah  are  copies  of,  or  are  based  upon,  the  Wyoming 
statute. 

The  Wyoming  law  provides  for  the  adjudication  of  all  claims  by 
the  board  of  control.  Preliminary  to  the  determining  of  priorities 
upon  a  stream  the  State  engineer  makes  thorough  surveys  and  measure- 
ments, and  prepares  maps  and  tables  showing  the  location  and  size  of 
the  ditches,  the  area  irrigated,  and  the  measured  flow  of  the  streams. 
Claimants  are  notified  to  file  claims  and  proofs,  and  the  board  estab- 
lishes the  priority  and  extent  of  all  the  water  rights  on  the  stream  and  its 
tributaries.  Appeals  from  the  decision  of  the  board  of  control  may* 
be  made  to  the  courts,  but  in  Wyoming  and  Nebraska  (where  a  similar 
law  has  been  in  operation  for  a  number  of  years)  very-  few  appeals 
have  been  made  to  the  courts. 

Nevada's  new  irrigation  law  is  different  from  that  of  Wyoming  in 
respect  to  the  adjudication  of  water  rights  only  as  to  the  determining 
authority,  which  is  vested  in  Nevada  in  the  State  engineer. 

Under  the  Utah  law  adopted  this  year,  the  district  court  of  each 
county  is  made  the  arbiter  of  the  various  claims  on  streams  located 
wholly  within  the  county,  and  where  the  stream  traverses  two  or  more 
counties  the  district  court  of  the  county  most  convenient  to  all  the 
appropriators  from  the  stream  adjudicates  priorities.  Other  than  this 
the  method  agrees  practically  with  that  of  Wyoming.  The  tables, 
maps,  and  drawings  of  the  State  engineer  are  to  be  considered  prima 
facie  evidence  of  the  facts. 

The  method  adopted  by  Colorado  in  1879  and  amended  by  subse- 
quent legislation  makes  the  adjudication  the  duty  of  the  several  dis- 
trict courts,  and  decisions  are  based  upon  the  evidence  offered  by  the 
parties  in  interest. 

WATER   APPURTENANT   TO   LAND. 

Under  the  common-law  doctrine,  water  is  appurtenant  to  the  land. 
The  riparian  owner  can,  it  is  true,  assign  his  right,  but  the  assignment 
is  operative  only  against  himself  and  his  successors  and  gives  the 
assignee  no  rights  as  against  lower  riparian  owners. 

In  the  West  generally  a  water  right  is  regarded  as  a  species  of 
realty  and  can  be  transferred  by  a  deed.  As  a  rule  a  deed  of  land 


NEWEM..]  WATER    APPURTENANT   TO   LAND,      ffs  299 

.er.ff   23 

is  presumed  to  include  the  water  right,  unless  the  latter  is  specifically*-5/??; 

exeepted.  The  more  recent  Colorado  decisions  hold  that  the  inclusion 
or  noninclusion  of  water  rights  in  the  conveyance  of  land  where  the 
water  rights  are  not  mentioned  in  the  deed  is  a  matter  of  intent. 

In  Wyoming,  water  rights  are  treated  as  part  and  parcel  of  the  land 
and  inseparable  therefrom.  The  board  of  control  refuses  to  recognize 
transfers  of  water  rights  apart  from  the  transfer  of  land.  This  attitude 
has  been  attacked  in  the  courts,  and  the  lower  court  has  held  that  the 
right  to  the  use  of  water  is  a  property  right  and  as  such  is  transferable. 
The  question  was  appealed  to  the  supreme  court,  but  has  not  yet  been 
decided. 

Some  of  the  States,  in  their  laws  providing  for  the  operation  of  the 
Carey  Act,  make  the  water  appurtenant  to  the  land  reclaimed  under 
that  act. 

In  an  Idaho  court  it  was  held  a  few  months  ago  that  a  user  of  water 
under  a  contract  for  rental  is  not  an  appropriator  under  the  meaning 
of  the  laws  of  the  State;  that  the  dedication  to  use  applies  to  the  land 
only  upon  which  the  use  is  had,  and  that  the  right  is  not  transferable. 

UNDERGROUND    WATERS. 

In  the  light  of  judicial  decisions  it  can  be  accepted  as  a  rule  of  law 
that  the  waters  from  underground  streams  ma}^  be  appropriated  and 
priorities  in  rights  to  waters  therefrom  established.  The  rule  is  recog- 
nized by  statute  in  Kansas,  and  means  for  protecting  such  water  rights 
are  provided. 

In  trying  cases  involving  rights  to  water  developed  from  under- 
ground sources,  the  courts  have  to  decide  the  difficult  question  of  fact 
whether  the  water  is  from  a  subterranean  stream  having  a  well-defined 
and  ascertainable  channel,  or  from  a  stream  of  unknown  channel,  or  is 
percolating  water.  Quoting  from  a  decision  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Utah,  1900:  "The  rule  of  law  applying  to  the  appropriation  of  surface 
waters  does  not  apply  to  percolating  waters  which,  being  a  part  of  the 
earth,  have  no  characteristics  of  ownership  distinct  from  the  land  itself." 
The  water  from  a  stream  whose  channel  is  unknown  is  treated,  per- 
force, in  law  as  percolating  water. 

In  practical  contradiction  to  the  Utah  decision  just  quoted,  is  a  New 
York  decision  made  the  same  year,  which  states  in  effect  that  one  who 
on  his  own  land  pumps  and  disposes  of  water  in  such  quantities  as  to 
materially  lower  the  underground  waterstof  neighboring  lands,  to  the 
injury  of  crops  grown  thereon,  may  be  enjoined  as  for  trespass. 

IRRIGATION  ENGINEERS. 

The  States  having  State  engineers  who  have  administrative  power 
over  streams  are  Colorado,  Nebraska,  Nevada,  Utah,  and  Wyoming. 
In  Nebraska  the  State  engineer  is  not  so  named,  as  the  number  of  State 


300  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

officers  is  limited  by  the  constitution,  but  there  is  a  board  which  has 
control  of  the  streams  and  of  their  use  in  irrigation,  and  the  secretary 
of  the  board  is  engineer  in  fact. 

In  these  States  the  State  is  divided  into  water  divisions,  and  these 
into  water  districts,  under  the  administration  of  water  commissioners. 
The  State  engineer  has  supervision  over  the  division  superintendents 
and  the  water  commissioners,  and  is  the  court  of  appeals  from  their 
administrative  decisions.  Besides  supervising  the  administrative 
duties  of  these  irrigation  officers  the  State  engineer  measures  streams, 
collects  irrigation  data,  prepares  maps,  and  makes  necessary  reports. 
In  Wyoming,  Nebraska,  and  Utah  he  grants  permits  to  intending 
appropriators,  and  in  Utah  he  issues  the  water-right  certificates  upon 
completion  and  acceptance  of  the  diversion  works.  In  W}Toming  and 
Nebraska  the  board  of  control  issues  the  certificate. 

Idaho  has  a  State  engineer,  but  he  has  no  administrative  control  of 
the  streams,  and  his  work  is  chiefly  statistical.  In  South  Dakota  the 
office  of  engineer  has  been  superseded  by-  that  of  irrigation  instructor, 
whose  duties  are  experimental  and  statistical.  He  must  be  appointed 
by  the  governor  from  the  experimental  station  staff  or  Agricultural 
College  faculty. 

The  new  Nevada  law  introduced  a  novelty  in  State  legislation.  It 
provides  that  the  governor's  appointee  to  the  office  of  State  engineer 
must  be  nominated  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  or  the  Director  of 
the  Geological  Survey,  if  those  officials  choose  to  exercise  the  privilege. 

The  other  irrigation  States  have  no  State  engineers. 

RECLAMATION  SURVEYS. 

[Report  of  the  committee  on  reconnaissance  and  surveys,  consisting  of  Jeremiah 
Ahern,  Cyrus  C.  Babb,  and  J.  H.  Quinton.] 

The  engineer  detailed  to  examine  an  irrigation  project  is  given  con- 
siderable discretionary  powers  as  to  lines  of  investigation.  However, 
in  order  to  have  methods  of  surveys  in  different  sections  fairly  com- 
parable, the  following  instructions  have  been  formulated,  though  they 
will  necessarily  be  modified  occasionally  to  suit  the  varying  conditions 
of  different  projects. 

ENGINEER'S  EXAMINATION. 

The  engineer  should  first  consider  the  amount  and  quality  of  the 
land  and  satisfy  himself  that  there  is  available  sufficient  water  in  addi- 
tion to  that  already  appropriated  to  be  utilized,  either  as  perennial  flow 
or  by  means  of  storage.  The  amount  of  water  available  can  be  deter- 
mined by  a  few  rough  measurements  of  the  main  drainage  channel,  and 
by  a  careful  study  of  the  rainfall  and  run-off  records  and  of  all  maps 


NEWELL.]  RECLAMATION    SURVEYS.  301 

showing  the  drainage  areas  tributary  to  the  district  to  be  irrigated. 
In  some  cases  the  same  investigations  should  be  made  in  adjacent  drain- 
age areas  which  might  be  made  to  contribute  part  of  the  water. 

If  the  project  contemplates  storage  the  engineer  should  consult  all 
records  of  rainfall  and  run-oif  in  the  drainage  basin.  If  there  are  no 
such  records  he  should  form  some  idea  of  the  quantity  of  water  which 
pajsses  a  given  point  on  the  main  drainage  line  by  examining  on  the 
ground  all  high-water  marks  and  getting  from  the  people  who  have 
lived  in  that  neighborhood  all  the  information  possible  as  to  the  dura- 
tion of  floods.  This  will  enable  him  to  decide  whether  it  is  advisable 
to  establish  the  necessary  rain  gages  and  gaging  stations  for  deter- 
mining the  run-off  for  a  few  years. 

The  nature  of  the  drainage  area,  whether  forested  or  otherwise, 
should  be  taken  into  account.  In  order  to  ascertain  its  general  physi- 
cal features  an  examination  requiring  several  days'  time  may  be 
necessary.  In  this  way  a  trustworthy  general  idea  of  the  possibilities 
of  the  drainage  area  may  be  formed.  In  the  case  of  a  large  drainage 
basin  where  there  may  be  a  choice  of  reservoir  systems  or  canals  a 
map  compiled  from  railroad  and  public-land  surveys  and  a  barometric 
reconnaissance  may  be  necessary. 

On  this  trip  all  possible  reservoir  sites,  whether  on  the  main  stream 
or  elsewhere,  should  be  examined  in  a  rough  way  by  hand  level  and 
aneroid,  and  the  nature  and  approximate  dimensions  of  dam  and 
reservoir  sites,  as  well  as  quality,  quantity,  and  availability  of  material 
for  construction  of  dam  should  be  noted. 

If  all  these  conditions  are  found  sufficiently  favorable  to  justify 
continuing  the  examination  of  the  project,  the  next  thing  to  be 
determined,  in  a  rough  way,  is  the  probable  cost  of  conveying  the 
water  to  the  land.  This  can  be  done  only  by  a  careful  reconnaissance 
along  the  approximate  line  of  the  canal.  Experience  on  construction 
in  work  of  this  class  is  of  great  value  in  forming  a  judgment  in  this 
matter. 

These  points  having  been  determined  a  careful  examination  of  the 
land  may  be  made,  and  all  its  advantages  and  disadvantages  noted. 
The  principal  points  to  be  considered  are  the  quantity  of  land  which 
can  be  irrigated,  the  ownership  of  the  land  (whether  largely  private 
or  not),  the  amount  of  water  used  from  the  stream  upon  which  the 
project  must  depend,  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  the  difficulties  of  prepar- 
ing the  land  for  irrigation,  the  crops  most  suitable  for  the  soil  and  the 
climate,  the  number  of  crops  that  can  $e  counted  on  annually,  the 
probable  value  of  said  crops,  and  whether  the  cost  per  acre  for  con- 
veying the  water  to  the  land  will  enable  the  farmer  to  keep  himself  and 
family  and  pay  back  the  cost  of  the  works  to  the  Government  in  ten 
years. 


302  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

WITHDRAWAL  OF  LAND. 

If  the  project  be  deemed  worthy  of  further  investigation  recommen- 
dations should  be  made  for  the  withdrawal  of  the  land  under  the 
reclamation  law  of  June  17,  1902  (32  Stat.  L.,  p.  388),  as  described  in 
section  49  of  the  survey's  book  of  Instructions,  page  96. 

Special  attention  should  be  paid  to  the  method  of  describing  the 
lands  by  legal  subdivisions,  as  indicated  in  paragraph  3  of  section  49  of 
the  Instructions.  There  is  danger  of  error  in  transcribing  descrip- 
tions if  they  are  written  out  consecutively  in  solid  lines.  The  tabula- 
tion indicated  in  the  Instructions  is  that  used  by  the  General  Land 
Office,  and  has  been  found  the  most  satisfactory  after  many  years  of 
experience. 

In-  making  requests  for  withdrawals  it  is  not  necessary  to  omit  tracts 
which  have  been  disposed  of  by  the  Government,  as  the  claims  to  such 
tracts  would  not  be  affected  by  a  withdrawal  of  an  entire  section  or  of 
an  entire  township  including  them.  The  withdrawal  is  made  in  such 
form  as  to  exclude  any  tract  the  title  to  which  has  passed  from  the 
United  States,  and  also  to  provide  for  the  withdrawal  going  into  effect 
if  any  claim  is  afterwards  canceled  or  abandoned. 

The  circular  issued  July  21,  1903,  contains  instructions  for  retracing 
the  lines  of  the  public-land  surveys.  Attention  was  called  therein  to 
the  importance  of  not  interfering  with  vested  rights  where  the  lands 
have  been  settled  upon.  In  such  cases,  therefore,  where  corners  can 
not  be  found,  there  will  be  no  authority  for  reestablishing  them, 
because  such  action  would,  at  the  same  time,  affect  the  rights  acquired 
by  a  settler  or  patentee  of  other  lands  bounded  by  the  same  line. 
Under  these  circumstances  the  engineer  should  run  out  the  line  as  if 
the  entire  tract  were  public  land,  so  that  his  plane-table  sheet  may 
show  the  location,  but  no  corners  are  to  be  established.  In  case  public 
land  adjoins  lands  which  have  been  granted  to  railroads,  and  which 
have  not  been  disposed  of  to  private  parties,  the  lines  of  the  public 
surveys  may  be  rerun  and  the  corners  reestablished  if  necessary.  The 
fact  that  the  adjoining  tract  belongs  to  the  railroad  need  not  be 
regarded  as  an  obstacle  in  such  a  case. 

The  plane-table  sheets  should  show  the  public-surve}7  lines  in  all 
cases  of  surveys  for  irrigation  works  or  irrigable  lands.  The  corners 
should  be  marked  so  as  to  distinguish  those  found  on  the  ground, 
those  not  found,  and  those  reestablished. 

FLYING-LINE  RECONNAISSANCE. 

If  the  preliminary  examination  shows  that  the  water  supply  is  suffi- 
cient and  that  the  relative  positions  of  land  and  water  are  such  that 
the  project  seems  feasible.,  the  next  step  is  to  make  a  flying-line  recon- 
naissance. The  object  of  this  reconnaissance  is  to  determine  whether 


NEWELL.]  EECLAMATION    SURVEYS.  303 

or  not  a  preliminary  survey  of  the  project  should  be  made  and  the 
character  and  extent  of  such  a  survey — that  is,  whether  it  should  con- 
sist of  one  or  more  preliminary  transit  lines  through  certain  portions 
of  the  tract  or  a  topographic  survey  of  the  entire  area.  In  other 
words,  it  will  be  necessary  to  determine  approximately  the  relative 
elevations  of  the  controlling  points  and  the  area  of  the  land  that  may  be 
reclaimed.  The  reconnaissance  should  start  from  a  controlling  point, 
which  may  be  the  proposed  point  of  diversion,  the  outlet  from  the 
reservoir,  the  highest  point  of  the  irrigable  land,  or  the  lowest  pass  of 
a  ridge  through  which  the  canal  must  go. 

The  instruments  best  adapted  for  this  work  are  a  light  mountain 
transit,  provided  with  a  vertical  arc  and  level  attached  to  its  tele- 
scope, and  a  stadia  rod.  The  survey  consists  simply  of  running 
through  the  area  one  or  more  traverse  lines  so  located  that  they  will 
give  the  necessary  information.  Distances  between  stations  of  these 
lines  should  be  obtained  by  stadia,  directions  by  the  magnetic  needle, 
and  differences  of  elevation  by  vertical  angles.  Summits  of  hills,  lone 
trees,  houses,  or  other  prominent  objects,  whose  position  may  be  of 
value  in  locating  topographic  features,  should  be  u  cut  in  "  and  verti- 
cal angles  to  them  measured.  If  the  area  has  been  covered  by  a  land- 
survey,  connection  with  its  corners  should  be  made  whenever 
practicable. 

In  work  of  this  kind  three  men  are  required,  a  transitman,  a  rod- 
man,  and  a  teamster.  If  the  character  of  the  topography  permits,  the 
transitman  should  travel  between  stations  in  a  light  wagon  or  on  horse- 
back, and  the  rodman  should  be  provided  with  a  saddle  horse.  In  the 
above-described  manner  a  reconnaissance  can  be  made  rapidly  and 
cheaply  which,  if  the  lines  and  points  located  are  well  selected,  will 
furnish  at  a  minimum  expense  sufficient  data  for  the  determination  of 
the  question  in  hand.  By  combining  the  information  thus  obtained 
with  that  of  the  public-land  surveys  a  good  reconnaissance  map  of  the 
area  may  be  made. 

RESERVOIR  AND  DAM  SITE  SURVEYS. 

Surveys  of  reservoir  and  dam  sites  should  preferably  be  made  by 
plane-table  methods,  except  where  the  site  is  densely  wooded,  in  which 
case  transit  and  stadia  methods  should  be  used.  In  cases  of  reservoirs, 
the  standard  scale  generally  to  be  adopted  is  1,000  feet  to  an  inch, 
with  10-foot  contours.  In  the  case  of  dam  sites  the  standard  scale  is 
20  or  50  feet  to  an  inch  with  5-foot  contours,  except  where  the  detail 
of  topography  is  not  great,  when  a  smaller  scale  may  be  used. 

All  reservoir  survej^s  should  be  made  T\ith  sufficient  accuracy  to 
determine  the  approximate  capacity  of  the  reservoir  and  contents  of 
of  the  dam  with  a  possible  error  of  not  to  exceed  10  per  cent. 

One  or  more  permanent  bench  marks  should  be  established  near  the 


304  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

proposed  dam  site;  the  elevation  should  be  determined  with  reference 
to  the  river  bed  or  water  level,  and  a  line  of  levels  should  connect  the 
bench  mark  with  the  top  contour  of  the  survey.  Wherever  practicable 
this  bench  mark  should  be  connected  by  a  checked  line  of  levels  with 
a  permanent  bench  mark  of  the  topographic  branch  of  the  survey,  in 
which  case  all  elevations  will  be  referred  to  mean  sea  level.  A  line 
of  levels  should  also  be  run  up  the  valley  of  the  reservoir,  stakes  being 
driven  and  flags  erected  at  every  point  where  a  10-foot  contour  crosses 
the  line.  If  the  reservoir  be  wide  or  timbered,  so  that  the  vertical  angle 
connections  with  these  contour  crossings  can  not  be  made  frequently 
and  conveniently,  additional  points  near  the  top  contour  should  also 
be  established  with  the  Wye  level. 

A  base  line  of  such  length  and  so  located  that  a  well-conditioned, 
graphic  triangulation  may  be  expanded  from  it  should  be  measured  in 
duplicate  by  a  steel  tape,  and  from  this  base  line  a  careful  plane-table 
triangulation  should  be  executed.  Before  beginning  the  triangulation 
all  stations  should  be  marked  by  artificial  signals.  Where  a  reservoir 
site,  on  the  scale  adopted,  covers  more  than  three  consecutive  plane- 
table  sheets,  all  the  angles  of  a  triangulation  system  should  be  meas- 
ured by  a  transit,  and  the  relative  position  of  the  stations  should  be 
computed  and  plotted  on  the  plane-table  sheets  before  beginning  the 
plane-table  surveys. 

Secondary  points  for  the  control  of  the  sketching  can  be  located  by 
stadia  methods.  Hills,  buildings,  lone  trees,  or  other  recognizable 
objects  should  be  utilized  as  far  a^>  available,  and  be  located  by  inter- 
section. Secondary  points  should  be  skillfully  distributed  so  as  to 
establish  controlling  points  in  the  topography,  such  as  change  of  slope, 
important  junction  or  bends  in  drainage  lines,  hills,  passes,  etc.  A 
careful  search  should  be  made  for  corners  of  the  public-land  surveys, 
and  all  found  located  accurately  on  the  plane-table  sheets. 

Where  a  reservoir  site  is  so  densely  wooded  as  to  absolutely  pro- 
hibit any  field  sketching  and  necessitate  the  cutting  of  lines  for  all 
sights  and  the  locating  of  a  very  large  number  of  points  to  establish 
the  contours,  transit  and  stadia  methods  should  be  used.  The  method 
generally  used  is  to  run  a  traverse  line  up  the  valley  of  the  reser- 
voir site,  and  one  along  the  top  contour  of  the  survey;  and  where 
the  site  is  not  too  large  points  on  these  lines  may  be  connected  by 
traverse  lines,  differences  of  elevation  being  obtained  by  the  hand 
level,  and  distances  determined  by  pacing.  Where  the  reservoir  is 
large  it  will  be  necessary  to  run  these  traverse  lines  by  transit  and 
stadia. 

PRELIMINARY  CANAL  SURVEYS. 

Before  beginning  a  preliminary  canal  survey  the  chief  of  party 
should  become  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  countiy  through  which 


NEWELL.]  PRELIMINARY    CANAL    SURVEYS.  305 

the  canal  must  pass.  Party  organization  for  a  preliminary  survey 
will  usually  consist  of  one  chief  of  party,  one  transitman  and  level- 
man,  one  plane-table  man,  and  the  necessary  rodmen  and  camp 
assistants. 

The  chief  of  party  will  give  the  general  location  of  the  line.  The 
instrument  man,  whose  part}^  will  comprise,  in  addition  to  himself, 
one  rodman,  one  stakeman,  and  axmen  if  necessary,  should  place 
stakes  with  a  level  along  the  line  of  the  canal,  estimating  approxi- 
mately the  grade.  These  stakes  should  be  placed  from  200  to  300  feat 
apart  and  be  marked  with  a  consecutive  number  and  elevation.  Dis- 
tances between  the  stakes  should  not  be  measured  in  this  first  step, 
but  should  be  estimated.  This  line  should  not  follow  the  grade  con- 
tour on  the  ground,  but  should  be  located  as  nearly  as  possible  where 
the  final  line  would  cross  ridges  or  ravines.  The  second  day's  work 
of  this  party  should  consist  in  locating  the  stakes  with  transit  and 
stadia,  running  an  azimuth  line  in  preference  to  deflection  angles. 
The  transit  notes  should  be  platted  in  camp  from  day  to  day  as  the 
work  progresses,  on  a  long  roll  of  detail  drawing  paper,  generally  on 
a  scale  of  400  feet  to  the  inch.  These  platted  points  should  then  be 
transferred  to  plane-table  sheets  by  placing  the  said  sheets  under  the 
drawing  paper  and  pricking  through  with  a  needle  point.  Points  thus 
transferred  should  be  marked  with  the  consecutive  stake  number  and 
the  elevation. 

These  sheets  should  then  be  taken  into  the  field  by  the  plane-table 
man,  whose  party  will  include  one  rodman,  and  one  station  assistant 
to  keep  notes  and  work  up  the  elevations  and  horizontal  distances  from 
the  vertical  angles  and  stadia  distances.  The  topography  in  5 -foot 
contours  should  be  mapped  with  alidade  and  stadia  for  a  distance  of 
300  to  500  feet  on  both  sides  of  the  line.  The  sheets  should  over- 
lap an  inch  or  two  at  the  most  convenient  angle,  at  or  near  the  left 
side  of  the  lower  sheet,  so  that  the  line  and  the  topography  may  be 
continuous  when  the  sheets  are  superimposed  in  their  proper  order. 

Wherever  the  line  crosses  a  watercourse,  however  small,  the  plane- 
table  man  should  make  notes — preferably  on  the  plane-table  sheets — of 
the  approximate  area  of  the  drainage  basin  above  the  point  of  crossing, 
and  estimate  from  the  position  of  drift,  etc. ,  the  probable  maximum 
discharge  of  the  stream  at  the  point  of  crossing.  This  information  is 
of  great  value  in  the  office  when  making  designs  for  crossing  water- 
courses. Wagon  roads,  railroads,  and  other  construction  intersecting 
the  line  should  be  noted. 

The  level  work  should  be  of  the  degree  of  accuracy  required  by  the 
regulations  of  the  topographic  branch;  that  is,  the  limit  of  error  in 
feet  should  not  exceed  0.05s/distance  in  miles.  Permanent  bench- 
mark posts  should  be  established  on  the  line  of  survey  at  intervals 
IBR  93—94 20 


306  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

not  greater  than  3  or  4  miles  and,  wherever  practicable,  be  connected 
with  the  bench  marks  of  the  topographic  branch.  Temporary  bench 
marks  should  be  established  not  more  than  a  mile  apart  in  open  coun- 
tr}r  and  at  every  1,000  feet  in  rough  or  broken  country.  Connections 
should  be  made  as  often  as  possible  with  the  located  corners  of  the 
public-land  surveys,  and  with  the  primary  triangulation  of  the  topo- 
graphic branch  where  it  exists.  The  three-point  location  is  generally 
the  most  convenient  method  for  making  the  later  connection. 

Another  method  of  survey,  which  may  be  found  advantageous  under 
certain  conditions,  is  described  below: 

The  first  party  should  make  the  location  of  the  canal  line  with  a 
Wye  level,  setting  stakes  from  500  to  1,000  feet,  suitably  marked  with 
the  ground  elevation  and  with  a  flag,  so  that  the}7  can  be  easily  seen  at 
some  distance.  The  line  should  follow  the  approximate  grade  of  the 
canal  and  not  run  as  a  simple  contour  line. 

The  second  party  should  locate  this  line  with  plane  table,  distances 
being  obtained  by  stadia  and  orientation  or  direction  with  the  magnetic 
needle.  Frequent  connections  should  be  made  with  section  corners, 
where  the  area  has  been  covered  by  the  public-land  surveys.  The 
scale  of  map  may  be  2,000  feet  to  the  inch.  The  contour  interval 
should  be  10  feet,  from  which  the  slope  of  the  ground  can  be  obtained 
and  estimates  of  quantities  made.  By  this  method  from  4  to  6  miles 
a  day  can  be  run,  thus  easily  keeping  up  with  the  level  party. 

The  location  of  the  line  will  be  known  from  time  to  time  as  the  work 
progresses,  and  it  will  not  be  necessary  to  afterwards  plot  up  the  line, 
as  is  the  case  when  transit  methods  are  adopted.  Connections  with 
the  corners  of  the  public-land  surveys  can  also  be  more  quickly  made, 
as  the  land  lines  can  be  projected  ahead  of  the  work  after  the  first  one 
or  two  corners  have  been  found. 

Such  a  party  should  consist  of  one  levelman  and  his  rodman,  one 
plane-table  man  with  his  rodman,  one  teamster,  and  one  cook. 

Observations  on  a  circumpolar  star  or  on  the  sun  should  occasionally 
be  taken  as  the  survey  progresses,  in  order  to  check  the  azimuth  of  the 
line.  These  observations,  if  possible,  should  be  made  at  a  station  on 
the  line. 

Where  only  a  hasty  reconnoissance  can  be  made  of  the  canal  line, 
the  topography,  instead  of  being  mapped  with  a  plane  table,  may  be 
sketched  in  a  notebook,  only  one  man  with  hand  level  being  required 
for  that  purpose.  He  will  generally  keep  up  with  the  transit  party. 

Along  canyon  sections  the  scale  of  400  feet  for  the  plane-table  work 
is  hardly  large  enough,  and  if  an  accurate  estimate  is  desired  a  larger 
scale  of  200  or  100  feet  to  the  inch  will  be  necessary.  Experience  has 
shown  that  through  open  country,  with  the  recommended  scale  of  400 
feet,  the  plane-table  party  can  generally  keep  up  with  the  locating 
party  if  the  levels  are  run  one  day  and  the  same  line  located  with 
transit  the  following  day. 


NKWKLL.]  KECLAMATION    SURVEYS.  307 

TOPOGRAPHIC    SURVEYS. 

Wherever  the  topography  is  such  that  preliminary  canal  lines  can 
not  bo  easily  located  by  the  method  given  in  sections  27  and  28  of  the 
Survey's  book  of  Instructions,  as  in  a  very  difficult  rolling  country,  a 
topographic  survey  of  the  entire  area  should  be  made,  and  the  prelimi- 
nary location  of  canal  lines  made  On  the  resulting  topographic  map. 
For  such  a  survey  plane-table  methods  should  always  be  used,  and  the 
general  methods  of  topographic  surveying  given  on  pages  56-81  of 
the  Instructions  should  be  employed  in  so  far  as  they  are  applicable 
to  the  work. 

The  topographic  branch  of  the  Survey  has  extended  primary  trian- 
gulation  and  primary  leveling  over  various  parts  of  the  country. 
Before  a  topqgraphic  survey  of  a  project  is  begun  information  should 
be  obtained  from  the  Washington  office  as  to  whether  these  primary 
surveys  have  been  extended  over  the  area,  and  if  so,  such  of  their 
data  obtained  as  will  expedite  the  work. 

SURVEYING  IRRIGABLE  LAND. 

The  same  general  methods  prescribed  for  topographic  field  work 
(pp.  56-81  of  Instructions)  should  be  used  in  surveying  irrigable 
land  under  a  proposed  canal  line.  Where  no  primary  triangulation 
exists  it  will  be  necessary  to  measure  a  base  line  and  expand  the 
plane-table  triangulation  from  it.  As  in  the  case  of  reservoir  sur- 
veys, where  the  area  covers  more  than  three  consecutive  plane-table 
sheets,  an  instrumental  triangulation  should  be  made  with  a  transit  or 
theodolite. 

The  scale  of  field  sheets  should  not  be  less  than  one-half  mile  to  an 
inch,  and  the  contour  interval  not  greater  than  10  feet.  As  in  reser- 
voir surveys,  connection  should  be  made  with  all  land-office  corners. 

TRIANGULATION. 

Where  it  is  necessaiy  to  measure  the  angles  of  a  system  of  triangu- 
lation for  the  control  of  the  topograph}^  of  a  large  area  of  irrigable 
land,  and  where  the  instrument  used  reads  to  20  or  30  seconds,  the 
following  method  is  generally  of  sufficient  accuracy: 

The  signals  are  supposed  be  in  the  order  of  A  B  C— A. 
First  set          J  Telescope  direct — read  on  A  B  C — A. 

1  Telescope  reversed — read  $n  A — C  B  A. 
f  Shift  the  limb  90°. 
Second -set  _     )  Telescope  reversed— read  on  A  B  C— A. 

(  Telescope  direct — read  on  A — C  B  A. 

If  more  than  two  sets  are  necessary  {he  limb  should  be  shifted,  be- 
tween sets,  180°  divided  by  the  number  of  sets. 
In  all  cases  read  both  verniers. 


308  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

Each  set  is  complete  in  itself. 

Observations  on  a  circum polar  star  for  azimuth  should  be  made  at 
the  beginning  and  end  of  the  triangulation. 

FINAL  LOCATION. 

In  finally  locating  a  waterway  many  things  must  be  considered 
which  are  necessarily  matters  of  judgment  on  the  part  of  the  engineer. 

The  first  and  most  important  is  the  velocity  which  the  water  must 
have  for  a  given  material.  This  involves  changes  of  gradient  and 
changes  of  cross  section  for  different  classes  of  material. 

If  the  velocity  is  too  high  the  material  of  the  bottom  and  sides  will 
be  eroded  and  carried  to  places  whence  it  will  have  to  be  removed  at 
some  expense  every  }^ear.  If  the  velocity  is  too  low,  there  will  be  an 
unnecessary  outlay  in  first  cost  of  excavation  and  of  maintenance  in 
removing  deposits  of  sediment.  Good  judgment  is  essential  in  this 
matter,  and  it  is  probably  better  to  err  on  the  side  of  safety  by  fixing 
a  low  velocity  instead  of  a  high  one.  This  decision  may  be  modified, 
if  there  is  much  sediment  in  the  water,  as  a  low  velocity  will  allow 
the  sediment  to  accumulate  where  it  may  affect  the  capacity  of  the 
canal,  and  entail  an  annual  expense  for  cleaning  which  would  be 
unnecessary  if  the  velocity  were  higher. 

The  following  limiting  values  for  mean  velocity  in  canals  are  given, 
although  they  may  be  changed  if  in  the  judgment  of  the  engineer  such 
change  is  warranted: 

2  to  3  feet  per  second  for  ordinary  soils;  1.75  feet  per  second,  minimum,  unless 
water  is  very  clear,  when  a  lower  velocity  may  be  used. 

3  to  3.5  feet  per  second  in  ordinary  firm  soils. 

5  to  7  feet  per  second,  safe  in  hard  pan  and  soft  rock. 
8  to  10  feet  per  second  in  cement  work. 
15  feet  per  second  in  solid  rock. 

The  velocity  and  the  quantity  of  water  to  be  carried  being  fixed,  the 
area  of  cross  section  is  known.  This  area  may,  however,  be  put  into 
many  different  shapes,  which  must  vary  according  to  the  material 
encountered.  In  the  simplest  case,  the  area  being  a  rectangle,  there 
are  but  two  factors  to  consider — the  breadth  and  depth.  In  trapezoidal 
channels  an  additional  factor  has  to  be  considered — the  slope  of  the 
sides.  In  the  most  general  case,  if 

A  equals  the  area, 
B  equals  the  base, 
d  equals  the  depth, 

horizontal 
m  equals  the  ratio  of  slopes,  -        — r- 

VQiLlCftJ. 

The  area  A  equals  Bd  plus  md2. 

There  are  here  three  variable  quantities,  and  it  becomes  necessary 
to  fix  two  of  them  before  the  third  can  be  found. 


NEWELL.]  FINAL    LOCATION.  309 

It  is  evident  that  in  is  fixed  between  narrow  limits  on  account  of  the 
material,  and  that  B  and  d  may  vary  considerably.  As  the  width  of 
the  base  is  of  minor  importance  compared  with  the  depth  of  the  water, 
it  is  best  to  fix  the  latter  as  soon  as  the  velocity  is  decided  upon.  The 
depth  of  the  water  depends  to  a  great  extent  upon  the  purpose  of  the 
canal.  If  it  is  to  be  an  irrigation  canal  from  which  many  branches 
mav  be  ta-ken,  the  depth  should  be  less  than  for  a  canal  which  is  meant 
to  carry  flood  water  to  a  reservoir.  For  rectangular  channels,  a  canal 
in  which  the  base  is  twice  the  depth  gives  a  maximum  velocity  for  a 
given  gradient.  This  cross  section  can  sometimes  be  used  in  flumes 
and  rock  cuts,  but  it  is  seldom  practicable  to  construct  a  canal  with 
the  most  economical  form  of  trapezoidal  section,  as  the  slopes  are  fixed 
by  the  nature  of  the  material,  and  the  depth  of  water  by  other 
conditions. 

In  general  the  following  limiting  values  for  side  slopes  of  canals 
will  be  found  safe: 

\  horizontal  to  1  vertical  in  rock  cuts. 

1  horizontal  to  1  vertical  in  firm  soil. 

]g  horizontal  to  1  vertical  in  ordinary  soils. 

2  horizontal  to  1  vertical  in  very  light  soils. 

On  steep  side  hills  the  channel  should  be  all  in  excavation,  in  order 
to  prevent  the  sliding  of  the  lower  bank,  although  the  expense  of  the 
grading  is  thereby  increased.  In  level  or  slightly  rolling  country  the 
cost  of  excavation  may  be  much  reduced  by  making  the  depth  of  the  cut 
such  as  to  allow  the  upper  portion  of  the  canal  to  be  made  with  the 
material  taken  out  of  the  excavation. 

Due  allowance  must  be  made  for  the  height  of  the  banks  above  the 
maximum  height  of  water  surface,  and  also  for  settlement  or  shrinkage 
of  banks,  dependent  upon  the  nature  of  the  material  excavated.  Great 
judgment  must  be  used  to  avoid  slides  on  the  lower  side  of  the  canal, 
where  the  ground  on  which  the  embankment  rests  is  sloping,  as  water 
is  liable  to  percolate  between  the  new  material  and  the  original  surface 
of  the  ground.  Slides  are  also  liable  on  the  upper  side  of  canals  on 
steep  slopes  if  the  ground  becomes  saturated  from  rain  or  snow. 

Sometimes  a  berm  of  2  or  more  feet  is  introduced  between  the  foot 
of  the  bank  and  the  edge  of  the  excavation,  but  this  is  liable  to  intro- 
duce irregularity  in  the  flow  of  the  water  if  the  ground  is  sloping  lat- 
erally and  undulating  longitudinally.  Absolutely  level  ground  is 
seldom  found  in  practice,  and  if  a  berm  is  graded  oft'  to  true  planes, 
in  order  to  make  the  cross  section  conform  as  nearly  as  possible  to  the 
theoretical  one,  the  additional  cost  is  not  justified.  Berms  have  been 
very  generally  discarded  in  recent  irrigation  practice,  and  are  not 
recommended  except  possibly  in  deep  cuts  to  catch  material  that  would 
slide  into  the  canal. 

It  is  nearly  always  desirable  to  have  a  wagon  road  running  along- 


310  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

side  a  canal,  to  facilitate  repairs,  and  this  must  also  be  taken  into 
account  in  the  formation  of  the  bank  on  one  side. 

In  fixing  the  minimum  radius  of  curvature  to  be  used  on  a  canal  it 
is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  curves  may  be  used  much  more  freely  to 
save  work  on  a  canal  than  they  may  on  railroads.  The  minimum  radius 
to  be  adopted  must  be,  in  great  measure,  a  matter  of  good  judgment 
on  the  part  of  the  engineer.  Every  curve  changes  the  conditions  of 
flow  to  some  extent,  tending  to  reduce  the  velocity.  Care  must  also  be 
exercised  to  prevent  excessive  washing  of  the  banks.  In  general,  the 
minimum  radius  should  be  from  4  to  6  times  the  bottom  width.  In 
special  cases  a  smaller  radius  may  be  used,  but  then  the  outer  bank 
should  be  riprapped  in  ordinary  soils  to  prevent  erosion. 

These  are  a  few  of  the  points  which  must  be  considered  when  making 
the  paper  location  on  the  topographic  sheets.  When  staking  out  the 
final  location  on  the  ground  the  method  used  in  staking  out  the  final 
location  of  a  railroad  should  be  adopted.  Stakes  should  be  set  every 
50  or  100  feet,  and  driven  so  that  if  struck  hard  enough  they  will 
break  off  in  the  ground  instead  of  being  knocked  over.  In  hard 
ground  it  may  be  necessary  to  use  a  steel  gad  and  sledge  to  make  a 
hole  for  the  stake,  but  extra  care  should  be  taken  with  the  final  loca- 
tion stakes,  as  every  one  of  them  will  have  to  be  found  and  verified 
by  the  part}^  setting  out  the  slope  stakes.  This  rule  applies  even  more 
forcibly  to  slope  stakes,  as  they  are  supposed  to  be  preserved  by  the 
construction  force  and  should  not  be  disturbed.  They  should  remain 
just  where  driven  till  the  work  is  all  done.  On  m&ny  railroads  small 
hardwood  pegs  are  driven  exactly  to  measurement  on  center  and  down 
to  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  the  usual  large  stake  driven  along- 
side as  a  witness  stake.  This  practice  has  much  to  commend  it.  As 
the  center  stakes  are  usually  removed  after  all  instrument  points  are 
referenced,  and  the  first  plowing  made,  it  is  sufficient  to  drive  the 
center  stakes  so  that  they  may  be  found  without  trouble  at  any  time 
within  a  few  years  after  being  driven. 

The  stakes  of  all  preliminary  lines  should  be  pulled  up  when  the 
final  location  stakes  are  driven.  Neglect  -of  this  apparently  simple 
precaution  will  frequently  result  in  the  graders  getting  on  the  wrong 
line  and  doing  work  which  has  to  be  thrown  away,  thereby  causing 
hard  feelings  between  engineer  and  contractor.  All  stakes  look  alike 
to  a  man  who  can  not  read.  Stakes  should  always  be  lettered  and 
numbered  on  the  side  next  the  transitman,  so  that  he  can  check  the 
numbering  on  curves.  This  also  enables  the  rodman  to  see  the  num- 
ber and  call  it  out  to  the  leveler  before  he  puts  down  his  rod.  The 
letter  "L"  should  be  used  only  for  final  location.  All  stakes  should 
be  lettered  and  numbered  from  the  top  downward  and  be  marked  with 
red  keel  if  possible  to  obtain  it. 

Hubs  with  tack  points  for  beginnings  and  ends  of  curves  should  be 


NEW  ELI,]  DESIGNS.  311 

driven  to  the  level  of  the  ground  or  a  little  below  it,  so  that  passing 
vehicles  or  animals  may  not  displace  them. 

Bench  marks  should  be  established  on  final  location  at  least  every 
1,000  feet  on  rough  sidehill  ground,  and  at  least  every  mile  in  level 
or  open  country,  and  they  should  always  be  far  enough  to  one  side  to 
be  well  outside  the  slope  stakes  when  they  are  set. 

DESIGNS. 

When  the  engineer  is  making  the  paper  location  he  will  decide  as  to 
the  number  and  nature  of  the  structures  required  on  the  canal,  and 
will  have  additional  topographical  notes  and  maps  made  on  a  large 
scale,  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  careful  designing  of  the  structures. 
These  designs  could  be  underway  when  the  final  location  of  the  line 
is  commenced  in  the  field.  The  designs  should  contemplate  permanent 
and  durable  structures,  such  as  will  reflect  credit  on  the  service 
and  be  most  economical  in  the  end. 

The  engineer  in  charge  of  a  project  should  make  his  own  designs  for 
structures  or  have  them  made  by  a  competent  designing  engineer 
under  his  immediate  supervision,  and  when  ready  they  should  be  sub- 
mitted to  the  board  of  consulting  engineers  appointed  by  the  chief 
engineer  for  their  approval  and  suggestions. 

When  the  plans  are  approved  by  this  board  they  may  be  presented 
to  the  chief  engineer  for  his  final  approval,  after  which  they  will  be 
ready  to  attach  to  the  contract. 

POWER  DEVELOPMENT. 

By  H.  A.  STORKS. 

The  power  features  of  most  projects  naturally  divide  themselves 
into  three  classes,  viz: 

1.  Temporary  power  development  for  use  during  construction  of 
dams,  canals,  etc. 

2.  Permanent  power  development  possibilities. 

3.  Permanent  power  utilization  possibilities. 

Machinery  required  for  temporary  power  plants  can  ordinarily  be 
utilized  afterwards  in  the  permanent  power  plants;  hence  temporary 
power  development  may  often  be  accomplished  at  the  slight  increase 
of  cost  of  the  project  as  a  whole,  since  the  first  cost  of  most  of  the 
machinery  is  ultimately  charged  to  the  permanent  plant.  To  secure 
this  end  the  general  design  of  the  permanent,  power  plant  should  be 
determined  before  buying  the  machinery  for  the  temporary  plant. 

For  gravity  irrigation  systems,  including  the  development  and  use 
of  power  for  pumping  as  an  auxiliary  source  of  supply,  two  classes 
should  be  considered,  viz: 

(1)  Those  in  which  the  power  is  developed  by  water  flowing  out  of 
a  storage  reservoir. 


312  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  lNo.93. 

(2)  Those  in  which  the  power  is  developed  by  water  diverted  from 
a  stream  or  falling  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  canal  level.  Power  plants 
for  the  first  class  will  have  to  be  designed  to  operate  under  various 
heads,  depending  upon  the  stage  of  water  in  the  reservoir;  whereas 
power  plants  for  the  second  class  will  be  designed  to  operate  under 
practical^  constant  head,  and  will  therefore  be  cheaper  and  simpler  in 
construction. 

for  each  class  the  available  flow  of  wate.r  during  the  irrigation 
season  should  be  stated.  This  information  could  be  best  presented  in 
the  form  of  curves  showing  the  probable  average  day  and  night  flow 
per  day  or  week  throughout  the  year. 

An  important  aid  in  determining  the  best  design  of  power  machin- 
ery for  class  1  consists  in  knowing  approximately  the  stage  of  water  in 
the  reservoir  at  which  the  full  output  of  the  power  plant  is  to  be 
secured.  The  bearing  of  this  information  in  determining  the  design 
becomes  evident  when  it  is  observed  that  if  the  machinery  is  intended 
to  3^ield  the  full  output  of  the  plant  when  the  reservoir  is  nearly 
empty,  the  machinery  will  not  be  able  to  utilize  the  entire  power 
available  when  the  reservoir  is  full;  whereas  if  the  machinery  is 
designed  to  yield  its  full  output  only  when  the  reservoir  is  full,  the 
plant  will  be  able  to  deliver  only  a  fraction  of  its  full-rated  output 
when  the  reservoir  is  only  partially  full.  Another  form  of  conveying 
the  information  required  for  properly  designing  power  plants  for 
storage  reservoirs  would  involve  statements  as  to  capacities  at  all 
depths  of  water  in  the  reservoir  and  as  to  whether  the  reservoir  is 
expected  to  be  filled  and  emptied  each  irrigation  season,  or  to  be  filled 
and  emptied  only  in  exceptional  seasons,  or  to  be  only  partially  filled 
and  not  entirely  emptied  (probable  limits  to  be  stated)  each  season 
under  usual  conditions  of  rainfall,  etc. 

The  design  and  cost  of  power  plants  will  also  be  affected  by  the  con- 
ditions under  which  the  power  is  to  be  used.  Assuming  that  it  is  to 
be  applied  to  pumping  from  wells  or  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  canal 
level,  the  power  will  usually  have  to  be  transmitted  electrically, 
and  the  distance  of  transmission  is  one  factor  in  determining  the 
design  of  the  electrical  apparatus.  The  cost  of  transmission  lines  will 
depend  upon  the  distance,  the  amount  of  power  transmitted,  and  local 
conditions. 

In  preliminar}^  estimates  of  cost  of  power  plants,  transmission  lines, 
and  pumping  plants,  the  knowledge  of  local  conditions  which  it  is  most 
necessary  to  have  involves  a  statement  as  to  the  supply  of  labor  and 
construction  materials  afforded  by  the  local  market,  with  estimates  of 
cost  of  the  same,  a  statement  of  the  distance  by  wagon  road  from  the 
nearest  railroad  station  to  the  location  of  the  works,  and  cost  of  haul- 
ing per  ton  mile,  and  a  statement  of  the  nature  of  the  country  over 
which  the  transmission  line  will  pass.  The  cost  of  poles,  35  to  40  feet 


NEWELL.]  POWER    DEVELOPMENT.  313 

long  and  10  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top,  delivered,  should  be  ascer- 
tained, as  well  as  the  cost  of  timber  and  other  construction  materials. 

Detailed  information  should  be  obtained  as  to  the  nature  of  the 
ground  at  the  proposed  locations  of  power  and  pumping  plants,  pref- 
erably on  plane-table  sheets  drawn  to  a  scale  of  about  50  feet  to  the 
inch  and  showing  5-foot  contours  over  the  area  where  headworks,  pen- 
stocks, power  machinery,  draft  tube  pits,  tailrace,  etc.,  are  to  be 
located.  Where  it  is  expected  that  structures  requiring  solid  founda- 
tions will  be  built,  the  depth  to  bed  rock  should  be  ascertained  by  test 
pits  or  borings.  The  highest  and  lowest  water  levels  in  the  stream  at 
proposed  location  of  tailrace  should  be  stated,  in  order  that  the  power 
house  may  be  built  out  of  reach  of  flood  waters,  yet  low  enough  to 
utilize  the  full  head  available.  The  power-room  floor  level  can  be  18 
or  20  feet  above  tail- water  level. 

The  power  possibilities  of  a  project  should  usually  be  given  but 
little  attention  when  an  ample  supply  of  water  can  be  delivered  by 
gravity  at  reasonable  cost  to  all  the  irrigable  land  available.  Some- 
times, however,  a  long  main  canal  through  country  involving  .expen- 
sive construction  may  be  replaced  by  a  series  of  canals  located  so  as 
to  take  advantage  of  the  surface  formations  and  involving  one  or 
more  pumping  plants,  thus  lessening  somewhat  the  total  cost  of  the 
system.  A  given  quantity  of  water  falling  a  given  vertical  distance 
may  be  counted  on  to  pump  an  equal  quantity  of  water  to  about  one- 
half  the  same  vertical  height,  and  the  total  cost  of  the  electric  power 
system  may  be  roughly  figured  at  $100  per  horsepower  transmitted. 

Projects  in  which  pumping  may  be  considered  an  essential  feature 
involve  three  principal  items:  (1)  The  possibility  of  developing  power 
at  reasonable  cost;  (2)  an  adequate  supply  of  water  for  pumping;  (3)  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  irrigable  land  within  reach  of  the  pumping  plants. 

The  determination  of  the  possibility  of  power  development  involves 
a  study  of  water  power  from  streams  and  reservoirs  and  a  study  of 
the  fuel  resources  of  the  country. 

The  determination  of  the  possibility  of  obtaining  an  adequate  water- 
supply  involves  a  study  of  stream  flow  and  underground  supply. 

The  determination  of  the  amount  of  land  to  be  irrigated  by  pumped 
water  involves  a  study  of  the  character  and  quantities  of  land  at  vari- 
ous elevations  and  at  various  distances  from  the  source  from  which 
water  is  to  be  obtained  by  pumping. 

The  possibility  of  storing  the  pumped  water  in  reservoirs  at  such 
elevations  that  it  can  be  distributed  by  gravity  to  the  lands  to  be  irri- 
gated is  an  important  feature  of  some  projects.  Where  such  an 
arrangement  is  possible,  a  comparatively  small  pumping  plant  work- 
ing continuously  would  be  able  to  furnish  water  sufficient  for  a  short 
irrigation  season  for  several  times  as  much  land  as  it  could  supply  if 
pumping  direct  onto  the  land  without  having  the  benefit  of  the  equal- 


314  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

izing  effect  of  the  reservoir.  This  feature  is  specially  important  where 
the  water  is  pumped  from  wells,  since  a  steady  draft  on  the  wells  is 
more  economical  of  power  than  a  short  forced  draft,  and  the  capacity 
and  number  of  wells  required  to  yield  the  year's  supply  of  water  may 
be  smaller. 

Where  conditions  are  favorable  for  pumping  water  for  irrigation, 
except  that  the  cost  of  developing  water  power  is  nearly  or  quite  pro- 
hibitive, the  possibility  of  using  steam  or  gas  engines  should  be  con- 
sidered. This  involves  securing  information  regarding  the  cost  of 
coal  or  oil  delivered  at  the  power  plant,  and  a  determination  of  the 
quality  of  the  coal  in  case  a  lowrgrade  coal  can  be  obtained  cheaply 
near  at  hand.  With  cheap  fuel  a  central  producer  gas  plant  distrib- 
uting gas  under  pressure  by  pipe  lines  5  or  10  miles  in  length  to  scat- 
tered pumping  plants  operated  by  gas  engines  would  compare  favor- 
ably, as  regards  first  cost,  operating  expenses,  and  efficiency,  with 
many  electric  systems  operated  by  water  power. 


PERSONNEL  OF  THE  RECLAMATION  SERVICE. 

[Revised  to  April  1,  1904.] 

The  following  list  gives,  in  alphabetic  order,  the  names  of  the  prin- 
cipal men  of  the  regular  force  of  the  reclamation  service  and  the 
salient  facts  concerning  their  education  and  experience.  These  have 
been  brought  together  for  convenience  of  reference  by  all  concerned 
with  the  work  of  the  reclamation  service,  since  they  answer  questions 
that  are  asked  from  time  to  time  as  to  the  various  men. 

More  elaborate  and  detailed  information  is  kept  on  file  in  the  Wash- 
ington office,  together  with  confidential  records  of  the  ability  displayed 
and  the  work  accomplished  by  each  employee,  these  being  for  the 
information  of  the  boards  convened  to  consider  personnel. 

AHERN,  JEREMIAH,  engineer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born  in  California, 
July  5,  1860.  Educated  as  a  civil  engineer  at  University  of  California.  In  1883  was 
field  assistant  with  United  States  Geological  Survey,  and  in  November  of  that  year 
was  appointed  assistant  topographer.  In  1884  was  on  survey  and  reconnaissance 
work  in  California.  During  field  seasons  1885-1889  was  on  topographic  surveys  in 
Virginia,  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Pennsylvania,  and  during  the  winter  months  on 
office  work  in  Washington,  D.  C.  1889-1891,  topographer,  Powell  Irrigation  Survey, 
in  charge  of  surveying  parties  in  Montana.  1891-1892,  topographer,  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  on  topographic  work  in  New  Mexico  and  California.  1892-1895, 
associated  with  McCray  Brothers,  civil  and  hydraulic  engineers,  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
during  which  time  was  engaged  in  land  surveys,  surveys  of  reservoir  sites,  railroads, 
canal  lines,  construction  of  ditches,  and  wagon  roads,  also  in  hydraulic  and  irrigation 
surveys  and  investigations  and  study  of  problems  related  to  water  supply.  Author 
of  ''Hydraulic  Formulas  and  Tables."  1895-1899,  United  States  surveyor  of  lands 
in  Indian  Territory,  under  United  States  Geological  Survey.  1899-1901,  topographer, 
United  States  Geological  Survey,  on  topographic  work  in  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and 
Utah,  and  on  office  work  in  Washington,  D.  C.  1901-1902,  hydrographer,  United 
States  Geological  Survey,  on  topographic  work  in  Colorado  and  Arizona,  and  on 
hydrographic  work  in  Arizona.  July  8, 1902,  appointed  engineer  in  the  reclamation 
service,  since  which  date  he  has  been  engaged  in  surveys  and  investigations  in 
Wyoming. 

ANDERSEN,  CHRISTIAN,  engineer.  Address,  Portland,  Oreg.  Born  in  Denmark, 
December  28,  1860.  Educated  at  University  of  Minnesota,  degree  B.C.E.  Member 
American  Society  Civil  Engineers.  In  1886  was  division  engineer  on  construction 
for  Minneapolis,  Lyndale  and  Minnetonka  Railroad;  in  1887,  resident  engineer  on 
construction  for  Northern  Pacific  Railroad;  1888-1*90,  topographer,  transitman,  and 
in  charge  of  locating  party,  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Company.  From 
1890-1899  practiced  civil  engineering  in  Oregon.  In  1899-1900,  chief  engineer  of  loca- 
tion, The  Dalles  Southern  Railroad.  In  1901  was  general  manager  for  the  Columbia 
River  Packers'  Association,  constructing  salmon  cannery  in  Alaska.  In  1902,  super- 
intendent of  construction  in  Alaska.  Appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclama- 
tion service  May  24,  1903,  and  promoted  to  engineer  January  1,  1904. 

315 


316  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

ARNOT,  EDWIN  PERCY,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Wadsworth,  Nev.  Born  in  Cali- 
fornia, July  22,  1882.  Graduate  of  Nevada  State  University,  degree  B.S.  In  1902 
was  with  Standard  Electric  Company,  of  California,  making  estimates  of  rock-fill  in 
construction  of  dam  at  Tamarack,  Gal.,  also  making  topographic  survey  of  two  reser- 
voir sites.  1902-1903,  with  United  States  Geological  Survey,  on  Truckee  Canal  and 
Carson  River  reservoir  sites.  May  27,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclama- 
tion service,  and  continued  on  Truckee-Carson  work. 

BABB,  CYRUS  GATES,  engineer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born  in  Portland, 
Me.,  1867.  Graduate  of  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  1890.  Associate 
member  American  Society  Civil  Engineers.  In  1887,  on  preliminary  railroad  survey 
Rockland  to  Rockport,  Me.  In  1888  transitman  under  Gilbert  Hodges,  Member 
American  Society  Civil  Engineers,  on  street  railway  work;  1890  to  date  with  United 
States  Geological  Survey  in  various  capacities,  viz.,  July,  1890,  to  August,  1892,  assistant 
hydrographer  and  assistant  topographer  in  charge  of  hydrographic  office  work; 
August,  1892,  to  January,  1893,  assistant  in  topographic  and  hydrographic  field  work 
in  Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  Colorado;  from  January  to  July,  1893,  in  office;  summer  and 
fall  of  1893,  assistant  geologist  working  in  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Tennessee;  summer 
of  1894  traveling  in  Europe;  January  to  June,  1895,  engaged  in  hydrographic  field  work 
in  the  basin  of  Potomac  River;  July  to  December,  1895,  in  charge  of  hydrographic 
work  in  Atlantic  slope;  January  to  July,  1896,  as  assistant  hydrographer  for  the 
determination  of  a  water  supply  for  Gila  River  Indian  Reservation  in  Arizona;  July, 
1896,  to  November,  1898,  inspector  of  hydrographic  stations  west  of  Mississippi  River. 
November,  1898,  to  September,  1899,  assistant  hydrographer  in  charge  of  field  party 
on  Gila  River  survey;  September,  1899,  to  June,  1901,  hydrographer  in  charge  of 
investigations  for  water  supply  for  Uinta  Indian  Reservation,  Utah;  July,  1901,  to 
June,  1902,  hydrographer  in  charge  of  Milk  River  project,  Montana.  July,  1902,  to 
date,  engineer,  reclamation  service,  in  charge  of  Milk  River  project,  Montana. 

BAILEY,  EARNEST  ALBERT,  engineering  aid.  Born  at  Clay  Center,  Kans.,  November 
9,  1879.  Education,  high  school,  Delta,  Colo.,  and  University  of  California.  In 
1902,  engaged  in  land  and  general  surveying  in  Mendocino  County,  Cal.  Appointed 
engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service  May  15,  1903. 

BARROWS,  HAROLD  KILBRETH,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Burlington,  Vt.  Born_ 
in  Massachusetts,  November  9,  1873.  Graduate  of  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology, 1895,  in  civil  engineering.  In  1895  and  1896  was  assistant  instructor  in  civil 
engineering  at  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  1896-1899,  with  city  engineer, 
Newton,  Mass.,  as  transitman  and  assistant  in  charge  on  city  work.  1899-1901  with 
Metropolitan  Water  Board,  Boston,  Mass.,  on  designs  and  computations.  1901-1903, 
assistant  professor  of  civil  engineering  at  University  of  Vermont,  and  from  that  time 
associate  professor.  July  to  September,  1902,  resident  hydrographer,  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  Kingston,  N.  Y.  Was  appointed  assistant  engineer  June  15, 1903, 
in  charge  of  river  work  in  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire,  under  N.  C.  Grover. 

BEBB,  EDWARD  CROSBY,  topographer.  Address,  Seward,  111.  Born  in  Illinois 
1872.  High  school  education  at  Rockford,  111.,  and  course  in  civil  engineering  at 
University  of  Wisconsin,  B.S.  in  C.E.,  1896.  In  1896  levelman  and  topographic 
assistant  with  United  States  Geological  Survey  in  northern  peninsula  of  Michigan. 
1896-1897,  in  general  engineering  work,  making  survey  and  plat  for  addition  to  city 
of  Madison,  Wis.,  gaging  Baraboo  River,  etc.,  and  preparing  maps  and  drawings  for 
Geological  Survey  publications.  July  1,  1897,  appointed  assistant  topographer 
United  States  Geological  Survey  and  assigned  to  duty  with  parties  in  Vermilion  iron 
range,  Minnesota,  and  on  Danville,  111. ,  quadrangle.  In  1898  in  charge  of  topographic 
work  in  Mencminee  iron  range,  Michigan,  and  later  in  Vermilion  range,  Minnesota. 
July  1,  1899,  appointed  topographer  United  States  Geological  Survey.  1899-1903, 
in  charge  of  topographic  work  in  various  mining  districts  and  surveys  of  quadrangles. 
July  1,  1903,  transferred  as  topographer  to  reclamation  service. 


NEWELL.]  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  317 

BEERS,  WILLIAM  DUKE,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  P.  O.  Box  "S,"  Salt  Lake 
City,  Utah.  Born  in  Utah,  August  20,  1877.  Graduate  of  Agricultural  College  of 
Utah,  degree  B.S.  In  1897  engaged  in  conduct  of  experiments  on  carrying  capacity  of 
ditches  and  canals.  In  1899  engaged  in  running  canal  lines  and  gaging  streams. 
In  1900  engaged  in  preliminary  and  location  work  on  proposed  Idaho  Southern 
Railroad.  In  1901  worked  under  Mr.  G.  L.  Swendsen  as  assistant  field  engineer 
on  the  construction  of  the  Last  Chance  canal  in  Idaho.  1901-1902,  assistant  civil 
and  irrigation,  engineer  at  Agricultural  College  of  Utah.  1901-1903,  assisting  in 
hydrographic  work  in  Utah.  February  7,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the 
reclamation  service;  January  1,  1904,  promoted  to  assistant  engineer. 

BENNETT,  SAMUEL  G.,  engineer.  Address,  431  Kialto  Building,  Sari  Francisco,  Cal. 
Education,  public  and  private  schools,  Hartford  Academy,  Hartford,  Ky.,  and  George- 
town College,  Georgetown,  Ky.  From  1886  to  1891  assisted  in  surveying  and  engi- 
neering work;  1891-1893,  draftsman;  1893-1896,  general  practice,  surveying,  and 
engineering.  In  1897  assisted  in  survey  of  Music  Mountain  mines,  Arizona.  1897- 
1898  with  Chicala  Water  Company,  Rialto,  Cal.  April  to  October,  1898,  in  general 
surveying  work.  1898-1903,  assistant  resident  hydrographer,  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey.  1899-1900,  conducted  investigations  and  made  estimates  in  connec- 
tion with  water  supply,  pressure,  etc.,  for  Pasadena  and  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  July, 
1902,  made  a  study  of  carrying  capacity  of  the  Lagrange  Ditch  and  Hydraulic  Mining 
Company's  canal,  Lagrange,  Cal.  Appointed  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service 
January  8,  1903. 

BIEN,  MORRIS,  engineer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born  in  New  York  City, 
April  17,  1859.  Graduate  of  University  of  California  in  civil  engineering,  Ph.  B., 
1879;  graduate  of  Columbian  University^  Washington,  D.  C.,  LL. B.,  1895;  National 
University,  Washington,  D.  C.,  LL.M.,  1896.  1879-1893,  engaged  in  topographic 
and  irrigation  work,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  1893-1902,  General  Land 
Office,  Washington,  D.  C.,  legal  and  right-of-way  work  relating  to  irrigation,  rail- 
roads, etc.  July  10,  1902,  transferred  to  Geological  Survey;  engaged  in  legal  and 
land  matters,  reclamation  service. 

BLANCHARD,  CLARENCE  JOHN.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born,  Norham,  Can- 
ada, December  4,  1863.  Education,  Iowa  Agricultural  College,  class  1883.  Deputy 
State  oil  inspector,  Iowa,  1886-1891.  Special  press  correspondent  in  Central  America 
1893-1898;  in  Hawaii  1899.  Chief  of  irrigation  section  Twelfth  Census.  In  charge  of 
special  investigation  of  irrigation  by  Census  Office  1902-3.  March  1,  1903,  appointed 
clerk  in  the  reclamation  service. 

BLISS,  GEORGE  HENRY,  assistant  engineer.  Address  427  Peyton  Block,  Spokane, 
Wash.  Born  at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  April  21,  1875.  Education,  high  school  and 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  1894-95,  engineering  inspector,  etc.,  for 
city  of  Newburyport,  Mass.  1896-97,  assistant  engineer  for  city  of  Maiden,  Mass. 
January- April,  1898,  engaged  in  construction  work  on  electric  road,  Boston,  Mass. 
April-October,  1898,  with  Allegheny  and  Western  Railroad,  in  charge  of  party 
railroad  location  surveys.  October,  1898-1900,  with  New  York,  New  Haven  and 
Hartford  Railroad,  Boston,  track  widening,  retaining  wall,  and  bridge  work.  1900- 
1902,  inspector  of  materials,  Charlestown  Navy- Yard.  1902-3,  with  Boston  Steel  and 
Iron  Company,  Medford,  Mass. ;  structural  engineering.  Appointed  assistant  engi- 
neer in  reclamation  service,  May  23,  1903.  ^ 

BOLSTER,  ROY  HALE,  assistant  engineer.  Address  Phoenix,  Ariz.  Born  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  April  6,  1877.  Studied  electrical  and  civil  engineering  at  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology.  Appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service  Jan- 
uary 19,  1903,  and  from  that  date  to  April  29  on  duty  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  making 
computations.  May-October,  1903,  at  Montrose,  Colo.,  on  Gunnison  River  project, 
and  then  in  electrical  work  in  connection  with  Salt  River  project.  January  1,  1904, 
promoted  to  assistant  engineer. 


318  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

BONSTEDT,  FERDINAND,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Lawton,  Okla.  Born  Akron, 
Ohio,  1864.  B.  S.  in  0.  E.  Pennsylvania  Polytechnic  College,  1885.  July,  1885,  to 
January,  1886,  employed  in  city  engineer's  office,  Akron,  Ohio.  1886,  transitman 
on  location  and  division  engineer  on  construction  Union  Pacific  Railway  extension  in 
Nebraska.  1887-1889,  assistant  engineer  municipal  improvements  for  city  of  Lincoln, 
Nebr.  1890,  engineer  on  maintenance  of  way  for  Burlington  and  Missouri  River  Rail- 
road. 1891-1896,  deputy  city  engineer,  Lincoln,  Nebr.  1896-1900,  city  engineer,  Lin- 
coln, Nebr.  1900-1902,  assistant  engineer,  department  of  streets,  Ilabana,  Cuba. 
Appointed  assistant  engineer  United  States  Geological  Survey,  September  29, 1902. 

BRAINARD,  LINUS  BROOKS,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Los  Angeles,  C..J.  Born  in 
Oregon,  June  20,  1879.  Graduate  of  University  of  California,  degree  A.  B.  June- 
August,  1901,  solar  compass  work,  subdividing  two  townships,  135  miles  of  line. 
June-November,  1902,  field  work,  Department  of  Agriculture,  running  about  500 
miles  of  levels,  and  having  immediate  supervision  of  another  party  doing  similar 
work;  later  employed  on  office  work.  May  15,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in 
the  reclamation  service. 

BRANCH,  LESTER  VAN  NOY,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Building,  Denver,  Colo.  Born  in  New  York  State,  February  23,  1880.  Graduate 
of  University  of  North  Carolina;  degree  B.  S.,  and,  later,  M.  S.  Took  special 
course  at  Columbian  University,  1901-1903.  With  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey June-November,  1900,  on  Appalachian  Park  investigations  in  North  Carolina 
and  Tennessee.  November,  1900,  to  May,  1901,  in  office  at  Washington  on  work 
connected  with  Appalachian  Park  investigations  and  on  computations  for  annual 
report.  May-November,  1901,  engineering  aid  in  Utah  and  Montana.  November, 
1901,  to  July,  1902,  on  office  work  in  Washington  office.  July  28,  1902,  appointed 
assistant  irrigation  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service,  and  has  since  been  on  duty 
in  Montana,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming,  and  in  Washington  office. 

BRINKLEY,  MILO  HAMILTON,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Jefferson  City,  Mo.  Born 
in  Missouri  February  12,  1881.  Graduate  of  University  of  Missouri,  B.  S.  in  C.  E. 
In  1901  was  chainman  on  a  preliminary  railroad  survey  in  Missouri.  In  1902  was 
with  the  Gulf  and  Ship  Island  Railroad  Company,  of  Mississippi,  at  first  as  rodman 
and  afterwards  on  instrument  work;  also  as  draftsman  in  the  office  of  the  chief  engi- 
neer. June  10,  1903,  was  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service,  and 
was  transitman  on  Bear  Lake  project  in  Idaho  until  October. 

BURKE,  JOHN  THOMAS,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Boise,  Idaho.  Born  in  Illi- 
nois September  28,  1874.  Graduate  of  Idaho  State  University,  B.  S.  in  C.  E.,  1901. 
In  1900  was  assistant  draftsman  and  surveyor  on  aerial  tramway  work  in  Nelson, 
British  Columbia.  In  1901  topographer  on  preliminary  canal  lines  for  Twin  Falls 
Land  and  Water  Company;  also,  in  same  year,  topographer  on  reservoir  and  canal 
investigations  for  United  States  Geological  Survey  in  Idaho.  1901-2,  assistant 
engineer  and  superintendent  on  reservoir  and  canal  construction.  In  1902  assistant 
draftsman  and  field  engineer  under  Idaho  State  engineer.  1902-3  assistant  irrigation 
engineer  in  charge  of  field  party  for  United  States  Geological  Survey  on  reservoir 
and  canal  investigations  in  Idaho.  January  12,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer 
in  the  reclamation  service  and  assigned  to  Colorado  River  surveys  near  Needles,  Cal., 
and  later  in  charge  of  field  work  on  surveys  connected  with  Minidoka  project  in 
Idaho. 

CAMERON,  JOHN  DONALD,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Reno,  Nev.  Born  in  Nevada 
June  11,  1881.  Education,  high  school  and  University  of  Nevada,  degree  B.  S.  In 
1903  was  in  the  field  with  a  topographic  party  engaged  in  surveying  a  proposed  canal 
line,  also  in  same  year  engaged  in  transit  work  near  Still  water,  Nev.  In  fall  and 
winter  of  1902  in  office  of  L.  H.  Taylor,  resident  engineer,  United  States  Geological 
Survey.  May  23,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  reclamation  service  and  assigned 
to  duty  as  levelman  on  location  work  of  Lower  Truckee  canal  from  April  to  July, 


NEWKLI,.]  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  319 

inclusive;  then  as  transitman  on  location  of  laterals  tributary  to  Lower  Truckee  canal: 
also  on  office  work  in  Reno,  Nev. 

CAMP,  JAMES  G.,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Phoenix,  Ariz.  Born,  Alliance, 
Ohio,  July  2,  1863.  Education,  common  and  high  schools.  February,  1894,  to  May, 
1898,  superintendent  of  construction  for  Farmers'  Union  Ditch  Company.  June- 
November,  1898,  topographer  with  Pacific  and  Idaho  Northern  Railroad  Company. 
From  May,  1902,  with  United  States  Geological  Survey  party,  making  preliminary 
reservoir  surveys,  etc.  January  12,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclama- 
tion service,  and  promoted  to  assistant  engineer  September  1,  1903.  January-May, 
1903,  preliminary  surveys  on  Umatilla  River  for  ditch  and  reservoirs  and  investiga- 
tion as  to  feasibility  of  irrigation  projects  on  the  Palouse,  Snake,  and  Columbia  rivers. 
June-November,  1903,  preliminary  surveys  and  investigations  of  ditch  projects  and 
reservoirs  on  North  Fork  of  Snake  River. 

CASTEEL,  CALVIN,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Salem,  Oreg.  Born  in  Iowa,  Janu- 
ary 20,  1876.  Graduate  of  University  of  Oregon,  B.  S.  in  C.  E.  June  16,  1903, 
appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service,' and  assigned  to  duty  in  the 
State  of  Washington. 

CHANDLER,  ALBERT  EDWARD,  engineer.  Address,  Carson,  Nev.  Born  at  San 
Francisco,  Cal.  Graduate  of  University  of  California.  1899-1902,  instructor  at  Uni- 
versity of  California.  1900,  hydrographer  United  States  Geological  Survey,  in  charge 
of  investigations  of  storage  possibilities  on  Cache  Creek,  California.  1901,  irrigation 
expert,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  in  charge  of  study  of  duty  of  water 
on  Tule  River,  California.  1902-3,  irrigation  assistant,  Department  of  Agriculture,  in 
charge  of  irrigation  investigations  on  Carson  and  Walker  rivers,  Nevada.  Appointed 
engineer  in  the  reclamation  service  June  26,  1903. 

CHANDLER,  ELWYN  FRANCIS,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  University,  N.  Dak. 
Born  in  Ohio,  August  29,  1872.  Graduate  of  Ripon  College,  Wisconsin,  degrees 
A.  B.  and  A.  M.  Attended  University  of  Wisconsin  two  years.  Has  been  engaged 
in  surveying  and  civil  engineering  since  1890.  3895  was  city  engineer  of  Ripon,  Wis. ; 
in  1898  was  with  Wisconsin  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey,  on  a  hydro- 
graphic  map  of  Green  Lake,  Wisconsin.  1899,  employed  in  designing  and  construct- 
ing a  sewerage  and  drainage  system  for  University  of  North  Dakota,  and  other  similar 
improvements  there.  In  1902  was  in  charge  of  an  office  in  Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak., 
for  general  civil  engineering  and  surveying.  1902-3,  assistant  professor  in  charge  of 
the  department  of  mathematics,  University  of  North  Dakota.  Appointed  assistant 
engineer  in  the  reclamation  service  May  1,  1903. 

CHARLES,  LAVERN  JOHN,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Golden,  Colo.  Born  in 
Colorado,  July  9,  1877.  Education,  common  school,  high  school,  and  technical; 
degree  of  engineer  of  mines  and  metallurgy.  Technical  course  included  survey  of 
reservoir  sites,  construction  of  irrigation  canals,  testing  and  rating  flow  of  water  over 
weirs,  through  conduits,  pipes,  ditches,  etc.,  tunneling  and  underground  surveying, 
and  general  hydrographic  surveying.  Appointed  assistant  engineer  in  reclamation 
service  March  31,  1903,  since  which  date  has  been  engaged  in  measurement  of  base 
lines,  triangulation,  transit,  level,  and  plane-table  work,  and  computations  incident 
thereto. 

CHILDS,  ERNEST  ROY,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  2045  J  street,  San  Diego,  Cal. 
Born  in  Minnesota,  July  7,  1875.  Education,  University  of  California,  degree  B.  S. 
1901-1903,  field  assistant  with  United  States  Geological  Survey.  Appointed  engineer- 
ing aid  in  the  reclamation  service  July  1,  1903;  promoted  to  assistant  engineer  Janu- 
ary 1,  1904. 

CHURCHILL,  PERCIVAL  MITCHELL,  assistant  hydrographer.  Address,  Elmwood, 
Mass.  Born  at  Elmwood,  Mass.  Education,  full  civil  engineering  course  at  Mas- 
sachusetts Institute  of  Technology,  class  of  1895.  In  1892  was  in  city  engineer's 
office,  Brockton,  Mass,  1893,  draftsman,  East  Bridgewater,  Mass.  1894,  private 


320  FIEST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

work  at  same  locality.  1895-96,  resident  engineer,  Massachusetts  highway  commis- 
sion. 1896-97,  assistant  chief  of  party  for  joint  board  of  Massachusetts  State  board 
of  health  and  harbor  and  land  commission  on  survey  of  Green  Harbor,  Mass.  1898, 
draftsman  and  designer,  East  Bridgewater,  Mass.  1899,  chief  of  party  on  electric 
railway  work,  Boston.  1900-2,  United  States  junior  engineer,  War  Department. 
1902,  resident  hydrographer  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Catskill  Mountain  dis- 
trict, and  Delaware  River.  Appointed  assistant  hydrographer,  reclamation  service, 
December  10,  1902. 

CLAPP,  SIDNEY  K.,  assistant  engineer.  Born  in  Massachusetts,  January  8,  1873. 
Graduate  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  B.  S.  In  1894,  in  engineering  depart- 
ment of  city  of  Boston,  Mass.  1895,  with  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad.  1895-1901, 
with  Metropolitan  Water  and  Sewerage  Board  of  Massachusetts.  1901-2,  under  city 
engineer,  Waterbury,  Conn.,  on  Wigwam  dam.  1902-1904,  in  private  employment. 
January  5,  1904,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

CLAPP,  WILLIAM  BILLINGS,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Pasadena,  Cal.  Born  at 
Con  way,  Mass.,  April  11,  1861.  Education,  high  school  and  special  study.  1882, 
assistant  in  subdivision  of  public  land  in  northern  California.  1883-1886,  assistant 
engineer  in  charge  of  construction,  Los  Angeles  and  San  Gabriel  Valley  Railroad. 
1888,  assistant  engineer  on  construction  of  cable  railway  system,  also  assistant 
engineer  for  Los  Angeles  and  Salt  Lake  Railway  Company.  1889,  private  engineer- 
ing work  at  Seattle,  Wash.  1891,  engineer  and  roadmaster  for  San  Gabriel  Valley 
Rapid  Transit  Company.  1892,  chief  engineer  Arizona  waterworks  and  sewerage  com- 
pany. 1893,  engineering  practice,  Pasadena,  Cal.  1894-1901,  city  engineer,  Pasadena, 
Cal.  1901-1903,  private  engineering  practice  and  with  United  States  Geological 
Survey.  Appointed  assistant  engineer  in  reclamation  service  May  5,  1903. 

CLAUSEN,  JACOB  CENTENNIAL,  engineer.  Address  314  Fourth  street,  Los  Angeles, 
Cal.  Born  at  Blanco,  Cal.,  March  8,  1876.  Graduate  of  University  of  California, 
B.  S.  In  1898  was  with  city  engineer  of  Salinas  City,  Cal.  1899,  with  county  sur- 
veyor, Monterey  County,  Cal.  1899-1901,  surveying  for  De  Lamar  Mining  Company 
(Limited),  Idaho.  1901,  in  charge  of  transit  party  for  county  surveyor,  Monterey 
County,  Cal.  1901-2,  with  Spreckels  Sugar  Company,  surveying,  estimating,  and 
locating  in  connection  with  Arroyo  Seco  canal,  reservoir,  and  dam,  impounding  waters 
of  San  Lorenzo  Creek,  etc. ;  also  in  connection  with  distribution  of  water,  making 
contour  surveys,  locating  lateral  ditches,  checks,  levees,  gates,  check  feeders,  etc., 
also  measuring  quantity  of  water  passing  through  gates.  1903,  with  United  States 
Geological  Survey  in  hydraulic  and  hydrographic  work.  May  6,  1903,  appointed 
assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service;  January  1,  1904,  promoted  to  engineer. 

CORLETT,  BERTRAM  EDWIN,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Reno,  Nev.  Born  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  March  18,  1879.  B.  S.,  University  of  California.  With  surveying  party 
from  University  of  California  two  summers,  performing  transit,  level,  stadia,  and 
plane-table  work.  June  1,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  reclamation  service. 

COVERT,  CLERMONT  CALVERT,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Binghamton,  N.  Y. 
Born  at  Townsendville,  N.  Y.,  January  25,  1872.  C.  E.,  Ohio  Northern  University. 
In  1895  was  in  general  practice  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  In  1896,  with  city  engineer,  Syra- 
cuse, N.  Y.  1896-1898,  in  private  practice  at  Binghamton,  N.  Y.  1898-99,  with 
United  States  Volunteer  Engineers  in  Porto  Rico;  also  made  preliminary  survey  for 
Penn  Yan,  Lake  Kenka  and  Southern  Railroad.  1899-1900,  with  Choctaw,  Okla- 
homa and  Gulf  Railroad.  1900-1,  in  private  practice.  1901-2,  assistant  engineer  in 
charge  of  construction  work  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western  Railroad.  1902-3, 
assistant  hydrographer,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  June  1,  1903,  appointed 
assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

Cox,  CHARLES  BARROWS,  engineering  aid.  Address,  106  Washington  street,  New- 
ton, Mass.  Born  in  Massachusetts  November  4,  1881 .  University  education;  gradu- 
ate of  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  degree  S.  B.,  1903.  In  1901,  with 


NEWELL.]  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  321 

Holbrook,  Cabot  &  Paly  on  New  York  City  subway,  general  office  work,  leveling,  etc. 
In  1902,  Summer  School  of  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  gaging  streams, 
plane-table  mapping,  etc.  June  30,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclama- 
tion service. 

DARTON,  NELSON  HORATIO,  geologist.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born  in  New 
York  City,  December  25,  1865.  Received  a  common  school  education.  In  1878 
entered  pharmaceutical  laboratory  of  William  W.  Thayer,  in  New  York  City.  In 
1882  opened  a  laboratory  as  analytical  chemist  in  New  York  and  gave  much  time  to 
research  work 'on  methods  of  chemical  analyses,  the  results  of  which  were  published 
by  the  American  Chemical  Society,  of  which  he  was  elected  a  member,  in  1883. 
First  geological  sttfdies  were  undertaken  in  New  Jersey,  near  New  York  City,  where 
observations  of  the  Newark  group  were  made,  which  finally  developed  into  a  detailed 
investigation.  In  1886  joined  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  and  has  been  a 
member  of  the  Survey's  geological  corps  ever  since.  Mr.  Darton's  earlier  work  was 
mainly  in  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  West  Virginia,  but  dur- 
ing later  years  most  of  his  attention  has  been  given  to  the  Black  Hills,  central  Great 
Plains,  and  Big  Horn  Mountains.  In  the  spring  of  1903  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
western  section  of  hydrology  of  the  hydrographic  branch  of  the  Survey  to  investigate 
the  geology  of  underground  waters  in  the  reclamation  States  and  Texas,  with  a  num- 
ber of  assistants.  The  Survey  has  published  many  reports  and  folios  by  Mr.  Darton, 
and  numerous  papers  of  his  have  appeared  in  scientific  journals  and  the  proceedings 
of  scientific  societies. 

DA  VIES,  WILLIAM  GOMER,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Educa- 
tion, Iowa  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts;  Pomona  College,  Clare- 
mont,  Cal.;  University  of  California,  degree  B.  S.  In  1901  was  with  Government 
irrigation  survey  on  Tule  River,  California.  In  1902  with  survey  party  on  Sierra 
Railroad  of  California  and  with  Government  drainage  survey,  Fresno,  Cal.  May  15, 
1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  reclamation  service. 

DAVIS,  ARTHUR  POWELL,  supervising  engineer^  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born 
in  Illinois,  February  9,  1861.  Education,  Junction  City,  Kans.,  High  School;  grad- 
uate of  State  Normal  School,  Emporia,  Kans! ;  engineering  studies,  Columbian  Uni- 
versity, Washington,  D.  C.  1884-1894,  topographer,  United  States  Geological  Survey, 
conducting  surveys  and  explorations  in  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  California.  1895- 
1897,  hydrographer  in  charge  of  all  Government  stream  measurements.  1898-1900, 
hydrographer  in  charge  of  hydrographic  examination  of  Nicaragua  and  Panama  canal 
routes.  Member  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  Author  of  Elevation  and 
Stadia  Tables,  1893;  Progress  of  Stream  Measurements,  1897;  Irrigation  near  Phoenix, 
Ariz.,  1897:  Hydrography  of  Nicaragua,  1899;  Irrigation  Investigation  in  Arizona, 
1898;  Hydrography  of  the  American  Isthmus,  1902;  Water  Storage  on  Salt  River, 
Arizona,  1903;  also  articles  in  magazines  on  irrigation,  the  isthmian  canals,  and 
other  hydrographic;  subjects.  Appointed  principal  engineer,  reclamation  service, 
July  8,  1902,  and  supervising  engineer,  July  1,  1903. 

DAVIS,  EDMUND  IRELAND,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Washington^  D.  C.  Born 
in  Maine,  November  26,  1877.  Education,  four  years  at  University  of  Maine  and 
advanced  work  in  hydraulics  at  Cornell.  In  1900  was  with  United  States  Geological 
Survey;  also  in  same  year  with  Boston  and  Albany  Railroad  on  preliminary  and 
location  surveys.  In  1901  with  United  States  Geological  Survey,  and  inspector  of 
surveys,  Sullivan,  Me.  In  1902  with  United  Stales  Geological  Survey,  also  on 
plane-table  work,  etc.,  at  Rockland,  Me.,  and  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  May  11,  1903,  appointed 
engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service,  and  on  November  11,  1903,  promoted  to 
assistant  engineer. 

DILLON,  RALPH  P.,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building, 
Denver,  Colo.  Born,  Fremont,  Ohio,  December  14,  1872.  Education,  common  and 
IRR  93-04 21 


322  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE. 

high  school,  graduate  of  Case  School  of  Applied  Science,  June,  1894,  degree  B.  S. 
In  1896  was  assistant  city  engineer  of  Alexandria,  Ind.  1896-97,  with  Youngstown 
(Ohio)  Bridge  Company.  1897-98,  with  Brown-Ketcham  Iron  Works,  Indianapolis, 
Ind.  1898-99,  with  Gillette-Herzog  Manufacturing  Company,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
1899-1900,  with  C.  L.  Strobel,  consulting  and  contracting  engineer,  Chicago,  111. 
1900-1902,  with  Keystone  Bridge  Works,  Pittsburg.  1902-3,  with  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  on  Colorado  River.  May  28,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in 
the  reclamation  service.  July  1,  1903,  promoted  to  assistant  engineer. 

DOBSON,  FRANK  S.,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Roswell,  N.  Mex.  Education,  three 
years  high  school  and  preparatory  school,  three  and  one-half  years  in  University  of 
Nebraska,  C.  E.  course.  1896-1899,  employed,  while  attending  school,  as  chainman, 
rodman,  and  instrument  man  by  city  engineer,  Lincoln,  Nebr.  In  1900,  axman 
and  chainman,  Burlington  and  Missouri  River  Railroad,  in  Wyoming.  September, 
1900,  to  June,  1901,  instrument  man  in  surveying  city  lots,  setting  sewer  and  street 
grades,  Lincoln,  Nebr.  June-October,  1901,  assistant  division  engineer,  Burlington 
and  Missouri  River  Railroad,  Edgemont,  S.  Dak.  From  October,  1901,  to  June,  1902, 
on  river  measurements  in  Nebraska  for  United  States  Geological  Survey.  June- 
September,  1902,  instrument  man  in  Bridgeport,  Nebr.  September,  1902,  general 
engineering  work  in  Fairbury  and  York,  Nebr.  During  fall  season  of  1902,  on  river 
measurements  for  United  -States  Geological  Survey.  April-May,  1903,  instrument 
man  on  railroad  location  work,  Burlington  and  Missouri  River  Railroad.  May  25, 
1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service,  and  has  since  been  in 
charge  of  field  parties  in  New  Mexico. 

DOLE,  RICHARD  BRYANT,  engineering  aid.  Address,  263  Dearborn  street,  Chicago, 
111.  Born,  Portland,  Me.,  May  8,  1880.  Graduate  of  Portland  (Me.)  High  School, 
classical  course,  1898;  graduated  Bowdoin  College,  1902.  In  1902  was  elected 
instructor  in  chemistry  in  Bowdoin  College;  resigned  in  February,  1903,  to  take 
post-graduate  course  at  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  specializing  in  sani- 
tary chemistry  and  bacteriology.  In  1902,  worked  on  water  analysis  and  study  of 
Androscoggin  River  for  United  States  Geological  Survey.  June  15,  1903,  appointed 
engineering  aid  in  reclamation  service. 

DOWNEY,  AUSTIN  C.,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Fort  Collins,  Colo.  Born  in  Illi- 
nois, November  8, 1881.  Education,  Fort  Collins,  Colo.,  public  schools  and  Colorado 
Agricultural  College;  course  in  civil  and  irrigation  engineering.  During  college 
course  wras  employed  by  Colorado  Experiment  Station  on  seepage  measurements  and 
as  draftsman.  In  1902  was  on  maintenance  of  way  work  on  Oregon  Short  Line 
Railroad.  In  1903,  in  Colorado  State  engineer's  office  and  afterwards  as  draftsman 
for  Arkansas  Valley  Sugar  Beet  and  Irrigated  Land  Company.  June  28,  1903, 
appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

DURYEE,  EDWARD,  cement  expert.  Address,  Globe,  Ariz.  Born  in  New  York 
State  in  1858.  Graduated  from  engineering  department,  Rutgers  College,  1878, 
degrees  B.  S.  and  C.  E.  Spent  one  season  with  New  Jersey  geodetic  survey.  In 
1879,  engaged  in  experimental  investigations  and  in  perfecting  the  rotary  kiln  for 
metallurgical  uses,  with  G.  Duryee.  1880-1892,  assayer  and  metallurgist  with  smelt- 
ing companies  in  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  and  California.  Instructor  in  New  York 
schools  one  season.  1 892-1894,  superintending  chemist,  Montezuma  Portland  Cement 
Company.  1894-1903,  chemist  California  Portland  Cement  Company.  Occasional 
engagements  as  cement  expert  in  investigating  deposits  of  cement  materials.  With 
reclamation  service,  as  cement  expert,  since  April,  1903. 

ELA,  EDWIN  STANTON,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born  in 
Wisconsin,  December  30,  1871.  Education,  common  school,  and  four  years  in  acad- 
emy. Graduate  of  University  of  Wisconsin,  B.  S.  in  C.  E.  1896-1898,  with  United 
States  Mississippi  River  Commission  on  topographic  and  precise-level  work.  April- 
June,  1898,  with  United  States  Engineers,  New  Orleans,  La.  1898-1899,  with  United 


PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  323 

States  Geological  Survey  in  Kansas,  Iowa,  Missouri,  and  Illinois,  as  field  assistant, 
skcl  ching  topography.  1900-1901,  with  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway  Company 
in  Iowa,  as  instrument  man  and  in  charge  of  work  on  second-track  construction. 
1901-1903,  with  United  States  Geological  Survey  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  West 
Virginia,  and  Georgia,  as  topographer,  doing  stadia  traverse,  and  sketching  topogra- 
phy. March  7,  1901,  appointed  assistant  topographer  in  United  States  Geological 
Survey,  and  on  July  1,  1903,  transferred  to  the  reclamation  service. 

EVANS,  HENRY  ROSENGARTEN,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Phoenix,  Ariz.  Born  in 
Pennsylvania,  August  3,  1878.  Education,  common  school,  high  school,  and  college. 
In  1899  was  elected  county  surveyor  of  Jefferson  County,  Colo.  In  1900  was  sur- 
veyor-general of  Colorado;  afterwards  engineer  for  Gross  Placer  Company  in  Dutch 
Guiana.  In  1902  was  instructor  in  mining  engineering  at  Nevada  State  University. 
April  10,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service,  and  on  October 
10,  1903,  promoted  to  assistant  engineer. 

EWING,  WILLIARD  REA,  engineering  aid.  Address,  1142  South  Ridgeway  avenue, 
Chicago,  111.  Born  in  Ohio,  February  10,  1882.  Educated  at  Lawndale  Grammar 
School,  Chicago,  English  High  and  Manual  Training  School,  and  Purdue  University, 
degree  B.  S.  in  C.  E.  In  1901  was  draftsman  for  American  Car  and  Foundry  Com- 
pany, Chicago.  In  1902,  redman  for  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway  Company; 
also,  same  year,  chainman  on  location  of  Lake  Bluff  cut-off,  Chicago  and  North- 
western Railway.  June  25,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation 
service. 

FARISH,  WILLIAM  ADAMS,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Phoenix,  Ariz.  Born  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  October  22, 1870.  In  1889  was  with  hydrographic  division  of  United 
States  Geological  Survey  and  afterwards  transferred  to  topography.  In  1891  sur- 
veyed reservoir  sites  for  Rio  Verde  Canal  Company.  In  1893  surveyed  Tonto  reser- 
voir site,  Salt  River,  Arizona.  From  1894  to  1903  was  manager  and  engineer  of 
Arizona  Waterworks  and  Sewerage  Company,  of  Phoenix,  Ariz.  In  1899  planned 
and  built  a  sewer  and  water  system  for  United  States  Indian  school  near  Phoenix, 
Ariz.  1899-1903,  city  engineer  of  Phoenix,  Ariz.  June,  1898,  to  December,  1900,  in 
charge  of  United  States  Geological  Survey  gaging  station  on  Salt  and  Verde  rivers. 
June  1,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  reclamation  service. 

FELLOWS,  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN,  engineer.  Address,  Chamber  of  Commerce  building, 
Denver,  Colo.  Born  in  Kennebunk,  Me.,  November  1,  1864.  Received  degree  of 
B.  A.  at  Yale,  1886.  Commenced  work  in  irrigation  lines  September,  1887,  continu- 
ing for  eight  years  for  the  Montezuma  Valley  irrigation  companies,  and  being  for 
several  years  of  this  period  superintendent  of  schools  and  county  surveyor  of 
Montezuma  County,  Colo.  Was  for  five  years  deputy  State  engineer  of  Colorado. 
Prior  to  appointment  as  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service,  on  January  1,  1903,  was 
employed  at  various  times  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  as  hydrographer 
and  topographer.  Author  of  several  papers  and  articles  on  hydrography,  irrigation 
survey,  and  irrigation  practice. 

FIELD,  JOHN  ELLIS,  engineer.  Address,  Chamber  of  Commerce  building,  Denver, 
Colo.  Born  in  Colorado,  May  13,  1867.  Ph.  B.,  Yale  University,  class  of  1888, 
scientific.  From  1888  to  1893  was  engaged  in  practice  of  mining,  civil,  and  hydraulic 
engineering  in  mining  camps  of  Colorado.  1888-89,  assayer  arid  chemist  for  Aspen 
Public  Ore  Sampling  Works,  Denver.  1890-91  ifi  similar  capacity  with  Taylor  & 
Brenton  Sampling  Works.  1891-1893,  civil  and  hydraulic  engineering  practice. 
1893-1897,  chief  examiner  of  mineral  surveys  for  United  States  surveyor-general  of 
Colorado.  1897-1899,  State  hydraulic  engineer  of  Colorado.  1899-1901,  assistant 
engineer  board  of  public  works,  Denver,  Colo.  1901-1903,  deputy  State  hydraulic 
engineer  of  Colorado.  Author  of  various  bulletins  published  by  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture.  Appointed  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service,  January, 
1903. 


324  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

FISHER,  CHESTER  CENTENNIAL,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Boise,  Idaho,  care  of  D. 
W.  Ross.  Born  in  Oregon,  July  4,  1876.  Education,  high  schools  and  University 
of  Oregon,  degree  B.  S.  in  C.  E.  From  June  10  to  August  19,  1902,  was  in  charge  of 
party  cruising  timber  in  the  coast  fir  regions.  On  June  11,  1903,  was  appointed 
engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service,  since  which  date  has  been  employed  in 
transit,  level,  and  plane-table  work. 

FISHER,  HOWELL  TRACY,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  20  West  Thirty-fourth  street, 
New  York  City.  Born  December  10,  1868.  Graduate  Pottsville,  Pa.,  High  School. 
From  1885  to  1886,  with  real  estate  company,  compiling  land  maps.  1886-1888,  with 
State  geological  survey  of  Pennsylvania  anthracite  survey.  1888-89,  with  Susque- 
hanna  Coal  Company  and  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Coal  Company.  1889-1891,  with 
A.  B.  Cochran  &  Son  in  civil  and  mining  engineering  and  city  surveying.  1891-1893, 
assistant  to  A.  D.  W.  Smith,  geologist  and  mining  engineer,  preparing  Anthracite 
Coal  Waste  Commission's  report,  and  State  geological  survey  of  Pennsylvania,  assist- 
ing in  construction  of  geological  map  of  the  State.  1893-1898,  with  A.  B.  Cochran 
&  Son,  as  general  assistant.  1898-1900,  with  United  States  Board  of  Engineers  on 
Deep  Waterways.  1900-1901  w7ith  Isthmian  Canal  Commission.  1902,  with  Denver 
Union  Water  Company,  engaged  in  estimating  capacity  of  Lake  Cheesman  reservoir 
and  making  plans  of  spillway  for  Lake  Cheesman  dam  and  reservoir  surveys.  Jan- 
uary 1,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

FITCH,  CHARLES.  HALL,  engineer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born  in  Wiscon- 
sin, September  12, 1854.  Education,  preparatory  school,  Woodside,  College  Station, 
Md.,  and  Georgetown  Academy,  D.  C.  1872-1876,  aid,  United  States  Coast  Survey, 
and  at  the  same  time  completed  course  under  private  instructors.  1876-1884,  United 
States  deputy  surveyor  on  public  land  surveys  in  New  Mexico,  also  deputy  mineral 
surveyor  and  draftsman,  surveyor-general's  office,  Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex.  In  1884, 
appointed  topographer,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  1884-1888,  on  topographic 
surveys  in  Texas;  1889,  on  similar  surveys  in  Colorado.  In  1890,  in  California  mak- 
ing investigations  of  alleged  fraudulent  surveys,  under  direction  of  Commissioner  of 
General  Land  Office.  In  1891-92,  on  topographic  surveys  in  Black  Hills,  South 
Dakota.  1893-1895,  in  General  Land  Office,  Washington,  D.  C.,  as  assistant  chief  of 
surveying  division.  In  1895,  reappointed  topographer,  Geological  Survey,  and 
designated  to  take  charge  of  topographic  and  public  land  surveys  of  Indian  Terri- 
tory; completed  field  work  in  1898,  and  office  work  in  1899.  In  1899-1900,  engaged 
in  examination  of  forest  reserves  in  California  In  1900  was  transferred  to  division 
of  hydrography,  Geological  Survey,  and  assigned  to  hydrographic  investigations  in 
Northwestern  States  during  1900-1901.  In  1902,  appointed  engineer  in  the  reclama- 
tion service. 

FORBES,  BURT  E.,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Beatrice,  Nebr.  '  Born  in  Michigan, 
August  6,  1872.  Graduate  of  University  of  Nebraska,  1895,  liberal  arts  course. 
1889-90,  rodman  and  chainman,  Beatrice,  Nebr.  1896-97,  teacher,  Beatrice  High 
School.  1897-98,  levelman  on  placer  mining  work  in  Boulder  County,  Colo.  1899, 
engineer  in  charge  of  same  work.  1899-1901,  assistant  engineer  on  railroad  con- 
struction and  track  laying.  1901-2,  assistant  secretary  of  State  board  of  irrigation 
of  Nebraska,  on  steam  gaging  and  adjudication  of  water  rights.  November  1,  1902, 
appointed  assistant  engineer  in  reclamation  service.  1902-3,  on  plane-table  work  in 
Nevada.  1903,  transitman  on  final  location  and  division  engineer  on  construction  of 
main  canal,  Truckee  project,  Nevada. 

FRENCH,  JAMES  ADAMS,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  January  27,  1866.  Education,  common  school,  and  Georgetown 
University,  Washington,  D.  C.  In  1883  was  with  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey  on  Long  Island  Sound.  Remained  in  Coast-Survey  service  until  1886.  Then 
entered  employ  of  Greely,  Carlson  &  Co.,  civil  engineers,  Chicago.  1886,  drafts- 
man, Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad  (Company.  1886-87,  instrument 


NEWELL.]  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  325 

man,  maintenance  of  way  department,  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  Denver,  Colo. 
1888,  with  city  engineer  of  Santa  Barbara,  Gal.  In  fall  of  same  year  with  United 
States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  in  San  Francisco.  1889-1891,  in  Alaska  with  party 
to  determine  crossing  of  one  hundred  and  forty-first  meridian,  on  Yukon  and  Porcu- 
pine rivers,  also  topographic  surveys.  1891,  Stockton,  Cal.,  with  city  engineer. 
1892,  North  Yakima,  Wash.,  topographic  work  for  Sunnyside  Canal.  1892-93,  with 
Colorado  Irrigation  Company,  Yuma,  Ariz.  1893,  inspector  in  engineer  depart- 
ment, Washington,  D.  C.  1900,  Cape  Nome,  Alaska,  in  charge  of  equipment  of 
party.  1893-1903,  employed  chiefly  on  construction  work  of  sewers,  and  founda- 
tions for  sewerage  pumping  stations,  in  engineer  department  of  District  of  Colum- 
bia. January  5,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  reclamation  service. 

FULLER,  MYRON  LESLIE,  assistant  geologist.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born 
at  Brockton,  Mass.,  April  19,  1873.  Graduate  of  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology, geological  department;  degree,  S.  B.  In  1896  was  engaged  in  geologic 
work  on  Cape  Cod,  a  report  on  which  received  the  Walker  prize  of  the  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History  for  1897.  From  1897  to  1900  was  assistant  and  instructor 
at  the  college  named,  and  in  1899  also  acted  as  special  agent  for  the  commission  to 
the  Paris  Exposition,  preparing  an  exhibit  of  building  and  ornamental  stones,  which 
was  awarded  a  gold  medal.  In  June,  1900,  joined  the  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey, since  his  connection  with  which  has  been  engaged  on  geologic  surveys  in 
New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  and  has  prepared  and  published 
several  folios  and  a  number  of  papers  on  oil  and  gas.  January  1,  1903,  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  hydrographic  branch,  where  he  organized  the  eastern  section  of  the 
division  of  hydrology,  under  which  work  was  begun  in  about  twenty  States. 

GAY,  LEON  LINCOLN,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Phoenix,  Ariz.  Born,  Barton 
Landing,  Vt.,  May  29,  1879.  Graduate  of  Sheffield  Scientific  School  of  Yale,  1901, 
Bachelor  of  Philosophy.  1901-1903,  with  Boise-Payette  River  Electric  Power  Com- 
pany, Boise,  Idaho,  as  assistant  engineer.  Construction  of  canal  and  power  plant 
began  in  January,  1902,  and  from  this  time  until  its  completion  in  February,  1903, 
was  engineer  in  charge.  May  13,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation 
service. 

GILBERT,  ARCHIBALD  MARVINE,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Born  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  December  6,  1876.  Education,  common  school,  gram- 
mar school,  and  Cornell  University.  During  the  summers  of  1900  and  1902  was  with 
United  States  Geological  Survey  on  stream  measurement  work,  plane-table  work, 
etc.  June  19,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

GILES,  JAMES  MARVIN,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Temple  Court,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Born,  Rock  Hill,  S.  C.,  September  21,  1875.  Education,  two  years  Wofford  College, 
also  common  school.  Course  in  electric  lighting  and  railway  work.  For  four  years 
assistant  engineer  Tallassee  Falls  Manufacturing  Company,  Tallassee,  Ala.  'May  1, 
1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service;  January  1,  1904,  pro- 
moted to  assistant  engineer. 

GORDON,  CHARLES  EDWARD,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Lawton,  Okla.  Born  at 
Mamaroneck,  N.  Y. ,  January  20, 1874.  Graduated  Glens  Falls  Academy,  1892.  Grad- 
uated in  civil  engineering  from  Union  University,  1896.  November,  1892-December, 
1895,  draftsman  for  irregular  intervals,  Schenectady  Locomotive  Works.  December, 
1895-September,  1896,  acting  leveler,  New  York  Srate  canals;  surveys  and  estimates. 
September,  1896-June,  1897,  topographer  and  assistant  engineer,  making  maps  and 
building  roads  in  Adirondack  Mountains  for  W.  Seward  Webb.  November,  1897- 
June,  1898,  with  New  York  State  Forest  Preserve  Board  as  assistant  engineer  Indian 
Lake  reservoir.  July,  1898-July,  1899,  with  United  States  Deep  Waterway  Commis- 
sion, water  supply  division,  in  charge  of  stadia  topographical  party  and  in  charge  of 
borings.  July,  1899-December,  1899,  assistant  engineer  on  construction,  Chicago  and 
Northwestern  Railwray.  December,  1899-December,  1900,  topographer,  Choctaw, 


326  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

Oklahoma  and  Gulf  Railroad.  December,  1900-August,  1901,  resident  engineer  in 
charge  construction,  same  railroad.  August,  L901-March,  1902,  resident  engineer,  in 
charge  construction,  Choctaw,  Oklahoma  and  Texas  Railway.  March,  1902-Decem- 
ber,  1902,  resident  engineer,  in  charge  of  construction,  Rock  Island  System.  Decem- 
ber, 1902-June,  1903,  resident  engineer,  in  charge  of  construction,  Missouri,  Kansas 
and  Texas  Railway.  June  1,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation 
service. 

GRANKE,  LEO  ERNEST,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born  in 
Wisconsin,  October  2,  1877.  Graduate  of  La  Crosse  (Wis. ),  high  school;  Wisconsin 
Business  College;  University  of  Wisconsin,  B.  C  E.,  1900.  1898-1900,  rodman,  level- 
man,  and  field  assistant,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  In  1900  was  with  Chicago 
and  Alton  Railroad.  1901-2,  assistant  engineer,  Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad.  1902-3, 
assistant  topographer,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  September  1 , 1 903,  appointed 
assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

GREEN,  HUBERT  EDWARD,  engineer.  Address,  San  Francisco,  Cal.  Born  in  Eng- 
land, August  17,  1859.  Education,  Auckland,  New  Zealand,  college  and  grammar 
school.  Partial  course  in  electrical  engineering  with  International  Correspondence 
School.  Member  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  From  1874  to  1884  was  with 
public  works  department,  New  Zealand  Government.  1884-1886,  construction  engi- 
jueer  Sierra  Valley  and  Mohawk  Railway.  1886-1888,  in  city  engineer's  office,  Sari 
Diego,  Cal.  1888-1890,  with  International  Company  of  Mexico;  also  made  recon- 
naissance survey  for  railroad.  May-December,  1890,  in  charge  of  construction  of 
railroad  trestle  across  Elliott  Bay  in  Puget  Sound;  also  designed  and  put  in  grillage 
foundations  and  superintended  erection  of  swing  bridge  across  White  River.  1891, 
in  charge  of  location  in  the  field,  canal  survey,  Northern  Pacific  Railroad.  1891-1893, 
locating  and  construction  engineer  for  Texas,  Louisiana  and  Eastern  Railroad;  also, 
in  1893,  in  charge  of  levels  for  Colorado  River  Irrigation  Company.  1893-94,  con- 
sulting engineer  in  San  Diego  City  and  County.  1894-1896,  chief  engineer  Coronado 
Beach  Company;  surveys  of  reservoirs  for  San  Diego  water  supply;  afterwards 
superintended  laying  of  foundation  of  Morena  Dam.  1897,  examined  and  report  on 
placer  mine  in  Cariboo,  British  Columbia.  1897-98,  general  practice  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. 1899,  in  charge  of  construction  and  draftsman  in  office  Los  Angeles  electric 
railroads.  1900-1902,  field  assistant,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  1902-3,  in 
charge  of  surveys,  etc.,  for  Seaside  Water  Company,  Long  Beach,  Cal.;  also  subdi- 
viding tract  of  land  for  Beach  Land  Company,  of  Los  Angeles,  Cal. ;  made  plans  and 
estimates  for  water  and  sewer  systems  and  improvements  for  seaside  resort  at  Playa 
del  Rey.  May  4,  1903,  appointed  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

GROVER,  NATHAN  CLIFFORD,  engineer.  Address,  Orono,  Me.  Born,  Bethel,  Me., 
January  31 , 1868.  Education,  University  of  Maine,  B.  C.  E.  and  C.  E. ;  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology,  B.  S.  1889,  location  and  construction,  Somerset  Railway. 
1890,  location  and  construction  of  extension,  Maine  Central  Railroad.  1891-1894, 
assistant  in  civil  engineering.  Maine  State  College.  1894,  water-power  department, 
Rumford  Falls,  Me.  1895,  leveler  on  construction,  Sebasticook  and  Moosehead  Rail- 
road. 1894-1896,  assistant  professor  of  civil  engineering,  University  of  Maine,  and 
associate  professor  from  1896-97.  Professor  of  civil  engineering,  University  of  Maine, 
1897-1903.  -1901-1903,  resident  hydrographer,  United  States  Geological  Survey. 
April  29,  1903,  appointed  hydrographer  in  the  reclamation  service.  Julyl,  1903, 
designation  changed  to  engineer. 

HALL,  BENJAMIN  MORTIMER,  consulting  engineer.  Address,  Temple  Court,  Atlanta, 
Ga.  Born  in  South  Carolina,  January  31,  1853.  Education,  Emory  College,  Oxford, 
Ga.,  and  University  of  Georgia;  B.  E.  and  C.  E.  and  M.  E.  1876-1880,  professor  of 
mathematics,  Northern  Georgia  Agricultural  College,  Dahlonega,  Ga.  1880-1884, 
chief  engineer  in  water-supply  investigations,  surveys,  and  construction  of  mining 
canals,  flumes,  tunnels,  etc.,  for  hydraulic  mining.  1884-1887,  superintendent  of 


NEWELL.]  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  327 

Gold  Mines  Hydraulic  Mining,  Lincoln  County,  Ga.,  and  underground  mining  in 
Warren  County.  1887-1890,  superintendent  Southern  'Marble  Company,  Marble 
Hill,  Ga.  1890-1903,  in  general  civil  and  hydraulic  engineering  practice,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
1895-1903,  resident  hydrographer,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  Has  made 
water-supply  investigations  for  Atlanta,  Columbus,  Dublin,  and  Elberton,  Ga.  1903, 
consulting  engineer,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  Author  of  "Water  Powers  of 
Georgia,  1896;"  "  Water  Powers  of  Alabama,  1903;"  in  preparation  "Water  Powers  of 
Georgia,  1903:" 

HALL,  MAXCY  REDDICK,  hydrographer.  Address,  Temple  Court,  Atlanta,  Ga.  Born* 
Georgia,  November  16,  1864.  Education,  common  school  and  University  of  Georgia. 
1895-1903,  assistant  resident  hydrogapher,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  In  1900 
made  water-power  surveys  on  Saluda  River,  near  Newberry,  S.  C.,  and  Broad  River, 
at  Anthony  Shoals,  Ga. ;  1901,  on  Chattahoochee  River,  near  Buford,  Ga.,  and  on 
Yellow  River,  near  Conyers,  Ga. ;  1902,  on  Hiawassee  River,  near  Murphy,  N.  C. 
1889-1903,  general  civil  and  hydraulic  engineering,  Atlanta,  Ga.  January  1,  1903, 
appointed  hydrographer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

HALL,  WARREN  ESTERLY,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Temple  Court,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Born  in  Georgia,  October  5,  1881.  Education,  Georgia  School  of  Technology,  C.  E. 
course.  1899,  hydrographer,  United  States  Geological  Survey;  also  ran  levels  for 
preliminary  survey  of  Gainesville  railroad;  also  surveying  for  Consolidated  Mining 
Company,  Dahlonega,  Ga.  1899-1900,  levelman  on  navigation  survey  in  Chatta- 
hoochee Corps  of  United  States  Engineers.  1900,  assistant  hydrographer  in  Appa- 
lachian Park  investigation.  1901-2,  assistant  engineer  on  water-power  survey  for 
Chattahoochee  Falls  Company,  Columbus,  Ga. ;  also  assistant  engineer  on  Garner  water- 
power  survey,  on  upper  Chattahoochee  River.  1902-3,  assistant  hydrographer  for 
United  States  Geological  Survey.  1903,  on  hydrographic  and  topographic  surveys 
for  Hall  Brothers,  Atlanta,  Ga.  January  6,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the 
reclamation  service. 

HAMLIN,  HOMER,  engineer.  Address,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Born  at  Pine  Island,  Minn., 
August  27,  1864.  Education,  common  school  and  high  school,  and  independent 
study.  1887-1893,  was  with  city  engineer,  San  Diego,  Cal.  1898-1895,  general  engi- 
neering and  surveying  business  at  San  Diego,  Cal.  In  1894  was  assistant  to  LTnited 
States  engineers  in  survey  for  fortifications  on  Point  Loma  and  Coronado  Beach. 
1895,  draftsman,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.;  also  in  surveyor's  office,  of  Los  Angeles  County. 
1895-96,  in  office  of  city  engineer,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  1897-98,  in  office  of  county  sur- 
veyor of  Los  Angeles  County.  1899-1900,  deputy  city  engineer,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

1901,  hydrographic  and  geologic  investigations  for  United/  States  Geological  Survey. 

1902,  hydrographic  and  hydrologic  investigations  for  United  States  Geological  Survey. 
January  1,  1903,  appointed  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

HANNA,  FRANK  WILLARD,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  263  Dearborn  street, 
Chicago,  111.  Born  in  Geneseo,  111.,  September  16,  1867.  Education,  Western  Nor- 
mal College,  Shenandoah,  Iowa,  and  Highland  Park  College,  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 
1894-95,  was  assistant  in  departments  of  mathematics  and  civil  engineering  in  High- 
land Park  College,  and  in  1895  became  dean  of  departments  named,  continuing  as 
such  until  1903.  In  1900,  commissioned  by  governor  of  Iowa  to  investigate  foreign 
schools  and  traveled  through  Europe  studying  engineering  structures.  Is  author  of 
pamphlet  "Logical  methods  in  arithmetic,"  and  inventor  of  an  "angle  multisector." 
June  1,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

HANSEN,  ANDREW  C.,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Born,  Den- 
mark, February  18,  1880.  Education,  University  of  California.  In  1902  was  chain- 
man,  rodman,  and  computer  for  N.  B.  Kellogg,  San  Francisco,  in  locating  power 
plant  on  Feather  River,  also  ran  compass  and  took  slopes.  May  15,  1903,  appointed 
engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 


328  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [xo.  93. 

HARDESTY,  WILLIAM  PRESTON,  assistant  engineer.  Address  P.  0.  box  "S,"  Salt 
Lake  City,  Utah.  Born  in  Missouri  April  5,  1865.  Education,  college  and  universil  y, 
University  of  Missouri,  C.  E.  1887-88,  with  Interstate  Consolidated  Rapid  Transit 
Railway  Company,  Kansas  City,  Mo.  1888,  with  Denver  Tramway  Company,  Den- 
ver, Colo.  1889,  with  Denver  City  Railway  Company.  1890,  with  Denver  and  Rio 
Grande  Railway,  assistant  engineer  on  construction,  Colorado  canal.  1891,  assistant 
engineer  for  T.  C.  Henry  Canal  Companies,  San  Luis  Valley,  Colo.  1892,  assistant 
engineer  for  Lemhi  Placer  Gold  Mining  Company,  Idaho.  1893-1903,  private  engi- 
neering practice,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.  June  5,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in 
the  reclamation  service. 

HARLEY,  GEORGE  FOSTER,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Sparta,  Ga.  Born  in  Georgia 
January  6,  1875.  Education,  high  school,  university,  and  scientific  school.  In  1898 
was  employed  on  preliminary  railroad  survey  in  Georgia,  and  in  same  year  received 
civil  service  appointment  in  Department  of  Agriculture  in  East  St.  Louis,  111.;  in 
1900  transferred  to  Department  of  Interior  at  Washington,  D.  C,  July  1,  1903, 
appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service  and  assigned  to  work  in  State 
of  Washington. 

HARRIS,  ARCHIE  LEE,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Livingstone,  Ariz.  Born  in 
Orange,  Mass.,  February  17,  1872.  Education,  University  of  Michigan,  B.  S.  in 

C.  E.     1894-95,  teaching  school.    1898-1900,  rodman  and  draftsman  on  United  States 
deep  waterways  survey  along  Hudson  River,  and  in  office  at  Detroit,  Mich.     1900- 
1901,   draftsman  and  computer  on  New  York  State  Barge  Canal  survey,  Albany, 
N.  Y.     1901,  draftsman  for  United  States  Isthmian  Canal  Commission,  Washington, 

D.  C.     1901-2,  draftsman  for  Russell  Wheel  and  Foundry  Company,  Detroit,  Mich., 
and  Hamilton  Bridge  Works  Company,  Hamilton,  Ontario.     1902-3,  draftsman  for 
Pennsylvania,  New  York  and  Long  Island  Railroad  Company,  New  York.     May  19, 

1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

HAWLEY,  RALPH  STEVENSON,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Born 
in  California,  January  11,  1877.  Education,  high  school  and  University  of  California, 
electrical  and  civil  engineering  courses,  B.  S.  in.C.  E.  In  1902,  in  city  engineer's  office, 
Oakland,  Cal.,  and  with  Spreckels  Sugar  Company.  In  1903,  assistant  in  University  of 
California  Summer  School  of  Civil  Engineering,  at  Monterey,  Cal.  During  1902-3 
was  twice  chosen  president  of  civil  engineering  association  of  University  of  California. 
August  7,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service;  January  1, 

1904,  promoted  to  assistant  engineer. 

HAWLEY,  ROBINSON  AVILBER,  assistant  engineer.  Born  in  New  York,  September 
28,  1876.  Graduate  of  Colorado  Agricultural  College  in  irrigation  engineering. 
1896-97,  assistant  engineer,  irrigation  surveys  on  the  Rio  Puerco  and  canal  superin- 
tendent in  Idaho.  1898,  assistant  engineer  on  survey  for  canal  in  Rio  Grande 
Valley.  1899-1900,  designing  irrigation  structures  and  drafting  and  on  stream  meas.- 
urements  for  State  in  Colorado.  1901,  topographic  surveys  for  lateral  systems. 
1901-2,  w.ith  Oregon  Short  Line;  also  with  Mammoth  Reservoir  Company,  Fairview, 
Utah ;  also,  same  year,  on  surveys,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Montrose,  Colo. ; 
January  1,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  reclamation  service. 

HAYDEN,  BEAUFORD  EMMETT,  assistant  engineer.  Born  in  Missouri,  August  23, 
1875.  Education,  high  school,  private  college,  and  Territorial  University,  Nor- 
man, Okla. ;  B.  S.  in  1900.  In  1901  and  1902,  constructed  ditches  and  laterals  for 
the  reclamation  of  land  near  Yuma,  Ariz.  In  1902-3,  on  topographic  work  on  Col- 
orado River.  June  9,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service, 
and  assigned  to  duty  in  the  Salt  River  Valley,  Arizona;  December  9,  1903,  promoted 
to  assistant  engineer. 

HAYS,  DAVID  WALKER,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Reno,  Nev.  Born  in 
Bridgeport,  Cal.,  March  24,  1878.  Education,  Nevada  State  University,  B.  S.  In 
1900,  was  levelman  and  topographer  under  commissioner  of  State  highways  of  the 


NEWELL.]  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  329 

State  of  California,  in  survey  of  road  into  Yosemite  Valley,  and  in  survey  of  Placer-' 
ville  road  between  Placerville  and  Lake  Tahoe.  1901-2,  assistant  hydrographer  and 
engineer  in  stream  measurements  and  surveys  of  canals  and  reservoirs,  under  L.  H. 
Taylor,  of  United,  States  Geological  Survey.  January  1,  1903,  appointed  assistant 
engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

HENDRICKS,  ERNEST  DEMAREST,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Las  Cruces,  N.  Mex. 
Born  in  New  York,  December  16,  1879.  Education,  Cornell  University,  C.  E. 
During  summers  1897-1900  with  Hendricks  Haypress  Manufactory,  Kingston,  N.  Y. 
In  1901,  rodman  with  geological  survey  of  Newr  York  State.  In  1902,  in  New  York 
State  engineer  corps.  June  13,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation 
service. 

HEWITT,  CHARLES  EDGAR,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Peyton  Block,  Spokane, 
Wash.  Born  in  Iowa,  October  30, 1868.  Education,  Iowa  City  Academy,  commercial 
school,  and  State  University  of  Iowra,  C.  E.  During  1897  and  1898  was  with  United 
States  Geological  Survey  as  levelman,  then  accepted  position  on  engineer  corps  of 
Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railway;  during  field  seasons  since  that  time  has 
been  with  Government  survey.  1901-2  with  Missouri,  Kansas  and  Texas  Railroad 
on  location  work  in  Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory.  July  16,  1903,  appointed 
engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

HILL,  Louis  CLARENCE,  engineer.  Address,  Livingstone,  Ariz.  Born  in  Michigan, 
February  22,  1865.  Education,  University  of  Michigan,  B.  S.  in  C.  E.  and  E.  E. 
In  1886-87  was  draftsman  with  Detroit  Pipe  and  Foundry  Company,  Detroit,  Mich. 
1887,  leveler  and  transitman,  Duluth,  Redwing  and  Southern  Railroad,  also  in  St. 
Paul  office  of  United  States  Engineer  Corps  as  assistant  engineer.  1887-88,  transit- 
man and  chief  of  party,  Duluth,  Redwing  and  Southern  Railroad.  1888,  resident 
engineer  Great  Northern  Railroad,  St.  Paul,  Minn.  1890-1903,  professor  of  physics 
and  electrical  engineering,  Colorado  School  of  Mines.  In  1893  served  as  judge  on 
committee  of  awards,  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  and  since  that  date  has  served 
many  times  as  consulting  engineer.  June  8,  1903,  appointed  engineer  in  the 
reclamation  service. 

HINDERLIDER,  MiCHAELC.,  engineer.  Address,  Chamber  of  Commerce  building, 
Denver,  Colo.  Born,  Medora,  Ind.,  May  19,  1876.  Education,  public  schools  and 
University  of  Techology  of  Indiana,  B.  S.  inC.  E.,  Purdue  University.  In  1897  and 
1898  was  on  United  States  Land  Survey  in  Colorado.  During  the  summers  of  1899 
and  1900  wras  employed  by  the  State  engineer  of  Colorado  to  make  stream  gagings. 
1899-1900,  in  engineering  department  of  board  of  public  works  of  Denver,  Colo. 
In  1898  and  1901,  in  designing  and  construction,  also  drainage  surveys.  In  1902  was 
engaged  in  hydrographic  work  over  the  State  of  Colorado  under  the  United  States 
Geologic  Survey.  January  1,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation 
service;  September  1,  1903,  promoted  to  engineer.  January  1  to  July  31,  1903,  in 
charge  of  hydrographic  work  in  Colorado  under  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 
August  1,  1903,  given  general  supervision  of  hydrographic  work  in  Colorado  and 
adjoining  States,  with  headquarters  at  Denver. 

HOGUE,  GILBERT  H.,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Education, 
University  of  Idaho,  B.  S.  in  C.  E.  1900-1901,  on  maintenance  of  way  and  con- 
struction work;  also,  in  1901,  assistant  engineer  and  draftsman  in  office  of  city 
engineer,  Moscow,  Idaho.  1901-2,  general  engineering  and  land  surveying;  also,  in 

1902,  city  superintendent  on  construction,  Moscow,  Idaho,  and  chief  draftsman  and 
topographer  Cascade  Canal  Company,  Ellensburg,  Wash.     1902-3,  assistant  irriga- 
tion engineer  and  hydrographer,   United  States  Geological  Survey.     January  12, 

1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  reclamation  service.     1903,  topographic  work  on 
Minidoka  project,  Idaho. 

HOLGATE,  HARRY  LANG  FORD,  clerk.  Born,  Corvallis,  Oreg.,  January  21,  1867. 
Graduate  of  Oregon  Agricultural  College,  B.  S.  Admitted  to  practice  law  ir;  the 


330  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  91 

courts  of  Oregon,  October:!,  189:;.  Practiced  liuv  in  Oregon  until  departure  to  tbe 
Philippines  as  member  of  the  Second  Oregon  Regiment  ATolunteer  Infantry. 
Appointed  clerk  United  States  Censns  Oilice  in  1900.  Assistant  chief  of  irrigation 
section  until  June  1,  190,'),  when  he  was  transferred  to  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey as  clerk  in  the  legal  department  of  the  reclamation  service. 

HOLLISTER,  GEORGE  BUELL,  hydrographer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  September  16,  1865.  B.  A.,  Yale  University.  From  1892  to  1896 
was  private  secretary  to  Arthur  M.  Dodge,  New  York  City,  and  during  that  time 
was  ajso  assistant  treasurer  of  Central  Electric  Heating  Company,  and  treasurer  of 
Dewey  Elecrtric  Signal  Company.  1896-97,  with  estate  of  Arthur  M.  Dodge;  then 
entered  employ  of  his  father  in  wholesale  grain  and  feed  business,  New  York  City. 
1901-1903,  hydrographer,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  January  1,  1903, 
appointed  hydrographer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

HOLT,  LESTER  MORTON,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Lawton,  Okla.  Born,  Wis- 
consin, February  25,  1877.  Education,  Columbian  University;  degree  B.  S.  in  1900; 
degree  of  C.  E.  in  1902.  Member  of  engineer  corps  of  District  of  Columbia  National 
Guard  for  four  years,  making  maps,  etc.  From  1896  to  1902  was  messenger,  clerk, 
and  bookkeeper,  United  States  Treasury  Department.  July  20,  1902,  appointed 
irrigation  assistant  in  United  States  Geological  Survey.  July  1,  1903,  appointed 
assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service.  Four  months'  instrument  work  on 
surveys  of  Grand  Valley  irrigation  project,  Colorado.  One  month's  office  work, 
level  and  transit,  at  Montrose,  Colo.  Three  months'  plane-table  and  level  at  Moun- 
tain Park,  Oklahoma  Territory.  Four  months'  office  work,  level,  plane-table  work, 
etc.,  for  investigation  for  Lawton  waterworks,  Lawton,  Okla. 

HORTON,  ALBERT  HOWARD,  engineer.  Address,  Silver  Creek,  N.  Y.  Graduate 
of  Cornell  University,  degree  C.  E.  In  1898-99  was  stadiaman  and  draftsman  on 
United  States  Deep  Waterway  Survey;  also,  in  1899,  rodman  in  precise-level  party. 
1899-1900,  recorder  with  United  States  Lake  Survey,  engaged  in  hydrographic 
surveys  and  discharge  measurements  on  the  St.  Clair  River.  1900-1901,  recorder 
with  United  States  Lake  Survey,  in  charge  of  field  wrork  in  connection  with  discharge 
measurements  of  St.  Lawrence  River.  1901-2,  with  United  States  Lake  Survey,  in 
charge  of  office  work  connected  with  a  resurvey  of  St.  Lawrence  River.  1902-3, 
junior  engineer  with  United  States  Lake  Survey,  in  charge  of  precise  level  party, 
running  levels  between  Greenbush  and  Oswego.  May  9,  1903,  appointed  assistant 
engineer  in  the  reclamation  service;  January  1,  1904,  promoted  to  engineer. 

HORTON,  ROBERT  ELMER,  hydrographer.  Address,  75  Arcade,  Utica,  N.  Y.  Born 
in  Michigan,  May  18,  1875.  Education,  Albion  College,  Michigan,  degree  B.  S. 
1895-1897,  made  calculations  of  rainfall  and  run-off  of  Hudson  River  for  New  York 
State  engineer.  In  1898  was  second  assistant  engineer  of  construction,  Indian  Lake 
storage  dam,  New  York.  1898-99,  computer,  water-supply  division,  United  States 
Deep  Waterways  Survey;  also,  same  year,  cuy  paving  inspector,  Rome,  N.  Y. 
1899-1900  and  later,  in  private  practice.  Investigated  water  powers  on  West  Canada 
Creek,  New  York,  built  storage  pond,  Oneida  County;  made  surveys  and  plans, 
Fishkill  (N.  Y. )  waterworks,  and  Binghamton  (N.  Y.)  water  powers;  consulting 
expert  in  various  cases,  etc.  1900-1902,  hydrographer,  United  States  Geological 
Survey,  in  charge  of  stream  gagings  in  New  York  State,  and  later  in  Michigan. 
January  1,  1903,  appointed  hydrographer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

HOSFORD,  CLARENCE  KENT,  engineering  aid.  Born  in  Vermont,  September  17, 
1875.  Education,  Dartmouth  College,  B.  S.,  and  Thayer  School  of  Civil  Engineering. 
In  1900  assisted  in  contour  work  and  laying  out  foundations.  In  1902,  field  assistant 
with  United  States  Geological  Survey.  January  5,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid 
in  the  reclamation  service  and  assigned  to  duty  in  New  Mexico. 

HOYT,  JOHN  CLAYTON>  computer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born  at  Lafayette, 
N.  Y.,  June  10,  1874.  Education,  Andover  Academy  and  Cornell  University;  gradu- 


NEWELL.]  PERSONNEL    OP    THE    SERVICE.  331 

ated  in  civil  engineering  in  1897.  From  May  to  October,  1897,  was  with  Cornell 
University  hydraulic  laboratory  construction,  as  assistant  engineer.  From  Novem- 
ber, 1897,  to  October,  1898,  was  with  United  States  Deep  Waterways  Commission  on 
Oswego  route.  November,  1898,  to  September,  1899,  draftsman,  Bureau  Yards  and 
Docks,  Navy  Department,  Washington,  D.  C.  October,  1899,  to  August,  1902,  with 
United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  as  computer.  September  3,  1902,  appointed 
computer  in  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

HUHER,  FREBERICK  W.,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Keno,  Nev.  Born  in  Virginia, 
August  31,  1879.  Education,  Baltimore  City  College  and  Cornell  University.  In 
1899,  was  rodman  on  preliminary  surveys  for  United  Railways  of  Baltimore;  in  1900, 
rodman  on  construction,  United  Railways  of  Baltimore;  in  1901,  rodman  on  location, 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad;  1902,  temporary  assistant  engineer,  United  Railways 
of  Baltimore.  May  7,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

HUFFAKER,  ISAAC  WATTS,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Reno,  Nev.  Born  in  California, 
September  25,  1874.  Education,  common  school  and  private  instruction  in  survey- 
ing, etc.  1899  to  1901  was  in  general-surveying  office  at  Deer  Lodge,  Mont.  In 
1901  was  employed  in  construction  of  iron-frame  smelters  at  Anaconda,  Mont,  May 
7,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service.  Employed  as  hydrog- 
rapher  on  Walker  River  Basin  for  three  months  following  appointment;  since  that 
time  as  levelman  on  Lower  Truckee  canal. 

HUMPHERYS,  THOMAS  HYRUM,  engineering  aid.  Address,  391  South  Main  street, 
Logan,  Utah.  Born  in  Idaho,  November  26,  1874.  Graduate  of  Utah  Agricultural 
College,  degree  B.  S.  in  C.  E.  In  1897-98  was  employed  at  Utah  Experiment  Station, 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  In  1898,  surveying  for  Newton  Reservoir 
Company,  Newton,  Utah.  In  1900,  on  work  connected  with  subdivision  of  Govern- 
ment lands.  1901-2,  surveyor  for  Cache  County,  Utah.  1902-3,  employed  by  the 
West  Cache  Canal  Company,  of  Trenton,  Utah.  June  15,  1903,  appointed  engineering 
aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

HUMPHREYS,  DAVID  CARLISLE,  assistant  hydrographer.  Address,  Lexington,  Va. 
Born  in  Virginia,  October  14,  1855.  Education,  Washington  and  Lee  University, 
degree  C.  E.  1872-1874,  engaged  in  mapping  and  general  surveying.  1874-75,  office 
assistant  and  draftsman,  railway  construction.  1878-79,  teacher.  1879-1885,  drafts- 
man and  United  States  assistant  engineer  011  improvement  of  Mississippi  and  Missouri 
rivers,  under  board  of  engineers  and  Missouri  River  Commission.  1885-1903,  pro- 
fessor of  civil  engineering  at  Washington  and  Lee  University.  In  1888  was  engineer 
for  increasing  water  supply  of  Lexington,  Va.  Also,  at  various  times,  engineer  and 
architect  for  land  companies,  railroads,  etc.;  also  consulting  engineer  and  vice- 
president,  Lexington  Light  and- Power  Company.  1895-1903,  resident  hydrographer, 
United  States  Geological  Survey.  February  2,  1903,  appointed  hydrographer  in 
reclamation  service. 

KURD,  HUKD  CLARENCE,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Roswell,  N.  Mex.  Born  in 
Texas,  April  16,  1870.  Graduate  of  Princeton,  C.  E.  During  1891  spent  four  months 
on  the  construction  of  the  Broadway  cable  road,  New  York  City.  1893-1897,  degree 
with  engineering  department  of  District  of  Columbia.  With  Nicaragua  Canal  Com- 
mission, 1897-1899,  and  with  Isthmian  Canal  Commission,  1899-1901;  then  accepted 
position  as  transitman  with  Washington  and  Annapolis  Electric  Railway  Company. 
In  1902,  assistant  engineer  with  J.  M.  Guffey  Petroleum  Company,  Port  Arthur, 
Tex.  September-December,  1902,  with  special  agent,  Department  of  State,  on 
work  on  Nicaragua  Canal  route.  May  1,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the 
reclamation  service. 

JOHNSON,  EDWARD,  Jr.,  engineer.  Address,  263  Dearborn  street,  Chicago,  111. 
Born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  December  4,  1876.  Education,  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology,  degree  B.  S.  September  26,  1899,  to  October  13,  1900,  with  Essex 
County,  Lawrence,  Mass.,  as  assistant  engineer  in  construction  work,  water  measure- 


332  FIRST   RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

ments,  hydraulic  engineering,  and  city  surveying.  October  25,  1900,  to  December  lf>, 
1902,  attached  to  U.  S.  S.  Ratujcr  us  hydrographic  surveyor.  Winter  of  1900-1901, 
connected  with  building  of  wharf  for  United  States  coaling  station  at  Pichilinque 
Bay,  Mexico,  and  during  that  time  and  in  1902  executed  the  main  triangulation  of 
the  survey  of  the  coast  of  Lower  California.  February  2,  1903,  appointed  assistant 
engineer  in  the  reclamation  service;  January  1,  1904,  promoted  to  engineer. 

KEDDIE,  WILLIAM  ARTHUR,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Reno,  Nev.  Born  in 
California  March  4,  1878.  Education,  Nevada  State  University;  degree  B.  S.  In 
1900,  on  topographical  surveys;  also  made  topographic  maps  and  did  general  draft- 
ing for  report  on  Truckee  River  project.  1901-2,  draftsman  in  United  States  sur- 
veyor-general's office.  June-September,  1902,  on  United  States  survey  work  in 
Nevada.  1902-3,  made  preliminary  surveys  of  canal  lines  along  Truckee  River.  Jan- 
uary 24,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service,  since  which 
time  has  been  on  topographic  surveys  in  Nevada. 

KERR,  JOHN  NICEWAUNGER,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Monte  Vista,  Colo.  Born 
in  Ohio,  July  1,  1879.  Education,  University  of  Colorado  and  Colorado  School  of 
Mines.  In  1898  was  field  assistant  writh  Colorado  Valley  Land  and  Canal  Company. 
1899,  assistant  engineer  with  Colorado  Valley  Land  and  Canal  Company.  1900, 
mining  at  Summitville  and  Ouray,  Colo.  1902,  draftsman  with  Southern  Colorado 
Land  Company;  also  mining  and  mining  surveying,  Summitville  district,  Colorado. 
September  15,  1902,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

KLEINSCHMIDT,  HENRY  SCHWING,  engineering  aid.  Address,  2112  Waverly  place, 
St.  Louis,  Mo.  Born  in  Tennessee,  May  28,  1882.  Graduate  of  University  of  Mis- 
souri, degree  B.  S.  in  C.  E.  In  1901  was  with  survey  party  in  Oklahoma  and  Texas, 
as  chainman  for  St.  Louis  and  San  Francisco  Railroad.  In  1902,  with  Atchison, 
Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad,  between  Chicago  and  Kansas  City,  on  maintenance 
of  way.  June  11,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

LAURGAARD,  OLAF,  engineering  aid.  Address,  La  Crosse,  Wis.  Born  in  Norway, 
February  21, 1880.  Education,  high  school  and  University  of  Wisconsin.  In  1901  had 
charge  of  level  party  in  northern  Minnesota  for  United  States  Steel  Corporation- 
1902,  running  levels  for  electric  railway.  1902,  with  United  States  Geological  Sur. 
vey  as  primary  levelman  and  traverseman.  May  14,  1903,  appointed  engineering 
aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

LAWSON,  LAWRENCE  MILTON,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Born 
Washington,  D.  C.,  January  8,  1879.  Education,  high  school,  Polytechnic  Institute 
of  Pasadena,  Cal.,  Mount  Tamalpais  Military  Academy,  and  Stanford  University.  In 
1902  was  in  charge  of  pipe-line  survey  for  Pomona  and  Ontario  Gas  and  Fuel  Company, 
Los  Angeles,  Cal.;  also  in  charge  of  party  making  stream  measurements  in  California 
for  United  States  Geological  Survey.  January  5,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in 
the  reclamation  service;  July  5,  1903,  promoted  to  assistant  engineer. 

LEIGHTON,  MARSHALL  ORA,  hydrographer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born  in 
Maine,  May  1, 1874.  Graduate  of  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  From  1896 
to  1902  wras  executive  officer  for  the  board  of  health  at  Montclair,  N.  J.,  and 
during  the  latter  half  of-  this  period  was  engaged  in  private  sanitary-engineering  prac- 
tice as  consulting  expert.  In  1899  was  associated  writh  George  W.  Fuller,  consulting 
expert,  New  York  City,  in  an  examination  of  drainage  area  of  Passaic  River  above 
Little  Falls  to  determine  the  fitness  of  the  water  flowing  therefrom  for  use  in  domestic 
supply.  In  1901  was  employed  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  to  prepare  a 
report  on  sewage  pollution  in  rivers  around  New  York,  published  as  Water  Supply 
and  Irrigation  Paper  No.  72.  In  1902  was  engaged  in  a  new  branch  of  work  under 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey  having  especial  reference  to  pollution  of  waters 
and  the  damage  done  thereby,  and  reviewed  wrater  investigations  made  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  the  United  States  in  a  report  published  as  Water  Supply  and  Irriga- 
tion Paper  No.  79.  Also  investigated,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  George  B.  Hollister, 


NEWELL.]  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  333 

the  great  floods  on  the  Passaic  River  in  March,  1902,  and  October,  1903.  Made  an 
extended  trip  through  Indiana,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Missouri,  and  Arkansas,  exploring  river 
drainage  areas  for  locations  of  current-meter  measurement  stations,,  and  on  December 
1,  1902,  was  put  in  charge  of  river  measurements  in  the  Mississippi  district,  which 
covers  the  above-named  States,  together  with  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Wisconsin,  and  Min- 
nesota. January  1,  1903,  was  appointed  hydrographer,  and  put  in  charge  of  the 
division  of  hydro-economics. 

LEMENAGER,  .HENRI  V.,  draftsman.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born  in  Eng- 
land, 1870.  Education,  English  high,  school  and  special  courses  in  art  in  South 
Kensington  School  of  Science  and  Arts.  1889-1894,  draftsman  with  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad;  1894-95,  draftsman,  United  States  Surveyor-General's  Office;  1900,  drafts- 
man, Rand-McNally  Company.  In  January,  1901,  was  appointed  draftsman,  United 
States  Geological  Survey,  and  on  October  1,  1902,  assigned  to  duty  in  the  hydro- 
graphic  branch. 

LEWIS,  JOHN  HOWARD,  hydrographic  aid.  Address,  Pendleton,  Oreg.  Born  in 
Oregon,  April  22,  1878.  Education,  graduate  of  high  school,  three  years  in  Stanford 
University,  C.  E.,  Cornell,  1903.  In  1899  and  1900  was  draftsman  for  Oregon  Rail- 
road and  Navigation  Company;  also,  in  latter  year,  chief  topographer  in  field  for 
same  company,  and  from  August,  1900  to  September,  1901,  was  in  charge  of  records 
of  right  of  way  department  of  same  company;  June  to  September,  1902,  was  field 
draftsman  on  construction  work  for  same  company.  June  10,  1903,  appointed  hydro- 
graphic  aid  in  the  reclamation  service,  having  charge  of  all  hydrographic  work  in  the 
State  of  Oregon. 

LIPPINCOTT,  JOSEPH  BARLOW,  supervising  engineer.  Address,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
Bom  in  Scranton,  Pa.,  October  10,  1864.  Educated  at  Dickinson  College,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  University  of  Kansas,  receiving  degree  of  B.  S.  in  1886.  Since  that  time 
has  been  continuously  engaged  in  civil  engineering.  1886-1888,  railroad  work  for  the 
Santa  Fe  System.  In  July,  1888,  was  employed  by  United  States  Geological  Survey 
for  topographic  work  and  continued  until  1892,  when  he  was  appointed  assistant 
engineer  for  Bear  Valley  Irrigation  Company,  of  Redlands,  Cal.,  and  assisted  in 
building  a  portion  of  the  Santa  Ana  canal.  In  1893  took  charge  of  field  work  of  an 
enterprise  contemplating  irrigation  of  30,000  acres  in  northwestern  portion  of  Los 
Angeles  County,  Cal. ;  work  abandoned  in  December,  1894.  In  January,  1895,  was 
placed  in  charge  of  hydrographic  investigations  for  the  United'  States  Geological 
Survey  in  California  and  has  had  charge  of  said  work  to  date.  Is  author  of  various 
United  States  Geological  Survey  publications.  Has  been  employed  on  domestic 
waterworks  of  various  cities,  including  San  Francisco,  Los  Angeles,  and  Santa 
Barbara,  Cal.,  as  consulting  engineer  and  also  in  same  capacity  by  a  number  of 
irrigation  companies. 

LOOTZ,  ALF  C.,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Reno,  Nev.  Born  in  Massachusetts, 
March  8,  1870.  Graduate  of  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology;  degree,  S.  B. ; 
also  graduate  of  English  High  School,  Boston.  In  1896-97  rodman  with  Boston 
Transit  Commission.  1897-98,  with  chief  engineer  city  of  Boston,  when  he  had 
charge  of  field  work,  laying  out  and  estimating  and  making  surveys.  1898-1903,  in 
Navy  Department  at  Boston  Navy-Yard,  in  surveying,  inspecting  construction  of 
quay  walls,  buildings,  etc. ;  also  had  charge  of  laying  out  the  new  dry  dock  at  that 
yard,  making  estimates  for  same.  June  4,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the 
reclamation  service. 

MCCONNELL,  IRA  WELCH,  engineer.  Address,  Montrose,  Colo.  Born  in  Mis- 
souri, October  17,  1871.  Graduate  of  Cornell;  degree,  C.  E.  In  1897,  contractor's 
foreman;  1898,  topographic  surveyor,  United  States  Deep  Waterways  Commis- 
sion; same  year,  rodman,  United  States  navy-yard,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  1898-99, 
contractor,  North  Tarrytwon,  N.  Y.,  sewerage  system;  1899-1900,  instructor  in  civil 
engineering,  Cornell  University;  1900-1901,  superintendent  of  construction,  Indian- 


334  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  IN<>.  93. 

apolis  Water  Company;  1901-1903,  superintendent,  Nash  &  Dowdie,  contractors, 
Chicago  and  New  Orleans;  January  to  June,  1903,  professor  of  civil  engineering, 
Missouri  School  of  Mines;  June  14,  1903,  appointed  hydrographer  in  the  reclama- 
tion service;  December  14,  1903,  designation  changed  to  engineer. 

McDEKMiTii,  ORO,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building, 
Denver,  Colo.  Born  in  Colorado,  August  24,  1879.  Graduate  of  Colorado  Agricul- 
tural College;  degree,  B.  S.  In  1894-95  was  miner  and  prospector,  Leadville  and 
Gunnison,  Colo.  1895-1897,  ranchman  and  practical  irrigator,  Eagle,  Colo.  1897- 
1899,  student  at  college,  Fort  Collins,  Colo.  1899-1900,  clerk  and  telegraph  operator, 
Wolcott,  Colo.  1900-1902,  student,  Fort  Collins,  Colo.  1902-3,  fellow  in  irrigation 
engineering,  and  assistant  in  irrigation  investigations  at  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  Fort  Collins.  May  15,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation 
service. 

MclNTYRE,  OTIS  LITTLE,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Graduate 
of  Columbian  University.  1901-1903,  work  in  general  engineering,  cartographic 
draftsman  in  United  States  hydrographic  office.  May  18, 1903,  appointed  engineering 
aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

MACPHERSON,  DAVID  J.,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Pasadena,  Cal.  Born  in 
Canada,  January  12,  1854.  Graduate  of  Cornell  University,  B.  C.  E.  1878-1880, 
with  Worthington  and  Sioux  Falls  Railroad  in  Minnesota.  1881-82,  building  rail- 
road projects  under  contract.  1883,  assistant  city  engineer,  San  Antonio,  Tex.  1884, 
locating  engineer,  Mexican  National  Railway.  1885-1891,  in  real  estate  business  in 
California.  1892-1896,  chief  engineer  Mount  Lowe  Railway.  1899-1901,  chief  engi- 
neer, constructing  railway  and  installing  mining  machinery  for  parties  in  Mexico. 
1902-3,  on  hydrographic  work,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  December  5,  1903, 
appointed  assistant  engineer  in  reclamation  service. 

MADDEN,  FRANCIS  MICHAEL,  hydrographic  aid.  Address,  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Building,  Denver,  Colo.  Born  in  Minnesota,  October  10,  1878.  Graduate  of  Uni- 
versity of  Minnesota,  C.  E.  April  to  September,  1901,  was  rodman  with  "Soo" 
Line.  May-September,  1902,  instrument  man,  Chicago  Great  Western  Railway. 
July  27,  1903,  appointed  hydrographic  aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

MAGRUDER,  FRANK  C.,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Build- 
ing, Denver,  Colo.  Born  in  Missouri,  January  16,  1879.  Graduate  of  University  of 
Missouri;  degree  B.  S.  in  C.  E.  In  1901  was  topographer  on  Missouri  Pacific  Rail- 
way. In  1902  was  rodman  with  Missouri,  Kansas  and  Texas  Railway.  In  1903, 
instructor  in  surveying  at  Missouri  State  University.  June  17,  1903,  appointed  engi- 
neering aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

MATTHES,  GERARD  HENDRIK,  engineer.  Address,  Lawton,  Okla.  Born  in  Hol- 
land, March  16,  1874.  Education,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology;  B.  S. 
1895.  During  summer  of  1893  in  plan  department  of  Associated  Factory  Mutual 
Insurance  Companies.  1895-1897,  in  town  engineer's  office,  Brookline,  Mass.,  as 
draftsman,  instrument  man,  and  sewer  inspector;  also  instrument  man  for  three 
months  for  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Harbor  and  Land  Commissioners.  Since 
May,  1897,  to  date  with  United  States  Geological  Survey,  on  stream  gaging,  reservoir 
and  canal  surveys.  At  present  district  engineer  in  charge  of  reclamation  surveys 
and  construction  of  public  works  in  Oklahoma,  and  special  disbursing  agent. 

MEEKER,  RALPH  INMAN,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Build- 
ing, Den,ver,  Colo.  Born  in  Kansas,  February  14, 1878.  Education,  high  school  and 
Colorado  State  School  of  Mines.  In  1899-1900  was  assistant  to  the  chief  engineer  of 
the  Twin  Lakes  Land  and  Water  Company  and  Twin  Lakes  Reservoir  Company. 
In  1900-1901  was  with  Union  Gold  Extraction  Company,  Florence,  Colo.,  as  head 
barrel  man  and  precipitator.  July-August,  1901,  with  The  Woods  Investment  Com- 
pany, at  Economic  Chlorination  mill,  Cripplecreek,  as  barrelman.  In  1902  assayer 
in  office  of  A.  E.  Reynolds,  Pueblo,  Colo. ;  also,  in  1902,  in  mine  surveying  and  sam- 


NEWELL.]  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  335 

pling  at  Blackhawk,  Colo.,  with  Boston  and  Denver  Consolidated  Mining  and  Mill- 
ing Company;  also,  same  year,  with  Colorado  Northern.  Gold  Mining  Company,  as 
assayer  and  electrician,  also  mine  surveying.  In  1902-3,  with  Wall  Street  Gold 
Extraction  Company,  Wallstreet,  Colo.,  as  general  man.  May  1,  1903,  appointed 
engineering  aid  in  reclamation  service. 

MILLER,  GEORGE  8.,  engineer.  Born  at  Lowell,  Mass.,  April  22,  1872.  B.  S.  in 
C.  E.,  University  of  Vermont.  1895-96,  assistant  engineer,  United  States  engineers' 
office,  Burlington,  Vt.;  also,  in  1896,  with  Boston  and  Albany  Railroad,  on  separa- 
tion of  grades.  1896-97,  with  Metropolitan  Sewerage  Commission,  at  Dedham,  Mass. 
1897-98,  with  Murphy  &  Haskins,  contractors.  1898-1904,  with  United  States 
Engineers,  War  Department,  as  assistant  superintendent  and  superintendent.  March 
9, 1904,  appointed  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service,  by  transfer  from  War  Depart- 
ment. 

MORRIS,  ANTHONY  PAUL,  hydrographic  draftsman.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Born  in  Maryland,  March  21,  1876.  Education,  high  school  and  normal  school;  now 
attending  Columbian  University,  Washington,  D.  C.  In  1894  was  employed  as 
assistant  in  making  subdivision  surveys  in  District  of  Columbia.  1895-1897,  with 
United  States  Fish  Commission.  1898-99,  served  in  United  States  Army  during 
Spanish-American  war.  In  February,  1901,  was  appointed  hydrographic  draftsman 
in  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

MURPHY,  EDWARD  CHARLES,  engineer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born  in 
Canada,  June  17,  1859.  Graduated  from  Cornell  University  in  1884;  degree,  B.  C.  E. 
Has  since  received  from  that  university  the  degrees  of  M.  S.  and  Ph.  D.  Fellow  in 
mathematics,  Cornell,  1885-86.  1887-1898  was  assistant  professor  of  civil  engineering 
at  University  of  Kansas.  In  1899  fellow  in  civil  engineering,  Cornell  University. 
In  1900  hydrographer,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  In  1901  instructor  in  civil 
engineering  at  Cornell.  1892-1898,  resident  hydrographer,  United  States  Geological 
Survey,  for  eastern  Kansas.  1902,  hydrographer  and  assistant  engineer,  United  States 
Geological  Survey.  Associate  member  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  Has 
published  Water-Supply  and  Irrigation  Papers  NOR.  8,  42,  43,  and  64,  also  papers  in 
Kansas  University  Quarterly,  Kansas  Academy  of  Science,  Engineering  News,  and 
Transactions  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineering.  October  9,  1902,  appointed 
assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service.  July  1,  1903,  promoted  to  engineer. 

MYERS,  EDWARD  WARREN,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Greensboro,  N.  C.  Born 
in  North  Carolina,  October  30,  1873.  Education,  private  school,  graded  school, 
military  preparatory  school,  and  university.  Graduated  with  degree  B.  S.  from 
University  of  North  Carolina  in  1895.  Associate  member  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers.  Since  his  graduation  has  been  employed  for  the  greater  part  of  the  time 
as  engineer  of  the  North  Carolina  geological  survey  in  reconnaissances  and  investiga- 
tions of  water  power  of  North  Carolina,  topographic  surveys,  etc. ;  also  as  resident 
hydrographer  for  North  and  South  Carolina,  in  charge  of  the  hydrographic  work  in 
these  States  and  in  parts  of  Virginia  and  East  Tennessee.  Private  work  has  con- 
sisted of  surveys  and  plans  for  water-power  development,  water  supply,  sewerage, 
and  electric  railways,  and  of  expert  testimony  before  courts  in  suits  relative  to  these 
subjects.  January  1,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

NEWELL,  FREDERICK  HAYNES,  chief  engineer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born 
in  Bradford,  Pa.,  March  5, 1862.  Graduate  of  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 
as  engineer,  1885.  Engaged  in  mining  in  Colorado.  Miscellaneous  engineering  in 
Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  other  States.  With  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey, 1889-90,  as  assistant  hydraulic  engineer;  1890-1895,  topographer;  1895-1902, 
hydrographer.  July  8,  1902,  appointed  chief  engineer,  reclamation  service.  Author 
of  Hydrography 'of  the  Arid  Regions,  1891;  Agriculture  by  Irrigation,  1894;  The 
Public  Lands  of  the  United  States,  1895;  Irrigation,  1902.  Member  commission  on 
revision  of  land  laws. 


836  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  us. 

NEWELL,  HERBERT  D.,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  0.  Born  in 
Massachusetts,  August  6,  1871.  Education,  common  school,  academy,  and  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology;  degree,  B.  S.  June-September,  1896,  surveyor, 
Erie  Railroad.  In  1896-97,  with  Boston  Transit  Commission.  1897-1902,  with 
United  States  Engineers,  Boston.  1897-98,  on  survey  of  Broad  Sound,  Boston  Harbor, 
and  survey  of  upper  Merrimac  River.  1898-1902,  on  fortification  construction.  1902-3, 
at  United  States  engineer's  office  at  Fort  Stevens,  Oreg.,  assistant  to  engineer  in 
charge  of  fortification  construction  and  in  charge  of  improvement  of  mouth  of 
Columbia  River.  June  1,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation 
service. 

NEWELL,  ROBERT  J. ,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Boise,  Idaho.  Education,  common 
and  high  school  and  college.  In  1900  taught  school.  1901-1903,  student  at  Highland 
Park  College,  Des  Moines,  Iowa.  May  14,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  recla- 
mation service  and  assigned  to  duty  as  transitman  on  preliminary  work  in  Idaho  on 
Minidoka  project,  under  J.  T.  Burke,  and  later  on  Dubois  proposition  and  several 
reservoirs,  under  J.  G.  Camp. 

NOBLE,  THERON  AUGUSTUS,  engineer.  Address,  427  Peyton  Block,  Spokane,  "Wash. 
Born  New  Philadelphia,  Ohio,  January  7,  1864.  Education,  Iowa  State  College  and 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  Engaged  in  civil  engineering  1890-1892  for 
Kirkland  Land  and  Improvement  Company,  Seattle,  Wash.  1892-93,  superintend- 
ent of  machine  shop  and  foundry,  Seattle  Iron  and  Steel  Manufacturing  Company, 
Seattle,  Wash.  1893-1899,  civil  engineer,  general  practice,  during  which  time  was 
engaged  by  Blue  Canyon  Coal  Company;  was  for  three  years  chief  engineer  for 
Seattle  Power  Company,  Seattle,  Wash.,  Pelton  Water  Wheel  Company,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  General  Electric  Company,  Portland,  Oreg.  Member  American  Society 
of  Civil  Engineers.  1899-1901  was  civil  engineer  for  Oriental  Consolidated  Mining 
Company,  Chemulpo,  Korea.  1901-1903,  engaged  in  general  civil  engineering  prac- 
tice and  resident  hydrographer  for  the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  Appointed 
engineer  in  the  reclamation  service  May  2,  1903. 

OLBERG,  CHARLES  REAL,  assistant  enp:-"eer.  Address,  Livingstone,  Ariz.  Born 
St.  Paul,  Minn.,  August  19,  1875.  Graduate  Columbian  University  in  civil  engineer- 
ing. Associate  member  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  1894-1896,  instrument 
man  on  irrigation  works,  Crow  Indian  Reservation,  Mont.  1896-1900,  structural 
steel  draftsman,  Supervising  Architect's  Office,  Treasury  Department,  Washington, 
D.  C.  1900-1902,  assistant  hydrographer,  United  States  Geological  Survey;  in  charge 
of  field  parties  on  topographic  and  transit  work.  1902  to  September,  1903,  assistant 
engineer,  reclamation  service,  in  charge  of  field  work  on  Salt  River.  Now  assistant  to 
L.  C.  Hill. 

OWEN,  RAY,  engineering  aid.  Address,  613  Francis  Street,  Madison,  Wis.  Born  in 
Wisconsin,  October  29,  1878.  Education,  common  school  and  high  school  and 
University  of  Wisconsin.  In  1902  ran  levels  and  did  planetable  work  for  United 
States  Geological  Survey  on  East  Liverpool  and  Salineville  sheets,  in  Ohio.  June  12, 
1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

PARSHALL,  ADRIAN  JEFFERSON,  hydrographer.  Address,  Cheyenne,  Wyo.  Born 
in  Michigan,  May  24,  1850.  Grammar  and  high  school  education,  entering  Michigan 
University  in  1867;  graduated  with  degree  of  C.  E.  in  1871.  In  1871,  assistant  city 
engineer  at  Jackson,  Mich. ;  1872-1874,  draftsman  in  surveyor-general's  office,  Chey- 
enne, Wyo. ;  1875,  chief  clerk  in  same  office,  and  later,  county  surveyor  of  Laramie 
County,  Wyo.;  1876-1880,  did  private  work  in  the  Black  Hills,  South  Dakota;  then 
engaged  in  banking  business.  Returned  to  Cheyenne  in  1883  and  remained  in  busi- 
ness until  1895,  when  he  was  appointed  chief  clerk  of  the  State  land  board,  having 
in  charge  the  work  being  done  under  the  Carey  Act  of  1894.  .1899-1902,  was  assistant 
State  engineer  of  Wyoming,  and  during  that  time  also  performed  duties  of  resident 


NKwr:u,.]  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  337 

hydrographer  for  United  States  Geological  Survey.  Since  1902  has  given  his  entire 
time  to  the  work  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  February  2,  1903, 
appointed  hydrographer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

PATERSON,  HARRY  THOMAS,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Newport,  Ky.  Born  in 
Kentucky,  September  7,  1874.  Education,  three  years  at  Rose  Polytechnic,  Terre 
Haute,  Ind.;  six  months  special  work  at  Missouri  School  of  Mines.  October- 
December,  1895,  draftsman  with  city  engineer,  Colorado  Springs;  January-April, 
1896,  with  Wilson  &  Jackson,  contractors  on  tunnel  for  Colorado  Springs  water  sup- 
ply; May-November,  1896,  engineer  on  construction  of  ditch  for  Taylor  Park  Gold 
Mining  Company.  In  1897,  special  work  at  Missouri  School  of  Mines;  1898-1900, 
assistant  city  engineer,  Colorado  Springs;  1900,  assistant  superintendent  and  engi- 
neer of  Colorado  Springs  Rapid  Transit  Railway;  1901-2,  deputy  county  surveyor 
El  Paso  County,  Colo.;  1902,  draftsman,  leveler,  and  transitman  on  location  for 
Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railway  in  Colorado.  October  28,  1902,  appointed  assistant 
engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

PEASE,  CHARLES  T.,  engineer.  Address,  Denver,  Colo.  Born  in  Maine,  May  3, 
1858.  Graduate  of  University  of  Maine,  B.  S.  University  of  Denver,  LL.  B.  From 
1882-83,  assistant  engineer  in  charge  of  maintenance  of  way,  Mexican  National  Rail- 
way. 1886-87,  in  charge  of  residences  under  construction  on  Colorado  Midland  Rail- 
way. 1887-88,  in  charge  of  divisions  under  construction,  Santa  Fe  Railroad.  1888- 
1891,  assistant  engineer  in  maintenance  of  way  department,  Denver  and  Rio  Grande 
Railway,  1891,  in  charge  of  division  under  construction  on  Rio  Grande  Southern 
Railway.  1892-1896,  in  private  practice  as  mining  engineer,  Rico,  Colo.  1897-1901, 
in  United  States  surveyor-general's  office,  Denver,  Colo.  1901-1903,  in  private  prac- 
tice as  mining  engineer.  December  14,  1903,  appointed  engineer  in  the  reclamation 
service. 

PEERY,  EDWIN  HOWE,  law  clerk.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born  in  Missouri, 
July  27,  1856.  Graduate  of  Grand  River  College,  Edinburg,  Mo.  (A.  B.),  of  Law 
School,  Missouri  State  University  (LL.  B. ),  and  of  Law  School  of  Columbian  Univer- 
sity, Washington,  D.  C.  (M.  L. ).  Prior  tt*' graduation  from  college  taught  school 
and  farmed.  1877-1883,  studied  law  and  taught  school  in  California,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  1883,  removed  to  Oregon  and  clerked  in  railroad  office,  land 
department.  1885-1891,  clerk  in  office  of  attorneys  having  railroad  and  general 
practice,  Portland,  Oreg.,  and  assisted  in  practice.  1891-1894,  engaged  in  law  prac- 
tice, Portland,  Oreg.  1894-95,  on  board  of  examiners,  United  States  Civil  Service 
Commission.  1895-1897,  confidential  clerk  to  Assistant  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury. 
Admitted  to  the  bar  of  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  1897.  1897-1903,  law 
clerk,  office  of  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury.  May  12,  1903,  law  clerk,  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  reclamation  service. 

PERKINS,  EDMUND  TAYLOR,  engineer.  Address,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Born  in  Vir- 
ginia, September  8,  1864.  Graduated  Union  College;  C.  E.  and  B.  A.,  1885;  M.  A., 
1888.  From  1885  to  date  with  United  States  Geological  Survey,  except  parts  of  1893 
and  1894.  In  1893,  engineer  State  Wagon  Road  Commission  of  Idaho,  equipping 
and  controlling  a  party  which  ran  reconnaissance  lines  for  wagon  roads  over  300 
miles,  through  mountainous  and  unexplored  regions.  In  1894,  United  States  land 
inspector  of  contract  surveys;  also  undertook  two  contracts  for  subdividing  Govern- 
ment lands.  With  United  States  Geological  Survey  has  been  in  charge  of  topo- 
graphic, triangulation,  and  leveling  parties;  1897-1898,  extended  triangulation  so  as 
to  locate  by  latitude  and  longitude  points  on  boundary  line  between  Idaho  and 
Montana;  also  between  Idaho  and  British  possessions.  July  8,  1902,  appointed 
engineer  in  the  reclamation  service  and  placed  in  charge  of  "  Yuma  project,"  Colo- 
rado River  district. 

IRK  93—04 22 


338  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

PETERSON,  OTTO  WALLACE,  engineering  aid.  Born  in  California,  December  31, 1880. 
Address,  2106  San  Pablo  avenue,  Berkeley,  C:il.  Education,  high  school  and  Uni- 
versity of  California.  In  June,  1900,  was  enumerator  for  United  States  census.  In 
1899-1901  was  engaged  in  farming.  In  1902  was  rodman  for  United  States  drainage 
survey,  near  Fresno,  Cal.  Since  September,  1902,  has  been  with  United  States 
Geological  Survey  as  hydrographic  aid  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  in  underground- water 
investigation  and  mapping  underground  waters;  also  did  stream  gaging  and  topo- 
graphic mapping.  May  4,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

PLACE,  ADOLF  EDWIN,  engineering  aid.  Address,  53  Sycamore  street,  Somerville, 
Mass.  Born  in  Germany,  December  21,  1876.  Matriculated  for  one  year  as  student 
of  mechanical  engineering  and  for  two  years  as  student  of  civil  engineering  at  German 
technical  universities  of  Karlsruhe  and  Braunschweig.  Graduate  of  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology,  1903.  AVas  mechanic,  machinist,  and  draftsman  for  two  and 
one-half  years  in  Hamburg,  Germany.  In  1901  was  assistant  field  hydrographer, 
United  States  Geological  Survey;  also  civil  engineer  and  surveyor  in  Boston,  Mass. 
July-September,  1901,  employed  by  city  of  New  York  to  make  investigations  of 
tributaries  of  Hudson  and  Housatonic  rivers,  with  reference  to  future  supply  of 
New  York  City.  February-October,  1902,  civil  engineer  with  Pierce  &  Barnes, 
Boston.  June  17,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

PORTER,  ARTHUR  PEABODY,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Newton,  Lower  Falls,  Mass. 
Education,  public  school,  including  high,  Exeter  Academy  and  Massachusetts  Insti- 
tute of  Technology.  June  6,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  reclamation  service 
and  served  June  to  August  on  stream  gaging  on  Long  Island  and  miscellaneous 
work  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

PORTER,  SAM  GRAHAM,  engineering  aid.  Address,  1700  Congress  avenue,  Austin, 
Tex.  Born  in  Kyle,  Tex.,  September  1, 1875.  Educated  at  Baylor  University  ( A.  B., 
1898),  University  of  Chicago  and  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  (B.  S.,  1903). 
1898-1901  taught  in  Antioch  public  school,  Enon,  Tex.,  East  Texas  Institute,  Rusk, 
Tex.,  and  Central  High  School,  Waco,  Tex.  June  10,  1903,  appointed  engineering 
aid  in  reclamation  service,  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

PRALL,  CARLOS  THEODORE,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  69  Alfred  street,  Detroit, 
Mich.  Born  in  Michigan,  February  20,  1871.  Attended  public  schools  in  Detroit 
and  Ypsilanti,  Mich.,  until  June,  1886.  Began  work  for  hydrographic  branch, 
United  States  Geological  Survey,  March,  1899,  on  Gila  River,  Arizona.  Trans- 
ferred to  Uinta  Indian  Reservation,  Utah,  September,  1899;  stationed  there  until 
August,  1902.  Levelman,  transitman,  and  in  charge  of  stream  measurements  under 
Cyrus  C.  Babb.  Transferred  to  Montana  August,  1902.  In  charge  of  boring  part)-, 
also  plane-table  surveys  and  stream  measurements  at  St.  Mary  dam  site,  September- 
October,  1902.  Transferred  to  Nevada  November,  1902.  In  charge  topographic 
party  on  Truckee-Carson  survey  until  May  1,  1903.  Transferred  to  Montana  May 
15,  1903.  June-November,  1903,  in  charge  of  boring  party,  also  plane-table  surveys 
and  stream  measurements  at  St.  Mary  dam  site.  June  1 ,  1903,  appointed  assistant 
engineer  in  reclamation  service. 

PRESSEY,  FRANK  ETHELBERT,  engineering  aid.  Address,  487  Union  street,  Bangor, 
Me.  Born  in  Maine,  April  28,  1879.  Education,  common  school,  and  graduate  of 
University  of  Maine,  1902;  course  in  civil  engineering.  1902-3  assistant  hydrog- 
rapher in  Geological  Survey.  May  11,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the 
reclamation  service. 

PRITCHETT,  CHARLES  MARCELLUS,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Born  in  Georgia,  August  10,  1869.  Education,  Georgia  School  of  Technology  (B.  S., 
1891);  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  Raleigh,  N.  C.  (M.  E.;  1894,  and  C.  E., 
1895);  also  took  special  course  in  experimental  engineering  at  Cornell  University. 
Member  of  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  1891-1900  assistant  professor  of 
engineering,  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College.  1900-1902  with  D.  A.  Tornpkins 


NEWELL.]  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  339 

Company,  Charlotte,  N.  C.,  in  charge  of  surveys  for  development  of  water  powers;  pre- 
paring plans  for  cotton  mills,  cotton-seed  oil  mills,  etc.,  and  in  charge  of  installation  of 
machinery  for  cotton  mill.  April-August,  1902,  with  W.  C.  Whitner,  Rock  Hill, 
S.  C.  (chief  engineer  Catawba  Power  Company),  in  charge  of  survey  for  Catawba 
Power  Company,  arid  survey  for  railroad  line  from  Rock  Hill  to  Seaboard  Railroad, 
also  preparing  plans  for  water-power  development  on  Wateree  River.  August- 
October,  1902,  with  J.  E.  Sirrine,  milling  engineer,  Greenville,  S.  C.,  in  power 
department.  October,  1902,  to  January,  1903,  assistant  engineer,  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  locating  and  determining  available  water  powers  in  North  Carolina 
and  South  Carolina.  January  12,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclama- 
tion service. 

QCJINTON,  JOHN  H.,  consulting  engineer.  Address,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Born  in  Ire- 
land, October  19,  1850.  Educated  at  Queens  College,  Belfast,  and  Queens  College, 
Galway,  Ireland.  Degrees,  B.  A.  and  B.  E.,  Queens  University,  Ireland.  1860-1866, 
at  Portora  Royal  School,  Ennis  Killen,  Ireland;  1866-1868,  at  Queens  College,  Bel- 
fast, Ireland;  1868-1871,  at  Queens  College,  Galway,  Ireland.  In  1873  spent  six 
months  as  leveler  on  construction  of  a  railway  in  Siigo,  Ireland,  and  three  months 
as  leveler  on  Fresno  River  canal,  California.  In  1874  leveler  on  topographic  survey 
of  Burlingame  tract  near  San  Francisco,  and  leveler  and  transitman  on  Southern 
Pacific  Railway,  with  which  company  he  remained  until  June,  1876.  In  1877  sur- 
veying and  leveling  in  San  Joaquin  Valley,  California.  1878-1880,  assistant  engineer 
in  charge  of  location  and  construction  on  South  Pacific  Coast  Railway,  California. 
In  1880  engineer  in  charge  of  construction  of  80  miles  of  Oregonian  Railway.  1881-1884, 
assistant  engineer,  principal  assistant  engineer,  and  acting  chief  engineer  Pacific 
Branch  Mexican  Central  Railway.  1884-1888,  in  private  practice  as  civil  and  hydraulic 
engineer  in  southern  California.  1888-89,  assistant  engineer  in  War  Department  at 
Portland,  Oreg.  1890-1892,  field  engineer  for  Hoffman  &  Bates,  bridge  builders, 
Portland,  Oreg.  1892-93,  principal  assistant  engineer  in  charge  of  location  and  con- 
struction of  Santa  Ana  canal,  California.  1894-1897,  in  private  practice  as  consulting 
engineer  in  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  1898,  engineer  in  charge  of  construction  of  San  Gabriel 
power  canal,  including  36  tunnels  and  other  works.  1899-1900,  deputy  city  engineer 
in  charge  of  construction  of  Third  street  and  Broadway  tunnels,  Los  Angeles.  1900- 

1902,  in  private   practice  in   Los  Angeles,  Cal.      1902-3,  consulting  engineer  with 
United  States  Geological  Survey.     May  5,  1903,  appointed  consulting  engineer  in  the 
reclamation  service. 

REDMAN,  ARVILLEC.,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Lawton,  Okla.  Bom  in  Belfast, 
Me.,  January  16,  1877.  Graduate  of  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology;  B.  S., 
1900.  June,  1900,  to  July,  1900,  draftsman  for  Edward  L.  Raymond,  landscape 
architect,  Boston,  Mass.  July,  1900,  to  June,  1903,  employed  on  sewage-disposal 
system,  Washington,  D.  C.,  designing,  estimating,  and  construction  work.  June  1, 

1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  reclamation  service. 

REDMOND,  HUGH,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Livingstone,  Ariz.  Born  in  New 
York  State,  October  18,  1880.  Education,  common  school,  high  school,  Cornell 
University;  degree  C.  E.  Specialized  in  hydraulic  engineering  at  Cornell.  During 
vacations  from  college  did  civil  engineering  work  in  farm  surveys,  relocating  lines 
and  laying  out  roads  and  building  sites.  During  summer  of  1902  assisted  in  surveys 
'for  dam  on  Sixmile  Creek,  for  a  pipe  line  from  da^i  to  pumping  station,  survey  of 
site  for  pumping  station,  and  pipe  line  connecting  pumping  station  with  the  city 
mains.  Also  assisted  in  survey  of  filter  plant,  including  location;  also  survey  of 
Tanghannock  Creek  for  reservoir  site,  dam,  and  power  station.  May  23,  1903, 
appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

REED,  HOWARD  SAWYER,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Fort  Duchesne,  Utah.  Born 
in  Maine,  April  27,  1869.  Education,  common  and  high  school  in  home  town. 
1885-1894,  in  mercantile  business  in  Boston,  Mass.  1894-1897,  with  Moore  &  Co., 


340  FIRST    RECLAMATION-    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

Boston,  engineers  and  constructors  of  waterworks  on  various  projects  throughout 
Maine  and  Massachusetts.  1897-1902,  with  the  Nicaragua  and  Isthmian  Canal  Com- 
mission as  assistant  hydrographer,  spending  three  years  in  hydrographic  work  on  the 
Nicarargua  route.  1902,  assisting  in  the  preparation  of  the  report  on  the  Salt  River, 
Arizona,  project,  and  the  annual  report  of  the  hydrographic  division  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey.  June  28,  1902,  appointed  resident  hydrographer  for  work 
on  the  Uinta  Indian  Reservation,  and  May  28,  1903,  assistant  engineer  in  the  recla- 
mation service. 

REED,  WENDELL  M.,  engineer.  Address,  Roswell,  N.  Mex.  Born  in  Moriah, 
N.  Y.,  December  28, 1864.  Graduate  of  Sherman  Collegiate  Institute,  Moriah,  N.  Y., 
and  of  University  of  Vermont,  receiving  degree  of  C.  E.  at  latter  in  1886.  Has  prac- 
ticed irrigation  engineering  since  1889.  1889-1893,  assistant  engineer  Pecos  Irriga- 
tion and  Improvement  Company,  Carlsbad,  N.  Mex.  In  1893  was  resident  engineer 
on  construction  of  distributing  reservoir  and  made  surveys  and  plans  for  Hondo  res- 
ervoir dam,  head  works,  canals,  etc.,  for  the  same  company.  In  1894  became 
engineer  and  water  superintendent  of  Roswell  Land  and  Water  Company,  Roswell, 
N.  Mex.,  and  retained  this  position  until  1898,  when  he  became  chief  engineer  for 
Pecos  Irrigation  and  Improvement  Company,  which  position  he  held  until  1900. 
During  this  time  acted  as  expert  for  the  Rio  Grande  Dam  and  Irrigation  Company 
in  their  suit  against  the  Department  of  Justice  concerning  the  navigability  of  Rio 
Grande  and  the  impounding  of  waters  of  Rio  Grande  in  New  Mexico.  In  1900  estab- 
lished office  in  Roswell,  N.  Mex.,  for  general  irrigation  engineering  practice. 

REEDY,  OLIVER  THOMAS,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Livingstone,  Ariz.  Born 
March  10, 1873,  at  Nebraska  City,  Nebr.  Graduate  of  University  of  Nebraska  in  C.  E. 
1898-1900,  with  Union  Pacific  Railroad  as  chainman,  rodman,  assistant  draftsman, 
and  draftsman.  1900-1902,  in  engineering  department  of  United  States  military 
government  of  Cuba  as  topographical  draftsman  in  charge  of  office  work  by  the  sub- 
department  survey  of  fortifications.  July-September,  1902,  with  Mexican  Central 
Railway  as  topographer  and  transitman.  October  17,  1902,  appointed  assistant  engi- 
neer in  reclamation  service  and  assigned  to  topographic  work  in  Salt  River  Valley, 
Arizona.  In  October,  1903,  assigned  to  duty  as  locating  engineer  on  power  canal. 

ROBBINS,  SAMUEL  B.,  engineer.  Address,  Great  Falls,  Mont.  Born  in  Connecticut, 
October  15,  1867.  Private  school,  high  school,  and  college  education;  graduate  of 
Sheffield  Scientic  School  of  Yale.  In  1886  was  chainman  with  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
way. In  1887  was  with  Burlington  and  Missouri  River  Railroad  as  rodman,  leveler, 
and  assistant  engineer.  1887-88,  assistant  engineer  on  Poughkeepsie  Bridge  system. 
August-November,  1889,  masonry  engineer  on  Lehigh  Valley  Railroad;  then  with 
Union  Pacific  Railway  as  assistant  engineer  on  surveys  till  April,  1890;  then  in 
charge  of  construction  on  Ogden-Butte  line,  Bear  River  Canyon  to  Deweyville; 
afterwards  in  charge  of  construction  between  Portland  and  Seattle  (work  uncom- 
pleted). In  June,  1891,  opened  civil-engineering  office  in  Great  Falls,  Mont.,  mak- 
ing a  specialty  of  irrigation  work.  Continued  in  general  engineering  practice  until 
June,  1897,  when  he  was  employed  by  Boston  and  Montana  Mining  Company,  at 
Butte,  in  charge  of  water  supply  and  construction  work.  Resigned  August  1,  1898, 
to  take  position  as  mine  superintendent.  Resigned  October  1,  1899,  and  returned  to 
Great  Falls  and  resumed  private  practice,  having  charge  of  construction  and  making 
surveys  on  several  large  reservoirs  and  irrigation  canals.  July-October,  1902,  made 
reconnaissance  for  reclamation  service  in  central  Montana.  June  8,  1903,  appointed 
engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

Ross,  DOUGLAS  WILLIAM,  engineer.  Address,  Boise,  Idaho.  Born  in  Ontario, 
Canada,  December  7,  1865.  Education,  Collegiate  Institute,  St.  Thomas,  Ontario, 
1881-83.  First  engineering  work,  1883-84  on  public  surveys  of  Canada  on  North 
and  South  Forks  of  Saskatchewan  River,  Territory  of  Alberta.  1886-1889,  instru- 
ment man  and  topographer  on  railroad  construction  and  location.  1900,  topographer 


NEWELL.)  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  341 

United  States  Geological  Survey  and  in  charge  of  location  of  New  York  canal  in  Boise 
Valley,  Idaho.  1891,  in  charge  of  maintenance  of  Phyllis  canal  in  Boise  Valley.  1892, 
resident  engineer  in  charge  of  construction  of  Sunnyside  canal  in  Yakima  Valley, 
Washington.  1893  in  charge  of  construction  of  Riverside  canal  in  Boise  A^alley.  1893- 
1896,  in  general  charge  of  operation  of  canal  system  of  Payette  Valley  Irrigation  and 
Water  Power  Company,  Idaho.  1896-1898,  manager  hydraulic  mining  operations 
of  Pioneerville  Gravel  Gold  Company,  in  Boise  Basin,  Idaho;  also  engaged  during 
same  time  in  Investigation  of  irrigation  projects  in  southern  Idaho.  March,  1899',  to 
March,  1903,  State  engineer  of  Idaho,  and  besides  discharging  duties  of  that  office 
had  charge  during  1900,  1901,  and  1902  of  investigations  determining  the  duty  of 
water  in  irrigation  in  Idaho,  under  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  July, 

1901,  to  July,  1902,  conducted  reservoir  and  canal  investigations  in  cooperation  with 
United  States  Geological  Survey,  and  since  carrying  on  these  investigations  under 
reclamation  service. 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM  GARDNER,  hydrographer.  Address,  Russell,  Kans.  Born  in 
Ohio  May  17,  1850.  Education,  common  schools,  Plains  Seminary,  commercial 
college,  student  of  civil  engineering  at  National  Normal  School,  Lebanon,  Ohio;  min- 
ing, electrical,  and  stationary  engineer  courses  in  correspondence  school.  1868-1871, 
1875-1878,  was  teacher,  principal,  and  superintendent  of  schools.  1878  admitted  to 
bar  of  Ohio  and  practiced  law  until  1882.  Admitted  to  bar  of  Kansas  in  1883. 
1885-1903,  surveyor  of  Russell  County,  Kans.  1892-1902,  bridge  engineer  of  Russell 
County,  Kans.  1895-96,  engineer  of  Kansas  State  board  of  irrigation.  1895-1902, 
hydrographer,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  September  15,  1902,  appointed 
hydrographer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

SANDERS,  WILLIAM  HORATIO,  consulting  engineer.  Address,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
Born  in  Scotland  July  12,  1842.  Educated  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland.  1886-1887, 
general  engineering  practice,  chiefly  in  northern  Minnesota.  1887-1903,  hydraulic 
and  sanitary  engineering  in  southern  California  as  follows:  Ten  years  engineer 
Pomona  Land  and  Water  Company,  water  development  and  irrigation;  chief  engineer 
San  Antonio  Light  and  Power  Company,  designing  and  constructing  the  historical 
San  Antonio  power  plant;  consulting  engineer  for  South  Riverside  Land  and  Water 
Company,  also  Santa  Ana  and  Anaheim  Water  Company;  designed  and  constructed 
system  of  sewer  and  septic  tanks  for  city  of  Pomona,  Cal.  1899-1903,  chief  engineer 
for  San  Antonio  Water  Company,  irrigation  works;  designed  and  constructed 
Ontario  power  plant.  May  15,  1903,  appointed  consulting  engineer  in  reclamation 
service. 

SANDS,  EDWARD  EMMET,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Sparta,  Wis.  Born  in  Ohio, 
January  5,  1877.  Graduate  of  University  of  Wisconsin;  B.  S.  in  C.  E.  July- 
November,  1898,  rodman  with  United  States  Geological  Survey.  June-November, 
1899,  levelman,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  1900-1902,  instructor  in  civil 
engineering  at  University  of  Wisconsin;  also  in  charge  of  gaging  of  Wisconsin  River. 
During  the  same  period  was  also  city  engineer  of  Sparta,  Wis.,  and  designed  sewer 
system  and  supervised  construction  of  sewers  and  pavements.  July-September, 

1902,  in  charge  of  survey  of  an  electric  road  from  Sparta  to  Melrose,  Wis.     August, 
1902,  had  charge  of  survey  of  Tomah,  Wis.,  and  designed  sewer  system  and  estab- 
lished grades.     September  8,  1902,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation 
service. 

SAPH,  AUGUSTUS  VALENTINE,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Reno,  Nev.  Educa- 
tion, University  of  California,  B.S.,  1894,  and  M.  S.  1896;  Cornell  University,  M.C.E., 
1901;  Ph.  D.,  1902.  1896-1900,  instructor  in  drawing,  University  of  California. 
1900-1902,  engaged  in  experimental  work  at  Cornell  University  on  resistance  to  flow 
of  water  in  pipes,  details  of  which  were  published  in  Transactions  of  the  Ameri- 
can Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  vol.  47,  April,  1902,  p.  295,  and  Proceeding* 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  May,  1903,  p.  419,  both  of  these  articles  having 


342  FIRST    RECLAMATION   SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

been  written  in  collaboration  with  Mr.  E.  W.  Schoder.  Jii  1902  assisted  in  making 
calculations  for  a  proposed  dam  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  1902-3,  instructor  in  civil  engi- 
neering at  University  of  California.  May  25,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in 
the  reclamation  service. 

SARUEAXT,  WILLIAM,  engineer.  Address,  Reno,  Nev.  Born  in  England,  Decem- 
ber 31,  1861.  Education,  English  grammar  school,  finished  in  Neuwied,  Germany. 
1886-1888,  draftsman  on  city,  topographic,  and  general  surveying  in  southern  Cali- 
fornia. 1888-89,  assistant  engineer  under  War  Department,  at  Portland,  Oreg. 
1889-90,  on  preliminary  railroad  surveys  in  Wasco  County,  Oreg.  1890-1892,  topog- 
rapher on  railroad  lines  in  Washington  and  Oregon.  1892,  on  canal  location  and 
construction  in  southern  Califo'rnia.  1893-94,  engineer  in  charge  of  relocation  and 
construction  of  canal,  Crafton  Water  Company.  1894-95,  draftsman.  1895-96, 
superintendent  Palm  Valley  Water  Company.  1896-1902,  water  distributor  and 
engineer  under  receiver  for  B.  V.  I.  Co.  1902,  field  assistant,  United  States  Geolog- 
ical Survey.  May  25,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  reclamation  service,  and  on 
November  25,  1903,  promoted  to  engineer. 

SARGENT,  JOSEPH  ANDREWS,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  office  of  district  engineer, 
Chamber  of  Commerce  Building,  Denver,  Colo.  Bom  at  Escanaba,  Mich.,  Septem- 
ber 29,  1872.  Graduate  B.  S.  in  C.  E.,  University  of  Nebraska.  Associate  member 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  From  1888  to  1898,  when  not  in  college, 
served  variously  as  axman,  rodman,  chain  man,  leveler,  topographer,  and  transit  man 
on  railroad  location,  construction,  maintenance  of  way,  freight  dock  construction, 
and  Mississippi  River  incline  building.  Served  during  Spanish-American  war  as 
sergeant,  Second  United  States  Volunteer  Engineers,  on  camp  sanitation  and  water 
supply.  Had  charge  of  party  of  engineer  soldiers  on  preliminary  survey  of  Havana 
and  vicinity.  1899-1902,  as  assistant  engineer  to  the  chief  engineers  of  United  States 
military  government  of  Cuba,  organized  and  directed  fortification  and  topographic 
surveys  of  Havana.  October,  1901,  to  April,  1902,  also  organized  and  completed  a 
reconnaissance  survey  of  the  island  of  Cuba.  July-October,  1902,  division  engineer 
on  construction,  Mexican  Central  Railroad.  December  3,  1902,  appointed  assistant 
engineer  reclamation  service. 

SAUNDERS,  HENRY  J.,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Bom  in 
Iowa,  January  14,  1880.  Graduate  of  University  of  Wisconsin,  C.  E.  In  1899,  with 
Union  Pacific  Railroad.  1899-1900,  with  city  engineer,  Madison,  Wis.  1900,  with 
Union  Pacific  Railroad  in  Utah  and  Wyoming.  1900-1901,  on  surveys  of  Lakes  Men- 
dota  and  Kegonsa,  Wisconsin.  1901,  on  survey  for  water-supply  system  for  Cum- 
berland, Wyo.  1901-2,  with  Union  Pacific  Railroad  in  Kansas.  1903,  with  Union 
Pacific  Railroad  as  assistant  engineer  on  double  track  construction.  January  21, 1904, 
appointed  engineering  aid  in, reclamation  service. 

SAVAGE,  HIRAM  NEWTON,  consulting  engineer.  Address,  National  City,  Cal: 
Education,  New  Hampshire  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanical  Arts,  B.  S.; 
Thayer  School  of  Civil  Engineering,  C.  E.  In  1888  with  Nashville  and  Tellico  Rail- 
way; also  same  year  engineer  to  Athens  (Tennessee)  Improvement  Company  and 
engaged  in  field  work  connected  with  location  and  construction  of  streets,  street  rail- 
ways, and  municipal  water  system  for  Athens.  1889-90,  assistant  engineer  and  chief 
engineer  for  Hydraulic  Mining  and  Irrigation  Company,  operating  in  New  Mexico. 
In  1890  engineer  and  superintendent  of  construction,  Billings  Park  and  race  track, 
White  River  Junction,  Vt. ;  also  designed  and  located  sewerage  system  for  West 
Randolph,  Vt.  1891  to  1903,  chief  engineer  San  Diego  Land  and  Town  Company. 
1891,  engineer  in  charge  of  maintenance  and  operation  of  Sweetwater  dam,  San  Diego, 
Cal.;  chief  engineer  National  City  and  Otay  Railroad  Company,  California.  1893, 
designed  and  superihtended  construction  of  Sweetwater  Park  and  race  track,  National 
City,  Cal.  1895  designed  and  superintended  construction,  repairs,  and  additions 
increasing  capacity  of  Sweetwater  dam.  1898,  designed,  installed  pumps  for,  and  has 


NEWELL.]  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  343 

since  supervised  distribution  of  an  emergency  supply  of  water  under  Sweetwater 
system.  1893-1898,  consulted  frequently  by  Southern  California  Mountain  Water 
Company;  then  appointed  permanent  consulting  engineer  for  that  company.  1898 
to  date,  consulting  engineer,  general  practice;  chief  engineer  San  Diego,  Pacific  Beach 
and  La  Jolla  Railroad  Company,  and  chief  engineer  San  Diego,  Cuyamaca  and  East- 
ern Railroad  Company,  California.  1901-2  maintenance,  etc.,  San  Diego  Flume 
Company;  on  semitranscontinental  railway  from  El  Paso,  Tex.,  to  Pacific  coast; 
associate  engineer  San  Diego  Eastern  Railway  project.  1902  investigations,  etc., 
Otero  irrigation  district,  Colorado.  1903  material  contractor's  engineer  for  United 
States  Government  jetty  under  construction  at  entrance  to  San  Diego  Bay.  August 
1,  1903,  appointed  consulting  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

SAVAGE,  JOHN  LUCIAN,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Madison,  Wis.  Born  in  Wis- 
consin December  25,  1879.  Graduate  of  University  of  Wisconsin,  B.  S.  in  C.  E. 
May  11,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  reclamation  service,  and  assigned  to  duty 
in  the  State  of  Idaho;  April  1,  1904,  promoted  to  assistant  engineer. 

SAWYER,  WILBUR  CYRUS,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born  in 
Vermont  May  8,  1877.  Graduate  of  University  of  Vermont,  B.  S.  in  C.  E.  From 
1900  to  1903  was  instructor  in  surveying  and  drawing  .at  University  of  Vermont. 
Summers  of  1900  and  1901,  draftsman  on  steel  construction,  New  York  City.  July 
10,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

SAXTON,  WILLARD  ROY,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Berlin,  Wis.  Born  in  Wis- 
consin November  6,  1881.  Graduate  of  University  of  Wisconsin,  B.  S.  in  C.  E.  In 
1902,  level  man  on  topographic  work  in  North  Dakota,  under  United  States  Geolog- 
ical Survey.  June  11,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

SCHADLER,  AUGUST  H.,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Reno,  Nev.  Born  in  Germany 
March  8,  1879.  Graduate  of  Nevada  State  University,  B.  S.  In  1902  made  stream 
measurements  and  ran  levels  in  Nevada  for  United  States  Geological  Survey.  April 
20,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

SCHLECHT,  WALTER  WILLIAM,  assistant  engineer.  -  Address,  10  River  View  Terrace, 
New  York,  N.  Y.  Born  in  New  York  City,  October  27,  1874.  1891-1897,  at  New 
York  City  College  and  Columbia  University.  Graduated  in  1897  as  civil  engi- 
neer. 1897-1901  with  Nicaragua  and  Isthmian  Canal  commissions  in  Nicaragua, 
Panama,  and  Washington,  D.  C.,  in  charge  of  hydrographic  investigations  under  A. 
P.  Davis,  chief  hydrographer.  1901-2  resident  hydrographer,  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey,  at  Kingston,  N.  Y.  July  3,  1902,  appointed  assistant  topographer  in 
the  reclamation  service;  January  1,  1904,  designation  changed  to  assistant  engineer. 

SLIGHTER,  CHARLES  SUMNER,  consulting  engineer.  Address,  Madison,  Wis.  Born 
in  Minnesota,  April  16,  1864.  Education:  Four  years'  science  course  and  one  year 
graduate  study  at  Northwestern  University;  B.  S.  and  M.  S.  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity; research  work  while  professor  of  applied  mathematics  in  University  of  Wiscon- 
sin since  1886.  Since  1894  has  done  special  work  for  United  States  Geological 
Survey  on  motions  of  underground  waters.  Has  published  many  books  and  papers 
on  scientific  and  technical  subjects  which  have  been  printed  in  American  scientific 
and  engineering  periodicals.  Devised  and  put  in  use  in  the  field  in.  1901  a  new 
method  of  measuring  the  velocities  of  ground  waters.  Has  been  called  in  consulta- 
tion on  ground  waters  by  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  Santa  Fe  Rail- 
road Company,  and  others.  Has  undertaken  the  ^tudy  of  the  theory  of  the  plastic 
solid,  which  has  for  one  of  its  objects  the  determination  of  the  distribution  of  stress 
in  earthen  dams,  and  for  this  purpose  has  built  apparatus  for  magnifying  the  rate  of 
motion  of  the  particles  of  plastic  solids  by  the  factor  100,000,  which  apparatus  is  the 
basis  of  the  experimental  study  of  the  distribution  of  stress  in  such  bodies.  January 
1,  1903,  appointed  consulting  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

SLONAKER,  CHARLES  EDWARD,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Born 
in  Pennsylvania,  October  27,  1877.  Graduated  from  public  schools  of  New  Kingston 


344  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE. 

and  from  the  preparatory  school  of  Dickinson  College.  In  1896-97  taught  a  public 
school.  In  1901  was  appointed  observer  in  the  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  and 
on  April  20,  1903,  was  transferred  to  the  reclamation  service. 

SMITH,  CHARLES  BAILEY',  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Boise,  Idaho.  Born  in 
Michigan,  May  11,  1879.  Education:  Agricultural  College  of  Utah,  B.  S.  in  C.  E. 
From  May,  1901,  to  April,  1902,  in  charge  of  field  party  for  the  Telluride  Power 
Company,  Provo,  Utah.  May,  1902,  to  September,  1902,  inspector  and  division 
engineer  with  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  at  Fenelon,  Nev.  September,  1903,  to  Octo- 
ber, 1903,  engineer  in  charge  of  field  work  on  Glenns  Ferry  Canal,  Bliss,  Idaho. 
December,  1902,  to  February,  1903,  draftsman  in  office  of  United  States  surveyor-gen- 
eral, Boise,  Idaho.  March  1,  1903,  to  May  26,  1903,  draftsman  with  reclamation 
service.  Appointed  assistant  engineer  May  27,  1903. 

SMITH,  WALTER  D.,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Redlands,  Cal.  Bom  in  California, 
1878.  High  school  education.  1889-1902,  assistant  city  engineer,  Redlands,  Cal. 
Appointed  engineering  aid  in  reclamation  service  February  1 ,  1903. 

SOUTHWORTH,  CLAY  IlARFORD,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Reno,  Nev.  Born  in 
Canada,  September  4,  1881.  Education:  High  school;  University  of  Nevada,  degree 

B.  S.     From  July  to  September,  1900,  worked  in  cyanide  plant  near  Bodie,  Cal. 
July-September,  1901,  draftsman  for  Sweetwater  Consolidated  Mining  and  Milling 
Company,  making  plans  for  cyanide  plant;  during  part  of  this  time  worked  on  sur- 
veys.    Has  been  employed  with  United  States  Geological  Survey  as  rodman,  levelman, 
andtransitman.     May  11,  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service, 
since  which  date  has  acted  as  plane-table  man  and  chief  of  party. 

SPRIGG,  ALDEN  M.,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Phoenix,  Ariz.  Born  in  Maryland, 
November  16,  1857.  Attended  private  schools  in  Cumberland;  St.  James  College, 
Hagerstown;  St.  Johns  College,  Annapolis,  and  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore. 
1877-78,  land  surveying  as  chainman  in  Maryland.  1878-79,  manager  of  plantation 
in  Mississippi.  1879-80,  on  construction  of  railroad  in  western  Maryland  as  rodman 
and  chainman.  1880-81,  with  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Express  Company,  Baltimore, 
and  Fidelity  Title  and  Trust  Company,  same  place.  1881,  rodman  and  chainman  in 
engineering  department,  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad.  Also,  in  same  year,  on  various 
railroad  surveys  in  West  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania  as  rodman,  instrument  man,  and 
in  charge  of  party.  1881-1883,  mine  surveys  for  Consolidated  Coal  Company  in 
Maryland  as  transitman  and  draftsman.  1883-1902,  with  Baltimore  and  Ohio  engi- 
neering department  as  transitman,  assistant  engineer,  and  division  engineer.  1902-3, 
on  street-railway  construction  and  laying  out  lots  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.  May  28,  1903, 
appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

STABLER,  HERMAN,  hydrographic  aid.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C^  Born  in 
Maryland,  1880,  Graduate  Earlham  College,  Richmond,  Ind.,  B.  S.  Course  in  irri- 
gation engineering  at  Columbian  University,  Washington,  D.  C.,  leading  to  degree 

C.  E.     1899-1903,  instructor  in  mathematics,  Washington,  D.  C.     December  30,  1903, 
appointed  hydrographic  aid  in  reclamation  service. 

STANNARD,  JAY  D. ,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Denver,  Colo.  Born  in  Michigan, 
July  8,  1855.  Graduate  of  Michigan  Agricultural  College,  1876.  1876-1888,  farming 
and  surveying  in  Michigan  and  Wisconsin.  1888-1891,  county  surveyor  and  city 
engineer,  Greeley,  Colo.  1891-1900,  assistant  in  department  of  civil  and  irrigation 
engineering,  Colorado  Agricultural  College,  in  charge  of  classes  in  physics,  survey- 
ing, irrigating  engineering,  strength  of  materials,  roofs  and  bridges,  and  drawing. 
1900-1903,  assistant  in  irrigation  investigations,  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture; was  assigned  to  studies  on  Weber  River,  Utah;  Humboldt  River,  Nevada; 
and  Snake,  Big  Lost,  Big  Wood,  and  Little  Wood  rivers,  Idaho.  April  16,  1903, 
appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service,  and  assigned  to  work  on  the 
Sweetwater  project,  Wyoming. 

STEINER,  CHARLES  RODOLPH,  assistant  engineer.     Address,  Phoenix,  Ariz.     Born  in 


NEWELL.]  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  845 

Switzerland,  October  2,  1857.  Education:  Three  and  one-half  years  at  Zurich  Poly- 
technic School,  Switzerland.  1879-1882,  city  engineer's -office,  Zurich,  Switzerland. 
1882-1884,  bridge,  structural,  and  hydraulic  engineering  with  two  concerns  in  France. 
1885-86,  two  years  of  travels  to  India  and  various  countries  of  Europe  and  South 
America  for  power  plants,  harbor  construction,  and  railway  projects.  1887-88,  in 
Germany  and  Switzerland,  eighteen  months  on  factory  designs,  and  remainder  of 
time  with  railroad  company  and  on  military  wrork.  1889-1902,  with  interruptions, 
draftsman,  designer,  translator,  computer,  checker  on  structural  and  hydraulic  work 
with  consulting  engineers,  bridge  and  structural  concerns,  railroad  and  power  com- 
panies in  the  United  States.  June  5, 1903,  with  reclamation  service  as  expert  designer 
3nd  assistant  engineer. 

STEVENS,  JOHN  CYPRIAN,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Station  A.,  Lincoln,  Nebr. 
Born  in  Kansas,  January  9,  1876.  June,  1902,  to  November,  1903,  was  assistant 
hydrographer  for  United  States  Geological  Survey,  on  stream  measurements, .etc.,  in 
Nebraska.  August,  1902,  to  February,  1903,  agent  and  expert  in  irrigation  investi- 
gations for  Department  of  Agriculture.  November,  1902,  to  March,  1903,  assistant 
State  engineer  of  Nebraska.  March  1,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the 
reclamation  service. 

STEWARD,  WILLARD  G.,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Livingstone,  Ariz.  Born  in 
California,  March  3,  1861.  Graduate  of  Michigan  State  Normal  School;  studied 
mechanical  drawing  at  Toulane  University,  New  Orleans;  mechanical  course  at 
Michigan  Agricultural  College;  C.  E.,  1891,  at  Columbian  University,  Washington, 
D.  C.  From  1885  to  1887  was  teacher,  superintendent,  and  principal  of  schools. 
1889-1894,  in  Record  and  Pension  Office,  War  Department.  1894-1897,  Pension 
Office,  Interior  Department.  1897-98,  photographic  and  mechanical  expert  with 
American  Parlor  Kinetoscope  Company.  1898-1902,  Pension  Office,  Interior  Depart- 
ment. 1892-1897  was  with  engineer  corps,  District  of  Columbia  National  Guard. 
October  10, 1902,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service.  July  1,  1903, 
promoted  to  assistant  engineer. 

STOCKMAN,  Louis  RICHARD,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Milwaukee,  Wis.  Born 
in  Wisconsin,  November  7,  1876.  Graduate  of  University  of  Wisconsin,  degree  B.  S. 
In  1897  and  1898  taught  school.  During  summers,  while  attending  college,  worked 
on  farm.  In  1901,  was  levelman  for  United  States  Steel  Company.  In  1902,  with 
K.  LaF.  &  J.  R.  E.,  in  Tennessee;  also,  August-November,  with  Louisville  Property 
Company.  1902-3,  with  United  States  Geological  Survey.  May  5,  1903,  appointed 
assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

STOCKTON,  FRED,  engineering  aid,  Boise,  Idaho.  Born  in  Missouri,  December  21, 
1880.  Graduated,  University  of  Oregon,  1903,  B.  S.  May-September,  1899,  on 
contract  surveying.  June-November,  1902,  with  C.  M.  Collier,  engineer,  Eugene, 
Oreg.,  doing  general  surveying  and  engineering.  November,  1902,  to  June,  1903, 
devoted  half  time  to  work  with  Mr.  C.  M.  Collier.  Appointed  engineering  aid,  United 
States  Geological  Survey,  June  6,  1903. 

STOCKTON,  ROBERT  SUMMERS,  engineer.  Address,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building, 
Denver,  Colo.  Born  in  Illinois  June  5,  1872.  Graduate  of  Colorado  School  of 
Mines,  degree  E.  M.  In  1892  worked  on  Government  subdivision  survey  near 
Pagosa  Springs,  Colo.  In  1894  engaged  on  Government  subdivision  survey  near  Delta, 
Colo.  In  summer  of  1896  worked  on  Madison  Ri veA,  in  Montana,  for  the  Power  Com- 
pany. During  thesummers  of  1895  and  1897,  in  the  Cripple  Creek  district,  prospecting 
and  studying.  Summer  of  1899,  employed  with  the  engineering  force  engaged  in 
enlarging  the  power  plant  on  the  Provo  River,  Utah,  for  the  Telluride  Power  Com- 
pany. Summer  of  1902,  superintendent  of  power  transmission  plant  of  the  Telluride 
Power  Company,  on  the  Provo  River,  Utah.  1895-1903,  professor  of  mathematics 
and  surveying  at  Colorado  School  of  Mines.  June  5,  1903,  appointed  engineer  in 
the  reclamation  service. 


346  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE. 

STOKES,  IIu<;n  GREGORIE,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Denver,  Colo.  Born  in  South 
Carolina  July  25,  1879.  Graduate  of  Clemson  College,  degree  B.  S. ;  course  in 
mechanical  and  electrical  engineering.  From  August  1  to  November  1,  1902, 
employed  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  as  traverseman  and  topographer; 
from  January  10  to  July  10,  1903,  as  field  assistant,  making  stream  measurements 
and  recording  observations  or  gage  readings,  and  on  July  10,  1903,  appointed  engi- 
neering aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

STORES,  HARRY  ASAHEL,  electrical  engineer.  Address,  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Building,  Denver,  Colo.  Born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  January  13,  1861.  Graduate  of 
University  of  Vermont,  degree  C.  E.,  in  1882.  In  1882-83  was  on  railway  work  in 
Ohio  and  West  Virginia.  1883-84,  superintendent  of  waterworks  at  Burlington,  Vt. 
1884-85,  on  topographic  work  in  Virginia.  1885-1887,  with  Western  Electric  Com- 
pany, New  York  and  Chicago;  became  electrician  at  New  York  and  had  charge, 
among  other  projects,  of  laying  cables  from  Nantucket  to  mainland  and  from  Cape 
Charles  to  Cape  Henry  for  the  Signal  Corps.  In  1887  was  chief  engineer  for  Pomona 
Land  and  Water  Company,  California;  had  charge  of  making  and  laying  cement  pipe, 
of  building  dams,  flumes,  reservoirs,  etc.,  and  of  surveys  for  water-power  develop- 
ment, etc.,  in  the  Sierra  Madre  Mountains.  In  the  summer  of  1888  laid  the  Govern- 
ment cable  across  mouth  of  Columbia  River  for  the  Western  Electric  Company. 
Left  California  in  1890,  and  'after  a  few  months  in  New  York  in  electrical  work, 
accepted  position  of  assistant  professor  of  civil  engineering  in  University  of  Vermont. 
Pursued  post-graduate  studies  at  Columbia  University  in  1893-94.  In  1892-1899  was 
professor  of  electrical  engineering  in  University  of  Vermont,  during  which  time  acted 
as  consulting  electrical  and  hydraulic  engineer  on  electric  plants  in  Vermont.  In  the 
summer  of  1893  did  the  instrumental  work  on  a  survey  of  St.  Lawrence  River  under 
United  States  Engineer  Corps.  In  1897  was  on  construction  work  on  seacoast  forti- 
fications, including  electrical  installations,  and  during  summer  of  1898  on  the  same, 
and  was  also  chief  electrician  of  harbor  mines  during  Spanish  war.  1899-1903,  elec- 
trical engineer  under  the  War  Department,  designing  and  installing  electric  plants; 
also  on  river  and  harbor  improvements.  Member  of  American  Institute  of  Electrical 
Engineers,  and  Connecticut  and  Boston  societies  of  civil  engineers.  April  18,  1903, 
appointed  electrical  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

STRATTON,  GEORGE  E.,  assistant  engineer.  Born  in  Massachusetts  June  2,  1873. 
Education,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  C.  E.  course.  During  summers 
1891-1893  was  rodman,  transitman,  and  inspector  at  Brookline,  Mass.  Summer  of 
1894,  rodman  in  Boston  sewer  department.  Summer  of  1895,  rodman  in  Boston 
sewer  department,  in  charge  of  field  party  on  surveys  and  construction.  1896-1898, 
principal  transitman  with  Metropolitan  Sewer  Commission,  Boston,  Mass.  1898-1903, 
junior  engineer,  War  Department,  Boston  district.  Member  Boston  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers;  associate  member  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  June  13,  1903,- 
appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

STRICKLER,  THOMAS  JOHNSON,  engineering  aid.  Address,  3428  Campoell  Street, 
Kansas  City,  Mo.  Born  in  Kansas,  May  21,  1883.  Education,  civil  engineering 
work  at  Wentworth  Military  Academy  and  Kansas  State  University.  During  sum- 
mers 1899-1901,  assistant  manager  lead  and  zinc  ore  producing  plants  at  Galena, 
Kans.,  and  Joplin,  Mo.  Summer  and  fall  1902,  assistant  division  engineer  on  rail- 
road construction,  Mexican  Central  Railroad.  Spring,  1903,  recorder  in  reclamation 
service,  Colorado  River  project.  June  10.  1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in 
reclamation  service. 

SWENDSEN,  GEORGE  LEWIS,  engineer.  Address,  P.  O.  Box  S.,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 
Born  in  Utah  December  21,  1869.  B.  S.  in  C.  E.,  Harvard  University,  1894.  Dur- 
ing the  summer  of  1893  was  in  charge  of  a  party  in  Boston  City  Board  of  Surveys. 
1900-1901,  engineer  of  construction  for  aqueduct  and  pipe  lines  for  Hercules  Power 
Company,  Logan,  Utah.  1901-2,  employed  by  the  Last  Chance  Canal  Company,- 


NEWELL.I  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  347 

Cove,  Idaho,  as  engineer  of  dam  in  Bear  River  and  diversion  canal.  April-July,  1902, 
employed  by  North  Extension  Canal  Company,  Turner,  Idaho,  as  engineer.  June- 
August,  1902,  engineer  of  projected  reservoir  at  the  head  of  Cub  River,  for  Cub  River 
Reservoir  Company,  Lewiston,  Utah.  August-September,  1902,  in  charge  of  party 
investigating  Bear  Lake  as  a  storage  reservoir  for  United  States. Geological  Survey. 
Fall  of  1902,  consulting  engineer  for  aqueduct  pipe  line  and  canal  of  Glenns  Ferry 
Land  and  Irrigation  Company,  Glenns  Ferry,  Idaho.  1902-3,  consulting  engineer 
in  subdivision  of  water  of  Logan  River,  Logan,  Utah.  May  1,  1899,  to  February  7, 
1903,  professor  of  civil  engineering  in  Utah  Agricultural  College.  1899-1903,  resident 
hydrographer,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  February  7,  1903,  appointed 
engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

SWIFT,  WILLIAM  EVERETT,  engineer.  Address,  Wadsworth,  Nev.-  Born  in  Con- 
necticut January  1,  1871.  B.  S.,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  June- 
August,  1895,  rodman  in  engineering  department,  Boston  waterworks.  1895-1899, 
with  Metropolitan  Waterworks,  Boston,  as  rodman,  instrumentman,  and  head  of 
party.  1899-1900,  with  Munson  Steamship  Line,  New  York  City.  1900-1903,  assist- 
ant engineer,  Rapid  Transit  Railroad,  New  York  City,  in  charge  of  construction  of 
section  of  subway  under  Forty-second  street  and  Broadway.  February  24,  1903, 
appointed  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

TANNER,  CALEB,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  P.  0.  Box  S,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 
Born  in  Utah  September  3,  1869.  Graduate  of  Lawrence  Scientific  School,  degree, 
S.  B.  University  education  at  Harvard.  1896-1903,  instructor  in  mathematics  and 
surveying  in  the  Brigham  Young  Academy,  Provo,  Utah.  From  1897  to  1903  was 
city  engineer  of  Provo,  Utah.  At  intervals  during  summers  of  1901-1903,  hydrog- 
rapher for  United  States  Geological  Survey.  In  1902,  measured  the  flow  and  inves- 
tigated the  seepage  in  the  Sevier  Valley,  Utah.  February  18,  1903,  appointed  assist- 
ant engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

TAYLOR,  CLYDE  VICTOR,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Reno,  Nev.  Born  in  Cali- 
fornia January  26,  1878.  Education,  University  of  California.  1900-1902  with  hydro- 
graphic  branch  of  United  States  Geological  Survey,  making  stream  measurements  on 
Truckee,  Carson,  and  Humboldt  rivers  and  their  tributaries;  in  charge  of  parties  on 
surveys  of  reservoir  sites  and  canal  lines  on  those  rivers  in  1901  and  1902.  Has  also 
surveyed  ditch  lines  and  mining  claims,  and  retraced  Government  subdivision  of 
land  lines  and  surveyed  two  townships  in  Elko  County,  Nev.  January  1,  1903, 
appointed  assistant' engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

TAYLOR,  LEON  HENRY,  engineer.  Address,  Reno,  Nev.  Born  in  Comanche,  Tex., 
October  2,  1863.  Common  and  normal  school  education.  For  eight  years  resident 
hydrographer  for  United  States  Geological  Survey,  engaged  in  measuring  discharge 
of  streams,  surveying  and  computing  area  and  capacity  of  reservoir  sites,  planning 
and  estimating  cost  of  reservoir,  and  diverting  dams  and  weirs.  During  this  time 
was  also  employed  on  survey  and  plans  for  reservoir  on  Rock  Creek,  and  canal 
system  for  irrigation  of  100,000  acres  of  land  in  Humboldt  River  Valley;  also  on 
surveys  and  plans  for  two  reservoirs  in  lower  Humboldt  River  Valley,  Nevada. 
Employed  at  different  times  from  1886  to  April,  1892,  inclusive,  by  various  land  and 
water  companies  in  California  as  irrigation  engineer,  and  by  Francis  G.  Newlands 
for  Sharon  estate  as  engineer  on  location  and  designs  of  canal  from  Truckee  River, 
California  and  Nevada,  to  irrigate  75,000  acrefe  of  land,  May  to  August,  1892. 
Appointed  engineer  in  reclamation  service  February  11,  1903. 

TAYLOR,  THOMAS  U.,  resident  hydrographer.  Address,  Austin,  Tex.  Born  in 
Texas  January  2,  1858.  Graduate  of  University  of  Virginia,  degree  C.  E.,  also 
M.  C.  E.,  Cornell  University.  Has  been  with  United  States  Geological  Survey  since 
1897;  has  had  charge  of  all  the  streams  in  Texas,  and  has  kept  gaging  stations  on 
the  Pecos,  Brazos,  Colorado,  Trinity,  and  Guadalupe  rivers;  also  made  special 
measurements  of  nearly  all  the  spring-formed  rivers  and  creeks  west  of  the  Colorado, 


348  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  INC.  93. 

and  a  number  of  those  east  of  the  river.  Reports  of  these  operation;-!  will  be  found 
in  the  Water-supply  Papers  of  the  Geological  Survey,  special  report  on  Austin  dam 
water  supply  being  published  in  Paper  No.  40  of  that  series.  Is  author  of  a  report 
on  irrigation  systems  of  Texas,  published  as  Water-Supply  Paper  No.  71.  January  1, 
1903,  appointed  resident  hydrographer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

TEMPLE,  FRED  A.,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Reno,  Nev.  Born  in  Missouri 
August  10, 1871.  Graduate  of  University  of  California,  C.  E.,  degree  B.  S.  1897-1899, 
was  instrument  man  for  the  Los  Angeles  Railroad  Company.  1899-1900,  civil 
engineer  for  Independent  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company,  of  San  Francisco. 
1900-1901,  /junior  civil  engineer  at  Mare  Island  Navy- Yard.  1901-1903,  assistant 
engineer  in  city  engineer's  office  of  San  Francisco,  Cal.  June  9,  1903,  appointed 
assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

TILLING  HAST,  FREDERICK:  HOWARD,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  September  19,  1877.  Graduate  of  Brown  University,  C.  E. 
In  1899-1900  was  special  student  in  hydraulics  and  sanitary  engineering  at  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology.  1900-1901,  instrument  man  for  Chicago  and  Great 
Western  Railway.  May-November,  1901,  assistant  to  J.  F.  Witmer,  civil  engineer, 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  making  surveys  for  waterworks,  sewers,  etc.;  also  supervised  con- 
struction of  a  waterworks  plant,  including  power  house  and  concrete  reservoir. 
1901-2,  special  agent  for  Equitable  Fire  and  Marin  Insurance  Company,  on  map  work. 
February-July,  1902,  draftsman  for  Choctaw,  Oklahoma  and  Gulf  Railroad.  July- 
October,  1902,  assistant  to  superintendent  on  construction  of  masonry  dam  and  power 
house,  on  Catawba  River,  for  Catawba  Power  Company.  October  9, 1902,  appointed 
assistant  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

TURNER,  WILLIS  T.,  topographer.  Address,  Phoenix,  Ariz.  Born  in  New  Jersey, 
April  23, 1869.  Three  years  at  Vineland  High  School.  In  1894  was  station  assistant, 
United  States  Geological  Survey;  1895,  traverseman.  1896-1898,  United  States  sur- 
veyor, Indian  Territory  survey.  1898-99,  field  assistant,  Pacific  division,  United 
States  Geological  Survey.  1899-1903,  topographer,  Pacific  division,  United  States 
Geological  Survey.  June  15,  1903,  transferred  to  reclamation  service. 

VEATCH,  ARTHUR  CLIFFORD,  assistant  geologist.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born 
in  Indiana,  October  26,  1878.  Graduate  of  Rockport,  Ind.,  high  school,  1895;  stu- 
dent Indiana  University,  spring  term,  1896.  1896-1898,  teacher,  Rockport  High 
School.  1898,  member  Indiana  University  geological  survey.  January- April,  1898, 
student  at  Indiana  University.  April-June,  1898,  student  at  Cornell  University. 
June-September,  1898,  member  Cornell  geological  survey  of  the  Tertiaries.  1898- 
1900,  assistant  geologist,  Louisiana  geological  survey.  1900,  assistant  in  charge  of 
areal  and  stratigraphic  geology,  Cornell  school  of  field  geology.  1900-1901,  student 
Cornell  University,  and  assistant  in  stratigraphic  geology.  1901-2  consulting  geolo- 
gist, Houston  Oil  Company.  1902,  assistant  in  preparation  of  Louisiana  geological 
report  of  1902.  1902,  professor  of  geology,  Louisiana  State  University,  and  geologist, 
Louisiana  geological  survey.  November,  1902-3,  special  assistant,  hydrographic 
branch,  in  charge  of  investigation  of  underground  waters  in  northern  Louisiana  and 
southern  Arkansas;  in  charge  of  underground  geology  and  water  problems,  Long 
Island  investigation.  September  20,  1903,  appointed  assistant  geologist  in  the  recla- 
mation service. 

VOORHEES,  ISAAC  SPURR,  assistant  engineer.  Born  in  New  York,  September  18, 
1872.  High  school  and  college  education.  Attended  Polytechnic  Institute  of  Brook- 
lyn, B.  S.  in  C.  E.  In  1900  did  some  surveying  at  Shelter  Island,  New  York.  1900-1901 
in  employ  of  chief  engineer  of  Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey  as  draftsman  and 
instrument  man;  also  inspector  in  charge  of  hydraulic  work.  1901-1903  in  engineer- 
ing department  of  Rapid  Transit  Railway  Commission,  New  York  City,  as  rod  man 
and  draftsman.  January  7, 1903,  appointed  engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service; 
January  1 ,  1904,  promoted  to  assistant  engineer. 


NEWEIJ,]  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  349 

WALTER,  RAYMOND  F.,  engineer.  Address,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building,  Den- 
ver, Colo.  Born  in  Illinois,  October  31,  1873.  Graduate  of  Colorado  Agricultural 
College,  degree  B.  S. ;  postgraduate  course  in  same  school,  C.  E.  In  1894  went  to 
Greeley,  Colo.,  and  since  then  has  been  actively  engaged  as  irrigation  engineer  and 
surveyor.  Was  county  surveyor  of  Weld  County  for  four  years  and  city  engineer  of 
Greeley,  Colo.,  for  three  years;  also  assistant  State  engineer  of  Colorado  for  three 
years,  having  charge  of  canal  ratings  in  irrigation  division  No.  1.  From  1895  to  1903 
was  engineerjor  many  of  the  large  canal  and  reservoir  companies  in  northern  Colo- 
rado. May  20,  1903,  appointed  engineer  in  the  reclamation  service. 

WARNER,  GEORGE  LITTLETON,  engineering  aid.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born 
in  Ohio,  March  23,  1879.  Completed  half  of  a  five-year  course  at  Columbian  Uni- 
versity, Washington,  D.  C.  1896-1898,  rodman,  Suburban  Electric  Company,  Akron 
Ohio.  1899-1900,  transitman  on  city  surveys,  Washington,  D.  C.  1901,  topographer 
on  Washington  and  Annapolis  Suburban  Electric  Railway,  Washington,  D.  C.  1901-2, 
computer,  hydrographic  work,  Maricopa  County  water  storage  commission;  also,  same 
year,  computer,  United  States  Geological  Survey;  also  assistant  in  sewer  division, 
engineer  department  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  September  26,  1902,  appointed 
engineering  aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

WEISS,  ANDREW,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Golden,  Colo.  Born  in  Austria,  July 
18,  1867.  Graduate  of  Colorado  School  of  Mines,  degree  E.  M.  1899-1903,  teaching 
mathematics  and  surveying.  During  the  summers  of  1900  and  1901  was  employed 
as  mine  surveyor  by  parties  in  Cripple  Creek,  Colo.  During  the  summer  of  1902 
worked  with  party  of  Colorado  and  Southern  Railway  engineers  on  location  of  line 
of  road;  also  on  maintenance  of  way.  June  4,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in 
the  reclamation  service. 

WEYMOUTH,  FRANK  ELWIN,  engineer.  Address,  Orono,  Me.  B.  C.  E.,  Uni- 
versity of  Maine  in  1896;  C.  E.,  same  university  in  1899.  1896-97,  sewer  construc- 
tion, Maiden,  Mass.  1897-1899,  waterworks  construction  and  surveys,  Boston,  Mass. 
January  to  August,  1899,  assistant  city  engineer,  Winnipeg,  Manitoba,  and  resigned 
to  accept  position  with  Isthmian  Canal  Commission  on  surveys  for  a  proposed  oceanic 
canal  through  Nicaragua;  was  in  Nicaragua  August,  1899,  to  October,  1900.  October, 
1900,  to  May,  1901,  in  Washington  on  same  work.  May,  1901,  to  March,  1902,  with 
the  Guayaquil  and  Quito  Railway  Company,  Ecuador,  South  America,  as  resident 
engineer  on  construction  wrork.  June,  1902,  to  January,  1903,  with  United  States 
Geological  Survey  on  surveys  in  Montana  and  in  the  Washington  office. 

WHISTLER,  JOHN  T.,  engineer.  Address,  Washington,  D.  C.  Born  at  Newmarket, 
Ohio,  in  1865.  1884-1891,  student,  teacher,  and  principal  of  schools.  1891-1893, 
with  Arrowhead  Reservoir  Company,  of  California.  1894,  prospecting  in  Cripple 
Creek,  Colo.  1894-95,  engineer  for  Cachavi  Mining  Company,  in  Ecuador,  South 
America.  1895-1897,  structural  steel  draftsman,  designer,  and  engineer.  1897-98, 
in  private  practice  in  New  York  as  structural  engineer.  1898,  draftsman  and  engi- 
neer for  Hamilton  Bridge  Works  Company,  Hamilton,  Canada.  1898-99,  dry  dock 
construction  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ;  also  with  Nicaragua  Canal  Commission  as  drafts- 
man and  computing  engineer.  1899,  United  States  surveyor  under  direction  of  United 
States  Engineer  Corps,  in  hydrographic  surveys  about  Staten  Island  and  Sandy  Hook 
waters  and  upper  Hudson  River.  1899-1902,  with  Isthmian  Canal  Commission. 
April  to  August,  1902,  assistant  engineer  on  preliminary  surveys  and  location  for 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  in  western  Pennsylvania.  August,  1902,  to  present 
time,  with  United  States  Geological  Survey  as  engineer  in  reclamation  service. 

WHITE,  THOMAS  BROOK,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Portland,  Oreg.  Born  in 
England  December  3,  1860.  English  public  school  and  collegiate  education,  followed 
by  a  course  of  study  under  private  tutor.  Attended  lectures  at  Heidelberg.  Gradu- 
ate of  Union  College  of  Law,  Chicago,  degree  LL.  B.  1880-1882,  on  Northern  Pacific 
and  Oregon  Pacific  railroads  as  draftsman,  and  later  as  assistant  in  charge  of  office. 


350  FIRST    RECLAMATION    SERVICE    CONFERENCE.  [NO.  93. 

1882-83,  draftsman.  1888-1891,  draftsman  and  clerk,  enginee**  Portland  waterworks. 
1898-99,  Oregon  Kailroad  and  Navigation  Company  as  draftsman.  1899-1900,  field 
work,  topographic  draftsman,  Corvallis  and  Eastern  Railroad,  and  on  completion  of 
survey  took  similar  position  with  Goble,  Nehalem  and  Pacific  Railroad.  In  1001, 
similar  position  with  Oregon  Short  Line.  May  1,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer 
in  the  reclamation  service. 

WILEY,  ANDREW  J.,  engineer.  Address,  Boise,  Idaho.  Born  July  15,  1862. 
Graduate  of  Newark  College  and  of  Delaware  College,  Ph.  B.  1883-1889,  on  rail- 
road and  irrigation  surve^  s.  1889-90,  with  United  States  Geological  Survey  on  canal 
surveys  in  Snake  River  Valley.  1890-91,  chief  assistant  engineer  Idaho  Mining  and 
Irrigation  Company.  1892-1899,  chief  and  resident  engineer  Owyhee  Land  and 
Irrigation  Company.  1899-1900,  in  private  irrigation  practice.  1900-1901,  chief 
engineer,  Trade  Dollar  Consolidated  Mining  Company.  1891-1903,  in  general 
hydraulic  engineering  practice.  Designed  and  constructed  plant  of  Boise-Payette 
Electric  Power  Company,  also  Crow  Creek  reservoir  dam  for  the  city  of  Cheyenne. 
Designed  power  plants  for  the  McCloud  River  Electric  Power  Company,  Boise,  Idaho, 
and  made  preliminary  plans  for  dam  and  headworks  of  Twin  Falls  Land  and  Water 
Company,  on  Snake  River.  April,  1904,  appointed  engineer  in  the  reclamation 
service. 

WILLIAMS,  HAROLD  S.,  engineering  aid.  Born  in  Wisconsin  May  26, 1878.  Gradu- 
ate of  Phillips  (Wisconsin)  High  School;  special  course  in  engineering  at  Ripon  Col- 
lege. In  1899  was  rodman  and  chainman  for  various  parties.  In  1900,  stakeman 
and  levelman  on  railroad  work.  In  1901  was  draftsman  at  Phillips,  Wis. ;  in  same 
year,  assistant  county  surveyor,  Phillips,  Wis.  In  1902  was  rodman,  chainman,  and 
draftsman  for  various  parties.  September,  1902,  to  January,  1903,  rodman  in  irriga- 
tion work,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  January  8,  1903,  appointed  engineering 
aid  in  the  reclamation  service. 

WILLIAMS,  MELVIN  D.,  assistant  engineer.  Born  in  Iowa  August  5, 1876.  Graduate 
of  Colorado  Agricultural  College.  In  1898  and  1899  was  assistant  engineer,  West 
Gallatin  Irrigation  Company,  Bozeman,  Mont.;  also,  in  1899,  on  seepage  measure- 
ments and  stream  gaging,  Colorado  Experiment  Station,  Fort  Collins,  and  on  same 
work  under  State  engineer,  Colorado,  in  1899-1900.  1901,  transitman,  Woods  Instru- 
ment Company;  also,  same  year,  gager,  Colorado  Experiment  Station,  and  rating 
flumes  for  Holly  Irrigation  and  Beet  Sugar  Company;  also,  same  year,  hydrographer 
under  State  engineer,  Colorado.  1901-2,  professor  of  irrigation  engineering  and 
drafting,  Colorado  Agricultural  College.  1902,  engineer,  Homestead  Irrigation  Com- 
pany, in  Wyoming.  September  17, 1902,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclama- 
tion service. 

WISNER,  GEORGE  Y.,  consulting  engineer.  Address,  34  West  Congress  street, 
Detroit,  Mich.  "Born  West  Dresden,  N.  Y.,  July  11,  1841.  Graduate  of  University 
of  Michigan,  C.  E.,  1865.  1865-1880,  engaged  in  Government  surveys  on  Great 
Lakes  and  Mississippi  River.  1880-1884,  on  surveys  of  Mississippi,  Des  Plaines,  and 
Illinois  rivers  improvements.  1884-1887,  superintendent  of  construction,  Tenth  and 
Eleventh  United  States  lighthouse  districts.  Since  then  has  been  engaged  in  private 
practice.  1888-1891,  resident  engineer  South  Pass  Jetty  worksand  chief  engineer  Brazos 
River  Harbor  improvement;  1895-1897,  organized  and  directed  sanitary  department, 
Detroit  Board  of  Health;  1897-1900,  member  United  States  Board  of  Engineers  on 
Deep  Waterways.  Author  of  Geodetic  Field  Work,  1883;  Brazos  River  Harbor  Im- 
provement, 1891;  Worthless  Government  Engineering,  1892;  Breakwaters,  Sea 
Walls,  and  Jetties,  1893;  Hydraulics  of  Rivers  having  Alluvial  Beds,  1896;  Sewage 
Disposal,  1896;  Regulation  of  Lake  Levels,  1895  and  1899;  Report  of  United  States 
Board  of  Engineers  on  Deep  Waterways,  1900;  Canals  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the 
Atlantic,  1900.  March  23,  1903,  appointed  consulting  engineer  in  the  reclamation 
service. 


NEWELL.]  PERSONNEL    OF    THE    SERVICE.  351 

YOUNG,  WILLIAM  ERNEST,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 
Born  in  Marion,  111.,  December  3,  1869.  Public  school  and  collegiate  education. 
Graduated  A.  B.,  Southwest  Baptist  College,  Bolivar,  Mo.,  1889.  1889-90,  rodman 
and  transitrnan,  location  and  construction  G.  &  N.  R.  R.  in  Missouri.  1891-92, 
instrumentman  and  engineer  Boise  City  and  Nampa  Irrigation  Land  and  Lumber 
Company.  1892,  instrumentman  Boise,  Nampa  and  Oyhee  Kailroad.  1893-94, 
engineer  B.  C.  &  N.  I.  L.  &  L.  Co.  1894,  instrumentman  on  survey  for  State  of 
Idaho,  Minidoka  project;  local  engineer,  irrigation  ditches,  Orchards'  Farms  Reser- 
voir and  Canal  Company.  1895,  business  for  self  and  B.  C.  &  N.  I.  L.  &  L.  Co. 
1896,  transitrnan  Fort  Hall  Indian  Reservation  irrigation  surveys;  1897,  engineer; 
1898,  business  for  self.  1899,  locating  and  track  engineer  Pacific  and  Idaho  Northern 
Railroad.  1900,  transitman  Oregon  Short  Line  Railroad  in  Idaho,  Utah,  Wyoming, 
and  Montana  location  surveys.  1901,  division  engineer,  construction  Oregon  Short 
Line  Railroad.  1901-2,  division  engineer,  construction  St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  and 
Southern  Railroad  in  Arkansas.  1902,  division  engineer,  construction  Oregon  Short 
Line  Railroad.  1902-3,  reconnaissance  surveys  for  United  States  on  Flathead  and 
Northern  Cheyenne  Indian  reservations.  May,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer 
in  reclamation  service. 

ZORN,  GEORGE  WASHINGTON,  assistant  engineer.  Address,  Hecla,  Wyo.  Edu- 
cation, high  school,  Iowa  State  College,  degree  B.  C.  E.  In  1896  was  rodman  on 
United  States  Geological  Survey.  In  1897,  levelman,  irrigation  canal  in  Wyoming; 
also  same  year  rodman,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  in  Wyoming  and  Kansas. 
1898,  levelman  on  Iowa  Central  Railway;  also  same  year  levelman,  United  States 
Geological  Survey.  1899,  levelman,  Iowa  Central  Railway.  1899-1901,  chief  engi- 
neer reservoir  construction  for  Wyoming  Development  Company.  1901-2,  general 
engineering  work.  1902-3,  resident  engineer  on  construction  of  masonry  dam  for 
city  of  Cheyenne,  Wyo.  July  24,  1903,  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the  reclama- 
tion service. 


INDEX. 


Page. 
Abney  level,  kind  xised 267 

Accounts,  classification  of 50-52 

disallowance  of,  discussion  of. 57-59 

examples  of  _ 59 

explanations  to,  manner  of  mak- 
ing   60 

engineers  authorized  to  certify 19 

examination  of 58 

suspension  of,  discussion  of 57 

examples  of 59 

explanations  to,  manner  of  mak- 
ing   60 

See  also  Disbursements;  Vouchers. 
Advertisement,  form  of,  for  bids  for 

cement  for  Truckee  Canal. .         302 
form  of,  for  bids  for  construction  of 
telephone  line  in  Salt  River 

Valley 76 

for  bids  on  Truckee  Canal 186 

sample  of 76 

Advertising,  regulations  concerning . . .      74-80 
Ahern,  Jeremiah,  biographic  sketch  of.         315 
paper    by,     on     investigations    in 

Wyoming 237-331 

work  in  charge  of 

Ahern,  Jeremiah,  Babb,  C.  C.,  and  Quin- 
ton,  J.  H.,  report  of,  on  sur- 
veys  300-311 

Aids,  salary  and  qualifications  of 38 

Algeria,  alkaline  waters  in,  use  of.. 257-258 

Alidades,  kind  used 265 

Alkaline  waters,  use  of,  for  irrigation .  355-358 
Allotment  of  expenditures.    See  Expenditure  s, 
classification  of. 

Analyses,  clay 287,388 

limestone 286,387,288 

marl 287 

Andersen,  Christian,  biographic  sketch 

of 315 

Aneroids,  kindused.. 266 

Annual  reports,  kind  and  character  of.      48-50 
Appointees,  appointment  of,  conditions 

governing... 37-42 

classification  of 27-29,36-37 

qualifications  of 24-27 

Appointment,  application  for,  method 

ofmaking 42 

method  of _ 24,39,37-42 

See  also  Examinations. 

Appropriation  of  water,  notice  of 103-104 

Arizona,  engineering  force  in. 17 

reclamation  work  in 107, 128-130 

underground  waters  in,  work  on. . .         117 
See  also  names  of  projects. 

IRR  93—04 23 


Arnot,  E.  P.,  biographic  sketch  of 

Assistant  engineer,  salary  and  qualifi- 
cations of. 

Associations,  formation  of 

See  also  Salt  River  Valley  Water 
Users'  Association. 

Attendance  at  conference,  list  show- 
ing  

Auction  sales,  procedure  for 

Auditor,  circular  of,  regarding  disal- 
lowances   

Authorization,  necessity  for 

Babb,  C.  C.,  biographic  sketch  of.. 

paper  by,  on  investigations  in  Mon- 
tana  

work  in  charge  of 

Babb,  C.  C.,  Quint  on,  J.  H.,  and  Ahern, 
Jeremiah,  report  of,  on  sur^- 
veys 

Bailey,  E.  A.,  biographic  sketch  of 

Barbour,  E.  H.,  work  of 

Barrels,  water,  kind  used 

Barrows,  H.  K.,  biographic  sketch  of  .. 

Battle  Creek,  S.  Dak.,  reservoir  sites 


Bear  River,  Utah,  investigations  on 

Bebb,  E.  C.,  biographic  sketch  of 

Beers,  W.  D.,  biographic  sketch  of 

Belle  Fourche  project,  S.  Dak.,  discus- 
sion of 211, 

Bench-mark  posts,  kind  used 

Bench-mark  tablets,  kind  used 

Bench  marks,  establishment  of 

Bennett,  S.  G.,  biographic  sketch  of  ... 

Bids,  advertisement  for,  for  cement  for 

Truckee  canal 

advertisement   for,  for    telephone 

line  in  Salt  River  Valley 

for  Truckee  canal 

method  of  obtaining,  opening,  etc.. 

on  Truckee  canal,  schedule  of 

See  also  Contracts;  Proposals. 
Bien,  Morris,  biographic  sketch  of 

paper  by,  on  relation  of  Federal  and 

State  laws  to  irrigation 

Bighorn  Basin,  Wyo.,  work  in 

Bill  of  lading,  use  of.. 

Blanchard,  C.  J.,  biographic  sketch  of . 

Blankets,  kindused 

Blinds,  harness,  kind  used 

Bliss,  G.  H.,  biographic  sketch  of 

Ely  the  estate,  Arizona,  diversion  at 

Boards,  duties  of 

Bolster,  R.  H.,  biographic  sketch  of 

353 


Page. 
316 


108-107 


9-10 


93-96 
316 


182-186 
18 


300-311 
316 
118 
267 
316 

212 

216-219 
316 
317 

213-313 
267 
366 

303-1304 
317 


76 

186 

72-74 

198S-199 

317 

232-337 
110 

61 
317 
267 
387 
317 
274 

34 
317 


354 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Bond,  amount  required 74 

form  of 112-114 

regulations  concerning 115-116 

Sec  also  Contracts. 
Bonstedt,  Ferdinand,  biographic  sketch 

of •_ 318 

Bookkeeping,  system  of 50-52 

.    See  also  Accounts;  Expenditures. 
Box  elder  Creek,  S.  Dak.,  reservoir  sites 

on 211-212 

Box  compasses,  kind  used 266 

Brainard,  L.  B.,  biographic  sketch  of  ..         318 
Branch,  L.  Van  N. ,  biographic  sketch  of.         318 

Branding  irons,  kind  used 267 

Bread  pans,  kind  used . 268 

Bridles,  kind  used 267 

Brinkley,  M.  H.,  biographic  sketch  of. .         318 

Buckets,  kind  used 267 

Bulls  Head,  Ariz.,  diversion  at 273 

Burke,  J.  T.,  biographic  sketch  of 318 

California,  engineering  force  in. 17-18 

reclamation  work  in 107, 158-159 

Salvation  Army  colony  in... 125 

underground  waters  in,  work  on. ..         118 
See  also  names  of  projects. 

Call  for  conference,  copy  of. 9 

Cameron,  J.  D.,  biographic  sketch  of  ..  .       318 

Camp,  J.  G.,  biographic  sketch  of 319 

Camp  equipment,  list  of 267-268 

Canal  surveys,  method  of... 304-307, 308-311 

Canals,  capacity  of,  determination  of..  176,182 

cross  section  of C03-309 

curvature  of..- 316 

right  of  way  for. 97 

reservation  of,  circular  regard- 
ing   101-102 

velocity  in,  limits  of 308 

Canteens,  kind  used.. 267 

Casteel,  Calvin,  biographic  sketch  of  . .         319 
Cement  for  Truckee  canal,  specifica- 
tions and  advertisement  for 

bids  for 202-204 

manufacture  of. ;.. 284-296 

on  Salt  River,  Ariz 129 

Cement  material,  cost  of 290-291 

excavation  of 288-291 

preparation  of,  for  the  kiln 291-296 

Cement  mixture,  composition  and  burn- 
ing of 294-295 

Cement  plants,  list  of 295 

Cement  rock,  analyses  of 286 

Chairs,  kind  used 267 

Chandler,  A.  E.,  biographic  sketch  of  _.          319 
Chandler,  E.  F.,  biographic  sketch  of..          319 

Charge  sheet,  use  of 50-52 

Charles,  L.  J.,  biographic  sketch  of 319 

Cheyenne  River,  S.  Dak.,  reservoir  site 

on 211 

Chief  engineer,  address  by 21-116 

Childs,  E.  R.,  biographic  sketch  of 319 

Churchill,  P.  M.,  biographic  sketch  of.         319 
Civil  service,  appointments  in,  discus- 
sion of. 35-43 

Civil  Service  Commission,  cooperation 

of..  36 


Page. 

Clapp,  S.  K.,  biographic  sketch  of. 320 

Clapp,  W.  B.,  biographic  sketch  of 320 

Classes  of  employees,  definition  of 36 

Classification  of  employees,  discussion 

of  27-29,36-37 

of  expenditures,  instructions  for. . .  50-52 
of  lands,  instructions  concerning. . .  104-106 

Clausen,  J.  C.,  biographic  sketch  of 320 

Clay,  analyses  of 287,288 

use  of,  in  cement  manufacture 286-288 

Climate,  effect  of,  on  capacity  of  canals.  177-178 

of  Oregon 213-214 

on  Colorado  River 170 

Coal,  occurrence  of,  in  North  Dakota..         209 

Cody,  Wyo.,  project  near 229 

work  near 110 

Colonization,  address  on 122-126 

Colorado,  engineering  force  in 18 

reclamation  work  in 108, 160-167 

Salvation  Army  colony  in 125 

underground  waters  of,  work  on. . .  118 
water  appropriation  in,  control  of . .  297 
See  also  names  of  projects. 

Colorado  River,  climate  along ....         170 

crop  values  along _•_ 171 

irrigable  lands  along 171 

navigation  on. 169 

reclamation  projects  on 272-276 

salt  content  of 171 

silt  in 170 

water  supply  of 168-169 

workalong 107,172 

Committees,  duties  of. 33 

list  of 14 

Communications.    See  Correspondence. 

Compasses,  kind  used... 266 

Condra,G.E.,workof. 118 

Conference.    See  Ogden  conference. 
Construction,  method  of  undertaking. .  92 

Consulting  engineers,  duties  of. ... 31 

relation  of  district  engineer  and  ...  248 
Contract  for  Truckee  canal,  form  of  ...  200-201 
Contracts,  form  and  number  of  copies 

required 81,110-112 

regulations  concerning 71-74, 114-115 

See  also  Bids;  Proposals. 
Cooking  utensils,  method  of  obtaining. .  83 

Cooks,  employment  of.. 39-40 

Corlett,  B.  E . ,  biographic  sketch  of 320  • 

Corners,  restoration  and  re-marking  of, 

instructions  concerning 105 

Correspondence ,  rules  for 43-44 

Cost,  estimates  of,  computation  of 92 

Covert,  C.C.,  biographic  sketch  of. 320 

Cox ,  C.  B. ,  biographic  sketch  of 320 

Cross  section  of  canals,  method  of  de-  - 

termining 308-309 

Cups,  kind  used 267 

Current  meter,  kind  used 286 

Curtis,  J.  A. ,  exploration  by 164 

Curvature  of  canals,  limits  of 310 

Dam-site  and  reservoir  surveys,  method 

of... 303-304 

Dams,  characteristics  of  highest 129 

correct  design  and  stability  of 240-246 


INDEX. 


355 


Tage. 

Darton,N.H.,  biographic  sketch  of 321 

paper  by,  on  work  of  western  sec- 
tion of  hydrology 117-120 

work  in  charge  of  . . 16 

Da  vies,  W.  G. ,  biographic  sketch  of 321 

Davis,  A.  P. ,  biographic  sketch  of. 321 

paper  by,  on  investigations  in  Ari- 
zona  128-130 

work  in  cifarge  of 17, 18 

Davis,  E.  I., biographic  sketch  of 321 

Decker  v.  "Willey,  decision  in  case  of 236 

Denver,  office  at,  establishment  of. 161-162 

Desert-land  entries,  final  proof  of,  cir- 
cular concerning 105 

Design  of  high  masonry  dams,  paper  on 

stability  and ...240-246 

Designs,  method  of  making 311 

Devils  Gate,  Wyo.,  work  near 226 

Dillon, R.  P., biographic  sketch  of 321 

Director  of  Geological  Survey,  duties 

of 15 

Disallowances  of   accounts,  discussion 

of 57-59 

examples  of 59 

explanations   to,  manner    of   mak- 
ing  60 

Disbursements,  general  discussion  of  -  -      52-57 
See    also   Disallowances;    Expendi- 
tures; Vouchers. 

Disbursing  officers,  duties  of 55-57 

Discharge  measurements.  See  Streams. 

Dish  pans,  kind  used 268 

District  attorneys,  assistance  by 103 

District  engineers,  duties  of 29-31 , 32 

relations   of   consulting   engineers 

and 248 

Ditches.    See  Canals. 

Dobson,  F.  S.,  biographic  sketch  of 322 

Dole,  R.  B.,  biographic  sketch  of 322 

Douglas,  E.  M.,  paper  by,  on  instru- 
ments and  camp  equipment.  265-268 
Downey,  A.  C.,  biographic  sketch  of...         322 

Drawing  paper,  kind  used 267 

Dredging  cement  material,  method  of.  289-290 

Drivers,  employment  of 39-40 

Dry  Creek,  S.  Dak.,  reservoir  site  on. . .         213 
Duryee,   Edward,    biographic    sketch 

of 322 

Eckel,  E.  C.,  paper  by,  on  Portland  ce- 
ment manufacture 284-296 

Efficiency,  standard  of... 24-27 

.  Ehrenberg,  Ariz.,  diversion  near 274 

Eight-hour  day,  law  governing 82 

Ela,  E.  S.,  biographic  sketch  of 322 

Electrical  transmission  of   power  for 

pumping,  paper  on 237-240 

Employees,  appointment  of.  conditions 

governing 37-42 

classification  of 27-29,36-37 

qualifications  of 24-27 

Employment,  applications  for,  method 

ofmaking 42 

See  also  Examinations. 

Engineers,  employment  of 41 

salary  and  qualifications  of 29 


Page. 


Engineers— Continued. 

See  also  Assistant  engineers;  Dis- 
trict engineers;  Supervising 
engineers;  Consulting  engi- 
neers; Resident  engineers. 
Entries,  desert-land,  final  proof  of,  cir- 
cular concerning 

Evans,  H.  R.,  biographic  sketch  of 

Ewing,  W.  R.,  biographic  sketch  of 

Examinations,  time  and  scope  of 

Expendable  property,  definition  of 

Expenditures,  allotment  of.  See  Classi- 
fication, below. 

authority  for 

classification  of 

monthly  report  of.. 

See  also  Disbursements;  Vouchers; 

Accounts. 
Express  shipments  and  charges,instruc- 

tions  regarding 

Parish,  W.  A.,  biographic  sketch  of 

Federal  and  State  laws,  relation  of,  to 

irrigation 

Fellows,  A.  L.,  biographic  sketch  of 

exploration  by -.. 

paper  by,  on  work  in  Colorado 

work  in  charge  of... 

Field,  J.  E.,  biographic  sketch  of 

paper  by,  on  work  on  North  Platte 

River  in  Wyoming 

work  in  charge  of 

Field  assistants,  employment  of 

Field  offices,  establishment  of.. 

Field  parties,  men  employed  in,  method 

of  appointing 

Fisher,  C.  A.,  work  of. 

Fisher,  C.  C.,  biographic  sketch  of 

Fisher,  H.  T.,  biographic  sketch  of 

Fitch,  C.  H.,  biographic  sketch  of 

paper  by,  on  conditions  in  South 

Dakota 

on  investigations  in  North  Da- 
kota  

work  in  charge  of 

Flagpoles,  kind  used 

Flags,  kind  used 

Flood  water,  value  of,  in  determining 

capacity  of  canals 

Floors,  tent,  kind  used 

Flow  of  streams,  measurement  of 

Flying-line  reconnaissance,  method  of. 

Forbes,  B.  E.,  biographic  sketch  of 

Forbes,  R.  H.,  cited  5n  silt  in  Colorado 

River 

Forest  reserves,  use  of 

Forestry,  relation  of  irrigation  to 

Form  9-060,  use  of 

Form  9*245,  use  of 

Form  9-263,  copy  of 

use  of . 

Form  9-272,  use  of.. 

Forms,  examples  of 

Fowler,  B.  A.,  paper  by,  on  Salt  River 
Valley  Water  Users'  Asso- 
ciation .. 


105 

323 

323 

29 


93-96 

50-52 

252 


61-66 


232-237 
323 
164 

160-162 
18 


225-227 

18 

37-42 

84 

37-42 
119 
324 

324 
324 

210-211 

207-208 

18,19 

267 

267 

178-180 
267 

263-265 

302-303 

324 

170 
120 
120 
61 

47,250 

102 

97 

50-52 
110-116 


130-158 


356 


INDEX. 


Page 

French,  J.  A.,  biographic  sketch  of 324 

work  in  charge  of 18 

Puller,  M.  L.,  biographic  sketch  of 325 

work  in  charge  of 16 

Gaging  stations,  establishment  of 283-264 

Gay ,  L .  L . ,  biographic  sketch  of 325 

Geological  Survey,  Director  of,  duties 

of 15 

hydrographic  branch,  work  and  or- 
ganization of  14-20 

Gila  River,  Ariz.,  work  on 107 

Gilbert,  A.  M.,  biographic  sketch  of  ...  325 

Giles,  J.M.,  biographic  sketch  of 325 

Glendive,  Mont. ,  irrigation  project  near  207 
Golden  Dream  dam  site,  Arizona,  inves- 

tigationsat 274 

Gordon,  C.E.,  biographic  sketch  of 325 

Gould,  C.N.,  work  of.. 118,119 

Grades  of  employees,  definition  of 36 

Graduate  charges  for  packages  sent  by 

express,  table  showing 64-65 

Grand  River,  Colo.,  work  on 108,  M) 

Granke,  L.  F. ,  biographic  sketch  of 326 

Green, H.E., biographic  sketch  of 326 

Green  R'.ver,  N.  Dak.,  pumping  plant  on  210 

Groceries,  method  of  obtaining 83 

Grover ,  N.  C. ,  biographic  sketch  of 326 

work  in  charge  of 16 

Guernsey,  Wyo. ,  work  near  . . 225-226 

Gunnison  River,  Colo.,  work  on.  103, 160, 162-167 

Hall,  B.M.,  biographic  sketch  of 326 

work  in  charge  of 16 

Hall,  M.R.,  biographic  sketch  of 327 

Hal!,  W.E., biographic  sketch  of 327 

Hamlin, Homer, biographic  sketch  of..  327 

Eanna.F.  W.,  biographic  sketch  of 327 

Kansen,  A.  C.,  biographic  sketch  of 327 

Hardesty,  W.  P.,  biographic  sketch  of. .  328 

Harley,G.F.,  biographic  sketch  of 328 

Harness,  kind  used .«..  267 

Harness  blinds,  kind  used 267 

Harney  project,  Oregon,  features  of 215 

Harris,  A.  L.,  biographic  sketch  of 328 

Ha wley,R.S., biographic  sketch  of 328 

Hayden,  B.  E. ,  biographic  sketch  of  ....  328 

Hays,  D.W.,  biographic  sketch  of 328 

Head  Gate  Rock,  Arizona,  diversion  at.  273-274 

Hendricks,  E.  D., biographic  sketch  of  .  329 

Hewitt ,  C .  E . ,  biographic  sketch  of 329 

Hill,  L.C.,  biographic  sketch  of... 329 

Hinderlider,  M.  C.,  biographic  sketch 

of 329 

Hitchcock, E.  A., biographic  sketch  of..  14 

Hogue,G.H., biographic  sketch  of 329 

Holgate,H.  L.,  biographic  sketch  of 329 

paper  by,  on  legal  status  of  irriga- 
tion   296-300 

Hollister,  G.  B. ,  biographic  sketch  of 330 

Holt, L.M., biographic  sketch  of.. 330 

Homestead  entries,  instructions  regard- 
ing   104-105 

Hondo  project,  New  Mexico,  discussion 

of - 203 

Horses,  method  of  obtaining 83 

Horton,  A.  H..  biographic  sketch  of. ...  330 


Horton,  R.  E.,  biographic  sketch  of 330 

work  in  charge  of. 16 

Hosford,  C.  K.,  biographic  sketch  of. . .         330 

Houses,  movable,  useof 84 

Howell  v.  Johnson,  decision  in  case  of . .  235-236 

Hoyt,  J.  C.,  biographic  sketch  of 330 

Huber,  F.  W.,  biographic  sketch  of 331 

Huffaker,  I.  W.,  biographic  sketch  of . .  331 
Humpherys,  T.  H.,  biographic  sketch  of  331 
Humphreys,  D.  C.,  biographic  sketch  of  331 

Hur d,  H .  C . ,  biographic  sketch  of 331 

Hydro-economics,  division  of,  organiza- 
tion and  work  of 16 

Hydrographic  branch,  organization  of.      16-19 

work  of 14-16 

Hydrography,  division  of,  organization 

of 16 

work  of 15 

Hydrology,  division  of,  organization  of  16 

work  of. 15 

Idaho,  engineering  force  in 18 

irrigation  conditions  in 172-173 

reclamation  work  in. 108,174-176 

India,  irrigation  in 122 

Information,  method  of  giving  out 45-46 

Instruments,  list  of. 265-267 

requisitions  for 45 

Interior,  Secretary  of.    See  Secretary 
of  the  Interior. 

Irrigable  land  surveys,  method  of 307-308 

Irrigation,  alkaline  waters  for  use  of  . .  255-258 

extent  of 296 

legal  statusof 296-300 

normal  development  of 176 

relation  of  Federal  and  State  laws 

to.. 232-237 

of  forestry  to 120 

pumping  for,  in  North  Dakota 208-210 

Irrigation  conditions  in  Idaho,  paper 

on.... 172-173 

Irrigation  engineers,  States  appointing.  299-300 

Irrigation  law,  systems  of 233 

Irrigation  projects,  limits  of 176-182 

Irrigation  surveys,  use  of  plane  table 

in  252-255 

Johnson,  Ed  ward,  jr.,  biographic  sketch 

of 331 

work  in  charge  of 16 

Johnson  v.  Howell,  decision  in  case  of-.  235-236 

Kansas,  engineering  force  in 18 

reclamation  work  in 108 

underground  waters  in,  work  on...         118- 
Keddie,  W.  A.,  biographic  sketch  of  ...         332 

Kerr,  J.  N.,  biographic  sketch  of 3:32 

Kettles,  kind  used. 267 

Keyes,  C.  R.,  work  of 118 

Kibbey,  J.  H.,  plan  of,  for  association  in 

Salt  River  Valley 132-140 

I  Kleinschmidt,  H.  S.,  biographic  sketch 

of 332 

Laborers,  employment  of 39-40, 41 

Lake  De  Smet  project,  Wyoming,  dis- 
cussion of 227-228 

Lake.    See  next  word  of  name. 

Lamps,  kind  used 268 


INDEX. 


357 


Page. 

Land,  classification  and  division  of,  in- 
structions concerning. 104-106 

purchase  of... 98-100 

title  for,  examination  of. 9S-98 

withdrawal  of,  method  of 303 

See  also  Desert-land  entries;   Cor- 
ners. 

Land  and  water  titles,  investigation  re- 
garding  100-101 

Landes,  Henry,  work  of 119 

Laurgaard,  Olaf,  biographic  sketch  of.  332 
Lawson,  L.  M.,  biographic  sketch  of ...  333 

Lee,  W.  T.,  work  of 117 

Legal  status  of  irrigation,  paper  on 296-300 

Leighton,  M.  O.,  biographic  sketch  of..         332 

work  in  charge  of 16 

Lemenager,  H.V.,  biographic  sketch  of.  333 
Letters.  See  Correspondence. 

Leveling  rods,  kind  used 266 

Levels,  kind  used 266 

Lewis,  J.  H.,  biographic  sketch  of. 333 

Lignite,occurrence  of,  in  North  Dakota.         209 

Limestone,  analyses  of 286,287,288 

use  of,  in  cement  manufacture .  285-286, 287 
Lippincott,  J.  B.,  biographic  sketch  of.         333 
paper  by,  on  irrigation  surveys  and 

use  of  plane  table 252-255 

on  methods  and  reports 250-252 

on  work  along  Colorado  River..  168-172 

work  in  charge  of 17 

Litigation,  extent  of 296 

Location  surveys,  method  of 308-311 

Locke  hand  levels,  kind  used 267 

Lootz,  A.  C.,  biographic  sketch  of.. I...         333 
Loup   River,  Nebr.,   irrigation  condi- 
tions on 283-284 

Low-water  supply,  value  of,  in  deter- 
mining capacity  of  canals. . .         180 
McConnell,  I.  W.,  biographic  sketch  of.         333 
paper  by,  on  topographic  work  in 
the  Grand   Canyon   of   the 

Gunnison 162 

McDermuth,  Oro,  biographic  sketch  of  334 
Mclntyre,  O.  L.,  biographic  sketch  of..  334 
Macpherson,  D.  J.,  biographic  sketch  of  334 
Madden,  F.  M.,  biographic  sketch  of . . .  334 
Magruder,  F.  C.,  biographic  sketch  of.  334 
Malheur  project,  Oregon,  features  of..  215 
Malta  project,  Montana,  description  of  185 

Marl,  analysesof 287 

use  of,  in  cement  manufacture 286-287 

Masonry  dams,  correct  design  and  sta- 
bility of 240-246 

Material.     See     Supplies;      Contracts; 
Purchases;  Bids;  Proposals. 
Matthes,  G.  H.,  biographic  sketch  of . ..         334 
paper  by,  on  surveys  in  Oklahoma.  268-272 

work  in  charge  of 18 

Maxwell,  G.  H.,  work  of 132 

Means,  T.  H.,  paper  by,  on  use  of  alka- 
line waters  for  irrigation. ..  255-258 
Measurement  of  flow  of  streams,  paper 

on 263-265 

Mechanics,  employment  of 40, 41 

Meeker,  R.  I.,  biographic  sketch  of 334 

Mendenhall,  W.  C.,  work  of  ...  118 


Page. 

Mess  boxes,  kind  used 267 

Metallic  tapes,  kind  used 286 

Methods  and  reports,  paper  on 250-252 

Milk  River,  Mont.,  canal  proposed  on, 

description  of 184-185 

work  on 108 

works  proposed  on 183 

Milk  River  project,  Mont.,  conditions 

controlling 182 

Miller,  G.  S.,  biographic  sketch  of 335 

Mining  cement  material,  method  of  ...         289 

Minutes  of  conference,  abstract  of 10-14 

Mondell,  F.  W.,  paper  by,  on  work  of 

reclamation  service 127-128 

Montana,  engineering  force  in 18 

reclamation  work  in 108, 182-186 

See  also  names  of  projects. 
Monthly  report  of  expenditure,  method 

ofmaking 252 

of  progress,  method  of  making 251-252 

Monthly  reports,  character  of 48-47 

Monthly  time  report,  method  of  making  250, 251 
Moore,  W.  L.,  cited  on  climate  along 

Colorado  River 170 

Morris,  A.  P.,  biographic  sketch  of 335 

Morrison,  J.  T.,  paper  by,  on  irrigation 

conditions  in  Idaho, 172-173 

Mountain  transits,  kind  used 266 

Murphy,  E.  C.,  biographic  sketch  of  ...         335 
paper  by,  on  measurement  of  flow 

of  streams 263-265 

Myers,  E.  W.,  biographic  sketch  of  ....         335 

Napkins,  kind  used 268 

Nebraska,  agricultural  conditions  in  ..  276-277 

engineering  force  in 18 

reclamation  and  water  storage  in  . .  276-284 

reclamation  work  on 108 

underground  waters  in,  work  on. . .         118 

water  diversion  in,  control  of 297 

See  also  names  of  projects. 

Nevada,  construction  in.. 186-204 

engineering  force  in 18 

reclamation  work  in 108 

water  appropriation  in,  control  of  _ .         297 
See  also  names  of  projects. 
New  England,  hydro^raphers  in  charge 

ofworkin.. 16 

New  Mexico,  engineering  force  in 18 

reclamation  work  in 108 

underground  waters  in,  work  on. . .         118 
See  also  names  of  projects. 
New   projects,  consideration   and  ap- 
proval of 89-91 

New  York,  hydrographers  in  charge  of 

workin 16 

Newell,  F.  H.,  address  by 21-116 

biographic  sketch  of 335 

letter  of  transmittal  by 7 

Newell,  H.  D.,  biographic  sketch  of 336 

Newell,  R.  J.,  biographic  sketch  of 336 

Newspapers,  advertising  in 74-80 

See  also  Advertisements. 
Niobrara  River,  irrigation  conditions  on         ?84 

Noble,  T.  A.,  biographic  sketch  of 336 

paper  by,  on  work  in  Washington..  231-232 
work  in  charge  of 19 


358 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Nonexpendable  property,  definition  of.  88 

See  also  Property. 

North  Dakota,  engineering  force  in 18 

investigations  in 207-208 

irrigation  in,  by  pumping  _ 208-210 

reclamation  work  in 109 

underground  waters  in,  work  on. . .         119 
North  Platte  River,  water  supply  of...  277-282 

work  on 108,225-227 

Occasional  employees,  defi.ni  tion  of  term .  28 

employment  of 41 

Odometers,  kind  used 266 

Officers.    See  Appointees;  Employees. 

Offices,  establishment  of 84 

Ogden  conference,  attendance  at 9-10 

call  for 9 

committees  appointed  at 14 

necessity  for... 7 

proceedings  of,  abstract  of 10-14 

purpose  of 21-23 

O'Harra,  C.  C.,  work  of 119 

Oklahoma,  engineering  force  in 18 

surveys  in 109,119,268-272 

Olberg,  C.  R.,  biographic  sketch  of  ....         336 

Oregon,  climatic  conditions  in 213-214 

engineering  force  in. 18 

reclamation  work  in 109, 213-216 

underground  waters  in,  work  on. . .         119 
See  also  names  of  projects. 

Organization,  discussion  of 29-33 

Outfitting,  instructions  concerning 83-84 

Owen,  Ray,  biographic  sketch  of 336 

Pack  blankets,  kind  used „ 267 

Packages,  graduated  express  charges 

for 64-65 

Packers,  employment  of 39-40 

Pails,  kind  used 267 

Pans,  kind  used 268 

Pardee,  G.  C.,  paper  by,  on  reclamation 

work  in  California 158-159 

Parshall,  A.  J.,  biographic  sketch  of...         336 
Paterson,  H.  T.,  biographic  sketch  of..         337 

Paul,  E.  G.,  work  in  charge  of 16 

Pease,  C.  T.,  biographic  sketch  of 337 

Pecos  River,  N.  Mex.,  work  on 108 

Pecos  Valley,  N.  Mex.,  investigations  in.  204-207 

irrigation  system  in.. 204-205 

soil  and  alkali  conditions  in 256 

Peery ,  E .  H. ,  biographic  sketch  of 337 

Pelton,  J.  E.,  exploration  by.. 164 

Pennsylvania,  hy drographers  in  charge 

of  work  in 16 

Perkins,  E.  T.,  biographic  sketch  of  ...         337 
paper  by,  on  Colorado  River  recla- 
mation projects  272-276 

work  in  charge  of 172 

Personnel,  committee  on,  duties  of 34-35 

general  observations  on 24-27 

Peterson,  O.  W.,  biographic  sketch  of  .         338 

Physical  strength,  necessity  of 25 

Picacho,  Ariz.,  dam  site  at 274 

Pinchot,  Gifford,  paper  by,  on  forestry 

and  irrigation 120 

Piney  Creek,  Wy o. ,  diversion  of 228 

Place,  A.  E.,  biographic  sketch  of  ...  338 


Plane  table,  paper  on  irrigation  surveys 
and  use  of 

Plane-table  boards  and  tripods,  kind 
used 

Plans,  paper  on  reconnaissance  and 

Porter,  A.  P.,  biographic  sketch  of 

Porter,  S.  G.,  biographic  sketch  of 

Portland  cement,  manufacture  of 

raw  materials  for 

Power,  development  of,  paper  on 

electrical  transmission  of 

Prall,  C.  T.,  biographic  sketch  of 

Preliminary  canal  surveys,  method  of. 

Preliminary  survey,  method  of 

President  of  the  United  States,  message 
from 

Pressey,  F.  E.,  biographic  sketch  of 

Price  current  meter,  kind  used 

Printed  forms,  examples  of 

Printing,  regulations  concerning. 

Priorities,  adjudication  of 

See  also  Water  rights. 

Pritchett,  C.  M.,  biographic  sketch  of .. 

Private  corporations,  reclamation 
works  constructed  by,  ad- 
visability of. 

Proceedings  of  conference,  abstract  of  . 

Project  board,  officers  composing 

Projects.    See  New  projects. 

Property,  care  and  disposal  of 

engineers  responsible  for  purchase 

of.. 

quarterly  report  on 

Proposals  for  Truckee  canal,  form  of  .. 
method  of  obtaining,  opening,  etc.. 
See  also  Bids. 

Public,  information  to,  method  of  giv- 
ing   

Public  lands,  withdrawal  of,  from  entry 

Public-land  surveys,  corners  of,  res- 
toration and  re-marking  of. 

Pumping,  irrigation  in  North  Dakota 

by 

power  for,  electrical  transmission  of 

Purchases  in  open  market,  regulations 

governing 

law  covering 

vouchers  for 

See  also  Contracts. 

Qualifications  of  employees,  discussion 
of 

Quarrying  cement  material,  method  of. 

Quarterly  reports,  character  of 

Quinton,  J.  H.,  biographic  sketch  of ... 

Quinton,  J.  H.,  Ahern,  Jeremiah,  and 
Babb,  C.  C.,  report  of,  on  sur- 
veys  

Rain  gages,  kind  used 

Reclamation  and  water  storage  in  Ne- 
braska, paper  on 

Reclamation  law,  scope  of. 

textof. _ 

Reclamation  projects,  stages  in. 

Reclamation  service,  members  of,  bio- 
graphic sketches  of 


252-255 


247-249 
338 
338 

284-296 
285-288 
311-314 
237-240 
338 

304-307 
300-301 

121-122 


110-116 


90-91 

10-14 

32 

88 

19 

48 

187 

72-74 


4^46 


105 

208-210 
237-240 

69-71 

67-68 

57 


24-27 

289 

47-48 


300-311 
266 

276-284 

261-262 

259-261 

30 

296-351 


INDEX. 


359 


Page. 

Reclamation  service,organizatlon  of  17-19, 29-33 
personnel  of,  general  observations 

on 24-27 

work  of 21-22,127-128 

Reclamation  surveys,  method  of,  report 

of  committee  on 300-311 

Reconnaissance,  method  of 300-301 , 302-303 

paper  on  plans  and 247-249 

Red  Water  Creek,  S.  Dak.,  irrigation 

from .     212 

Redman,  A.  C.,  biographic  sketch  of . . .         339 
Redmond,  Hugh,  biographic  sketch  of.         339 

Reed,  H.  S.,  biographic  sketch  of. 339 

Reed,  W.  M.,  biographic  sketch  of  - . . . .         340 
paper  by,  on  investigations  in  Pecos 

Valley - 204-207 

Reedy,  O.  T.,  biographic  sketch  of 340 

Regular  employees,  classification  of 28-29 

See  also  Employees. 

Reports,  character  of 45-50 

method  of  making.. 250-252 

See  also  Monthly  progress  report; 
Weekly  progress  report; 
Weekly  time  report;  Month- 
ly time  report. 

Reports  and  methods,  paper  on 250-252 

Reports  and  statementSj^  paper  on 249-250 

Republican    River,    Nebr.,   irrigation 

conditions  on .282-283 

Requisitions,  method  of  making 44^5 

Reservoir  and  dam-site  surveys,  meth- 
ods of. ..-- --..  303-304 

Resident  engineer,  duties  of 32 

Responsibility,  placing  of 31-33 

Richards,  F.  S.,  paper  by,  on  water  laws 

of  Utah 220-225 

Richardson,  G.  B.,  work  of 119 

Riding  bridles,  kind  used 267 

Riding  saddles,  kind  used 268 

Right  of  way  for  ditches  or  canals,  res- 
ervation of.. 97 

reservation  of,  circular  regarding..  101-102 

Rio  Grande,  N.  Mex.,  work  on 108 

Rio  Grande  Dam  and  Irrigation  Com- 
pany v.  United  States,  deci- 
sion in  case  of 234-235 

River  observers,  employ  ment  of 39 

Robbins,  S.  B.,  biographic  sketch  of....         340 

Rodmen,  employment  of _ 40 

Rods,  leveling,  kind  used 266 

Roosevelt,  Theodore,  message  from 121-122 

Ross,  D.  W.,  biographic  sketch  of 340 

paper  by,  on  investigations  in  Idaho.  174-176 
on  limitsof  an  irrigation  project.  176-182 

work  in  charge  of 18 

Roswell,  N.  Mex.,  irrigation  near 205 

Russell,!.  C.,  work  of 119 

Russell,  W.  G.,  biographic  sketch  of  ...         341 

Sacramento  Valley,  Cal.,  work  in 107 

Saddle  blankets,  kind  used 267 

Saddles,  riding,  kind  used 268 

Sage  Creek,  Wyo.,  water  rights  on,  de- 
cision regarding 235-236 

Sahara  Desert,  alkaline  waters  in,  use 

of  257-258 

Sales,  procedure  for 88 


Page. 

Salt  content  of  Colorado  River 171 

Salt  River,  Ariz.,  work  on 107, 128-129 

Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz.,  conditions  in.  130-131 

surveys  in 131-132 

telephone  line  in,  advertisement  for 

bids  for  construction 76 

Salt  River  Valley  Water  Users'  Asso- 
ciation, address  on 130-158 

articles  of  incorporation  of 147-158 

formation  of 140-147 

Salvation  Army  colonies,  condition  of . .         125 

Samples,  when  required 73 

San  Joaquin  Valley,  Cal.,  work  in 107 

Sanders,  W.  H.,  biographic  sketch  of-.         341 

Sands,  E.  E.,  biographic  sketch  of 341 

Saph ,  A .  V . ,  biographic  s  ketch  of 341 

Sargeant,  William,  biographic  sketch 

of 342 

Sargent,  J.  A.,  biographic  sketch  of  ...  342 
Saunders,  H.  J.,  biographic  sketch  of..  342 

Savage,  H .  N . ,  biographic  sketch  of 342 

paper   by,    on   reports   and   state- 
ments  249-250 

Savage,  J.  L.,  biographic  sketch  of 343 

Saws,  kind  used 268 

Sawyer,  W.  C. ,  biographic  sketch  of 343 

Saxton,  W.  R.,  biographic  sketch  of  ....         343 

Scales,  kind  used 267 

Schadler,  A.  H.,  biographic  sketch  of . -  343 
Schlecht,  W.  W.,  biographic  sketch  of-  343 

Secretary  of  the  Interior,  duties  of 15 

Services,  vouchers  for. 57 

Settlers.    See  Colonization. 

Shale,  use  of,  in  cement  manufacture  . .         288 

Shoshone  project,  Wyo.,  discussion  of .  228-231 

Siebenthal,  C.  E.,  work  of 118 

•  Silt  in  Colorado  River 170 

Slichter,  C.  S.,  biographic  sketch  of . . . .  343 
Slonaker,  C.  E.,  biographic  sketch  of  . .  343 

Slopes  of  canals,  limits  of 308-309 

Smith,  C.  B.,  biographic  sketch  of 344 

Smith,  W.  D.,  biographic  sketch  of 344 

Snake  River,  Idaho,  irrigation  projects 

along . 174-175 

work  on 108 

South  Dakota,  engineering  force  in 19' 

irrigation  conditions  in 210-211 

reclamation  work  in -  - .  109, 211-212 

underground  waters  in,  work  on. . .         119 
See  also  names  of  localities. 
South  worth,  C .  H . ,  biographic  sketch  of         344 

Specifications  form  of 80 

form  of,  for  cement   for  Truckee 

canal • 202-204 

for    construction    of    Truckee 

canal 187-197 

Sprigg,  A.M., biographic  sketch  of 344 

Spring  £reek,S.  Dak., reservoir  siteon.  212 
Stability  of  high  masonry  dams,  paper 

on  correct  design  and 240-246 

Stabler, Herman, biographic  sketch  of .  344 
Stannard,  J.D.,  biographic  sketch  of ..  344 
State  and  Federal  laws,  relation  of,  to 

irrigation 232-237 

Statements.    See  Reports. 

Station  assistants,  employment  of 40 


360 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Stationery  boxes,  kind  used 267 

Sttvl  tapes,  kind  used 266 

Steiner,  C.  R.,  biographic  sketch  of 344 

Stevens,  J.  C.,  biographic  sketch  of 345 

Steward,  W.  G.,  biographic  sketch  of. .  345 

Stewpans,  kind  used 268 

Stockton,  Fred,  biographic  sketch  of  ..  345 

Stockman,  L.  R.,  biographic  sketch  of.  345 

Stocktcn,  R.  S.,  biographic  sketch  of  ..  345 

Stokes,  H.  G . ,  biographic  sketch  of  ....  346 

Stools,  kind  used 267 

Storrs,  H.  A.,  biographic  sketch  of  ....  346 
paper  by,  on  electrical  transmission 

of  power  for  pumping 237-240 

on  power  development 311-314 

Stout,  O.  V.  P.,  paper  by,  on  reclama- 
tion and  water   storage  in 

Nebraska 276-284 

Stoves,  kind  used 268 

method  of  obtaining 83 

Stratton,  G.  E.,  biographic  sketch  of  ..  346 

Streams,  flow  of,  measurement  of 263-265 

Strickler,  T.  J.,  biographic  sketch  of  ..  346 

Subsistence,  regulations  concerning ...  85-88 
Subvouchers.    See  Vouchers. 

Supervising  engineers,  duties  of 31,32,33 

Supplies,  purchase  of,  in  open  market, 

regulations  governing 69-71 

purchase  of ,  la w  governing 67-68 

See  also  Contracts;  Outfitting. 

Surveyors,  employment  of 41 

Surveys,  method  of,  report  of  commit- 
tee on 300-311 

Suspensions  of  accounts,  discussion  of .  57-59 

examples  of... 59 

explanation  to,  manner  of  making.  60 

Sweetwater  River,  Wyo.,  work  on 226-227 

Swendsen,  G.  L.,  biographic  sketch  of .  346 
paper  by,  on  investigations  in  Utah.  216-220 

work  in  charge  of. 19 

Swift,  W.  E . ,  biographic  sketch  of 347 

Tablecloths,  kind  used 267 

Tableware,  kind  used 267 

Tables,  kind  used 268 

Tally  sheet.    See  Charge  sheet. 

Tanner,  Caleb,  biographic  sketch  of  -  - .  347 

Tapes,  metallic,  kind  used 266 

Tapes,  steel,  kind  used. 266 

Taylor,  C.  V.,  biographic  sketch  of 347 

Taylor,  L.  H.,  biographic  sketch  of 347 

paper  by,  on  construction  work  in 

Nevada 186-204 

work  in  charge  of 18 

Taylor,  T.  U.,  biographic  sketch  of 347 

work  in  charge  of - 16 

Team  work,  necessity  of 26-27 

Technical  experts,  employment  of 40 

See  also  Employees. 
Telegrams,  method  of  sending,  address- 
ing, and  marking-. 44 

Telephone  line  in  Salt  River  Valley, 
advertisement  for  bids  for 

construction  of 76 

Telescopic  alidades,  kind  used 265 

Temperature,  strains  in  dams  due  to 

changes  in 243 


Page. 

Temple,  F.  A.,  biographic  sketch  of 348 

Temporary    appointments,    definition 

of. 27-28 

See  also  Occasional  employees;  Em- 
ployees; Appointments. 

Tent  floors,  kind  used •. 267 

Tents,  kind  used 268 

method  of  obtaining 83 

Texas,  hydrographer  in  charge  of  work 

in.. 16 

underground  water  in,  work  on 119 

Tillinghast ,  F .  H . ,  biographic  sketch  of .         348 

Time  reports,  method  of  making. 250-251 

Todd,  J.  E.,  work  of 119 

Topographic  surveys,  method  of...  252-255,307 
Topographic  work  in  the  Grand  Can- 
yon of  the  Gunnison,  descrip- 
tion of  162-167 

Torrence,  W.  W.,  exploration  by 164 

Transits, kind  used 265,266 

Traveling  expenses,  disbursements  for .  57 

Traverse  plane  table ,  kind  used 268 

Triangulation,  method  of 307 

Truckee  canal,  Nevada,  bids  on,  adver- 
tisement for, 186 

bids  on,  schedule  of 198-199 

cement  for,  specifications  and  ad- 
vertisement for  bids  for  ....  202-204 

contract  for 200-201 

proposals  for,  form  of. 187 

specifications  f  or 187-197 

Truckee  River,  Nev.,  work  on 108 

Tucker,  F.  de  L.  B.,  paper  by,  on  colo- 
nization    122-126 

Turner,  W.  T.,  "biographic  sketch  of  ...         348 
Umatilla  project,  Oregon,  features  of  .         215 

Uncompahgre  Valley,  work  in 108, 160-161 

Underground  water,  legal  decisions  con- 
cerning   299 

work  on... 117-120 

United  States  v.  Rio  Grande  Dam  and 
Irrigation  Company,  deci- 
sion in  case  of 234-235 

United  States  Geological  Survey.    See 

Geological  Survey. 

Urton  Lake  project,  New  Mexico,  dis- 
cussion of 206 

Utah,  engineering  force  in 19 

reclamation  work  in 109, 216-220 

water  laws  of 220-225 

water   rights   in,    adjudication   of 

priorities 298 

See  also  names  of  projects. 

TJ  tah  Lake,  irrigation  conditions  at 219-220 

work  at 109 

Vacancies,  method  of  filling 37^12 

See  also  Appointments;  Employees. 
Veatch,  A.  C.,  biographic  sketch  of  ....         348 

Velocity  in  canals,  limits  of 308 

Voorhees,  I.  S.,  biographic  sketch  of...         348 

Vouchers,  details  of 57 

disallowance  and  suspension  of 57-60 

disposition  of. - 50 

statement  accompanying 47 

See  also  Disbursements;  Accounts; 
Expenditures. 


INDEX. 


361 


Page. 

Wagons,  kind  used 268 

method  of  obtaining 83 

Walcott,  C.  D.,  biographic  sketch  of  ...  15 

Wa  rner ,  G .  L . ,  biographic  sketch  of 349 

Washington,  engineering  force  in 19 

reclamation  work  in 109,  231-232 

underground  waters  in,  work  on...         119 
Walter,  R.  Ft,  biographic  sketch  of  ....         349 
paper  by,  on  investigations  in  South  . 

Dakota.. 211-212 

work  in  charge  of 210 

Water,  appropriation  of,  notice  of 103-104 

economy  of 249 

legal  relation  to  land. 298-299 

use  of,  decisions  relating  to 234-237 

Water,    underground,    legal   decisions 

concerning.. 299 

work  on 117-120 

Water  and  land  titles,  examination  re- 
garding    100-101 

Water  barrels,  kind  used 267 

Water  laws  of  Utah,  paper  on 220-225 

Water  rights,  acquisition  of,  manner  of.  297-399 

adjudication  of  priorities 298 

decisions  relating  to 234-237 

Water  storage  and  reclamation  in  Ne- 
braska, paper  on 276-284 

Water  users1  associations.  See  Salt 
River  Valley  Water  Users' 
Association. 

Waters,  State  control  of 297-298 

Waters,  alkaline,  use  of,  for  irrigation.  255-258 
Weekly   progress    report,  method   of 

making. 251 

Weekly  reports,  character  of 46 

Weekly  time  report,  method  of  mak- 
ing   250 

Weiss,  Andrew,  biographic  sketch  of..         349 


Page. 
Weymouth,  F.  E.,  biographic  sketch  of.         349 

work  in  charge  of - 20? 

Whistler,  J.  T.,  biographic  sketch  of...         349 
paper  by,  on  investigations  in  Ore- 
gon  213-216 

work  in  charge  of 18 

White,  T .  B. ,  biographic  sketch  of 349 

Wilder,  F.  A.,  paper  by,  on  irrigation  in 

North  Dakota  by  pumping  .  208-210 

work  of 119 

Wiley,  A .  J . ,  biographic  sketch  of 350 

Willard,  D.  E.,  work  of 119 

Willey  v.  Decker,  decision  in  case  of . . .  236 
Williams,  H.  S.,  biographic  sketch  of ..  350 
Williams,  M.  D.,  biographic  sketch  of  .  350 

Williams,  Ariz. ,  dam  site  at 21 3 

Wilson  project,  South  Dakota,  discus- 
sion of 213 

Wisner,  G-.  Y.,  biographic  sketch  of 350 

paper  by,  on   correct   design   and 
stability   of   high   masonry 

dams 240-246 

on  reconnaissance  and  plans 247-249 

Withdrawal  of  land,  method  of 302 

Wood,  L.  H.,  work  of ,...         208 

Wye  levels,  kind  used 266 

Wyoming,  engineering  force  in 19 

reclamation  work  in 110,225-231 

underground  water  in,  work  on 119 

water  diversion  in,  control  of 297 

water  rights  in,  adjudication  of  pri- 
orities          298 

See  also  names  of  projects. 
Yellowstone  River,  N.  Dak.,  diversion 

f rom ,  discussion  of 207-208 

Young,  W.  E.,  biographic  sketch  of....         351 

Yuma,  Ariz.,  dam  site  at 274-275 

Zorn,  G.  W.,  biographic  sketch  of 351 


o 


IRR  93—04- 


-24 


LIBRARY  CATALOGUE  SLIPS. 

[Mount  each  slip  upon  a  separate  card,  placing  the  subject  at  the  top  of  the 
second  slip.  The  name  of  the  series  should  not  be  repeated  on  the  series 
card,  but  the  additional  numbers  should  be  added,  as  received,  to  the  first 
entry.] 


Newell,  Frederick]  H[aynes]. 

.  .  .  Proceedings  of   first  conference  of   engineers  of 

I     the  Reclamation    service,  with   accompanying   papers; 

1     compiled  by  F.  H.  Newell,  chief  engineer.     Washing- 
ton, Gov't  print,  off.,  1904. 

361  p. ,  1  1.     1  illus.    23^ctn.     ( U.  S.  Geological  survey.    Water-supply  and 
irrigation  paper  no.  93. ) 

Subject  series  I,  Irrigation,  16;  J,  Water  storage,  10. 
Conference  held  at  Ogden,  Utah,  September  15-18,  1903. 


Newell,  Frederick]  H[aynes]. 

...  Proceedings  of   first  conference  of   engineers  of 
f    the  Reclamation    service,  with   accompanying   papers; 
compiled  by  F.  H.  Newell,  chief  engineer.     Washing- 
ton, Gov't  print,  off.,  1904. 

361  p.,  1  1.     1  illus.    23*cm.     (U.  S.  Geological  survey.    Water-supply  and 
irrigation  paper  no.  93. ) 

Subject  series  I,  Irrigation,  16;  J,  Water  storage,  10. 
Conference  held  at  Ogden,  Utah,  September  15-18,  1903 


U.  S.     Geological  survey. 

Water-snpply  and  irrigation  papers, 
no.  93.  Newell,  F.  H.     Proceedings  of  first  conference 
of  engineers  of   the  Reclamation  service,  with 
accompanying  papers.      1904. 


i 

U.  S.     Dept.  of  the  Interior. 

5 

«  see  also 

® 

U.  S.     Geological  survey. 


SEBIES  K— PUMPING  WATEB. 

WS   1.  Pumping  water  for  irrigation,  by  H.  M.  Wilson.    1896.    57  pp.,  9  pis. 

WS    8.  Windmills  for  irrigation,  by  E.  C.  Murphy.    1897.    49  pp.,  8  pis. 

WS  14.  New  tests  of  certain  pumps  and  water  lifts  used  in  irrigation,  by  O.  P.  Hood.    1898.    91  pp  . 

Ipl. 

WS  20.  Experiments  with  windmills,  by  T.  O.  Perry.    1899.    97  pp.,  12  pis. 
WS  29.  Wells  and  windmills  in  Nebraska,  by  E.  H.  Barbour.    1899.    85  pp.,  27  pis. 
WS  41.  The  windmill;  its  efficiency  and  economic  use,  Pt.  I,  by  E.  C.  Murphy.    1901.    72  pp.,  14  pis. 
WS  42.  The  Windmill,  Pt.  II  (continuation  of  No.  41).    1901.    73-147  pp.,  15-16  pis. 
WS  91.  Natural  resources  and  economic  development  of  the  Sandusky,  Maumee,  Muskingum,  and 

Miami  drainage  areas  in  Ohio,  by  B.  H.  Flynn  and  M.  S.  Flynn.    1904.    130  pp. 

SERIES  L— QUALITY  OF  WATER. 

WS   3.  Sewage  irrigation,  by  G.  W.  Rafter.    1897.    100  pp.,  4  pis. 

WS  22.  Sewage  irrigation,  Pt.  II,  by  G.  W.  Rafter.    1899.    100  pp.,  7  pis. 

WS  72.  Sewage  pollution  in  the  metropolitan  area  near  New  York  City  and  its  effects  on  inland 

water  resources,  by  M.  O.  Leighton.    1902.    75  pp.,  8  pis. 
WS  76.  Observations  on  the  flow  of  rivers  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York  City,  by  H.  A.  Pressey.    1903. 

108pp.,  13  pis. 
WS  79.  Normal  and  polluted  waters  in  northeastern  United  States,  byM.  O.  Leighton.    1903.    192  pp. 

SERIES  M— GENERAL  HYDBOGKAPHIC  INVESTIGATIONS. 

WS  56.  Methods  of  stream  measurement.    1901.    51pp.,  12  pis. 

WS  64.  Accuracy  of  stream  measurements,  by  E.  C.  Murphy.     1902.    99  pp.,  4  pis. 

WS  76.  Observations  on  the  flow  of  rivers  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York  City,  by  H.  A.  Pressey.    1903. 

108pp.,  13  pis. 

WS  80.  The  relation  of  rainfall  to  run-off,  by  G.  W.  Rafter.     19015.    104  pp. 
WS  81.  California  hydrography,  by  ,).  B.  Lippincott.     190;>.     iss  pp.,  1  pi. 

WS  88.  The  Passaic  flood  of  1902,  by  G.  B.  Hollister  and  M.  O.  Leighton.     1903.     56  pp.,  15  pis. 
WS  91.  Natural  resources  and  economic,  development  of  trie  Sandusky,  Maumee,  Muskingum,  and 

Miami  drainage  areas  in  Ohio,  by  B.  H.  Flynn  and  M.  S.  Flynn.    1904.    130  pp. 
WS  92.  The  Passaic  flood  of  1903,  by  M.  O.  Leighton.    1904.    48  pp.,  7  pis. 

SERIES  N— WATER  POWER. 

WS  24.  Water  resources  of  State  of  New  York,  Pt.  I,  by  G.  W.  Rafter.    1899.    92  pp.,  13  pis. 

WS  25.  Water  resources  of  State  of  New  York,  Pt.  II,  by  G.  W.  Rafter.    1899.     100-200  pp.,  12  pis. 

WS  44.  Profiles  of  rivers,  by  Henry  Gannett.    1901.    100  pp.,  11  pis. 

WS  62.  Hydrography  of  the  Southern  Appalachian  Mountain  region,  Pt.  I,  by  H.  A.  Pressey.    1902. 

95  pp.,  25  pis. 
WS  63.  Hydrography  of  the  Southern  Appalachian  Mountain  region,  Pt.  II,  by  H.  A.  Pressey.    1902. 

96-190  pp.,  26-44  pis. 
WS  69.  Water  powers  of  the  State  of  Maine,  by  H.  A.  L'ressey.    1902.    124  pp.,  14  pis. 

[See  last  page  of  this  cover.] 
IKK  93 — 3 


9  O— UNDERGROUND  WATERS. 

'fipp    7  Pis 

M          ™&  7      05  pp  'l2  Bis 

m  ttS    .  rthernUtah 

WS12.  Underground  v 

>^2l.  ^<  diana,  by  Frank  I, 

WS  20.  Wells  of  southern  Indiana  (continual  ,  ,,)(J>    64 

\>  b  30.  \\  ater  resources  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  of  Miohiean   hv  n- 

WS  31.  Lower  Michigan  mineral  waters,  by  A.  a  Lane     1899    '97  pp'  '  PP"  ?  I>1S' 

WS  34.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  a  portion  of  southeastern  South  Dakota,  by  J.  E.  Todd.    1900. 

WS  53.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  Nez  Perces  County,  Idaho,  Pt.  I,  by  I.  C.  Russell.  1901.  86 
WS  54.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  Nez  Perces  County,  Idaho,  Pt,  II,  by  I.  c.  Russell.  1901. 
WS  55.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  a  portion  of  Yakima  County,  Wash.,  by  G.  O.  Smith.  1901. 


w«  ™    £relif  hmry  USt  °f  deCP  b°ringS  iU  thC  United  StatGS'  Pt  T>  b-v  N-  H'  D«rton-     1902     60  pp 
1  59.  Development  and  application  of  water  in  southern  California,  Pt.  1,  by  J.  B.  Lippincott.    1902. 

WS  60.  Development  and  application  of  water  in  southern  California,  Pt.  TI,  by  J.  B.  Lippincott.    1902 
9o—  140  pp. 

WQ  £'  ™eliminary  Hst  °f  deep  borin^s  in  thc'  Un»od  States,  Pt.  II,  by  N.  H.  Darton.    190-     67  pp 
WS  67.  The  motions  of  underground  waters,  by  C.  S.  Slichter.    1902.    100  pp 

199.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  t  !  ver  Plains  of  Idaho,  bj  n.    1902.    19-2 

™  II  Wav  r  resources  of  Nolokal.  Hawaiian  Islands,  by  Waldemar  Lindgren.    1903     f/>  P1 
\VS,8.  PTfl^^po^u^esii^  bflsins  in  wmthwestem  Idaho  and  southeastern  Oregi 

PP  17.  Preliminary  report  on  the  geology  and  water  resources  of  Neb:  ,  »f  the  one  hundred 

and  third  meridian,  by  N.  H.  Darton.    1903.    69  pp.,  43  pl.s. 

WS  90.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  part  of  the  lower  James  River  Valley  South  Dakot-i  bv  r   F 
Todd  and  C.  M.  Hall.    1904.    47  pp.,  23  pis. 

The  following  papers  also  relate  to  this  .subject:  Underground  waters  of  Arkansas  Valley  in  . 
Colorado,  by  G.  K.  Gilbert,  in  Seventeenth  Annual,  Pt.  II;  Preln 

portion  of  the  Dakota*,  by  N.  H.  Darton,  ,  nth  Annual.  Pt.  II;  Water  resources  of  [ 

by  Frank  Leverett,  in  Seventeenth  Annual,  Pt.  II;  v,  ld  Qhio  ^ 

Leveret  m  Eighteenth  Annual,  Pt.  IV;  oring  and  irrigation  'in  , 

South  Dakota,  by  N.  H.  Darton,  in  Eighteenth  Annual,  Pt,  IV;  Rock  waters  of  Ohio   by  E, 

tie  AtlanticCoastal  Plain 


SERIES  P—  HYDROGRAPHIC  PROGRESS  REPORTS. 

Progress  reports  may  be  found  in  the  following  publications:  F<  ,  ,.nth  \nnual  Pt  II-  for 

1889-90,  Eleventh  Annual,  Pt.  II;  for  1890-91,  Twelfth  Annual,  Pt.  Mrteentb  Annual 

Pt.  Ill;  for  1893-94,  B  131:  for  1895,  B  140;  for  1896,  Eighteenth  Annual,  Pt.  IV    WS  11;  for  1897  N"U 
teenth  Annual,  Pt.  IV,  WS  15,  1C:  for  1898,  Twentieth  Annual,  Pt.  IV,  * 

Annual,  Pt.  IV,  WS  35-39;  for  1901,  Twenty-secoi;  1  Annual,  Pt,  IV,  WS  47-o2;  ior  1901,  WS  65,  (]<;,  7. 
1902,  \VS  82—85. 

Correspondence  should  be  addressed  to 

THE  DIRECTOR, 

UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY, 
IE*  93-4  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


